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Contribucion de Los Compensadores Sincronos A La Inercia y A La CC PDF
Contribucion de Los Compensadores Sincronos A La Inercia y A La CC PDF
Abstract - The paper discusses the challenges with today’s II. CHANGE IN NETWORK
power systems with large integration of renewables and the
importance of short circuit contribution and inertia. The change in power system characteristic will not
Another aspect of the paper is to highlight impact on power only have impact how active power is generated but also
quality devices (SVC, STATCOM, HVDC, MSC, harmonic impact several dimensions how to monitor, control and
filters etc.) when system parameters such as harmonic secure the grid. In the beginning it was more focusing on
resonances and SCR is changing.
active power supply and what happens when wind and
The falling fault levels on system may require
Synchronous Condensers to be installed which enhance solar can’t deliver. Now with accelerating amounts of
inertia, dynamic performance and improves stability of the renewables in the network driven by environmental
grid. A hybrid configuration based on STATCOM and aspects and deregulated energy markets, the grid stability
Synchronous Condenser technologies is discussed as a and power quality issues are raising on the agenda.
solution there each technology focus on their best The grid will go from a top down perspective to a
characteristic to optimize power system performance. Low more all way communication/generation and
SCR impact on SVC and STATCOM performance is also characterized by:
highlighted. Simulations with STATCOM and Synchronous
Condenser in same connection point is presented to show
contribution to fault ride through. The importance of • More distributed generation and renewable
common and coordinated control of the devices to achieve energy sources (power electronics)
optimum performance, and the advantage of overload • Less generation by spinning mass
capacity of Synchronous Condenser in conjunction with • Increased energy consumption
fault handling is shown in simulation result. • Increased multi-directional power flows
• Increased generator capacity and bulk power
Keywords - FACTS, Hybrid Synchronous Condenser,
transmission over long distances
Inertia, MVAR, Reactive Power, STATCOM
• More shunt capacitors at distribution level
I. INTRODUCTION • Weaker grids
• Need for power quality
Today’s power systems are facing challenges with • Different mix of FACTS devices (SVC,
fast changes in generation. Conventional generators are STATCOM, Synchronous Condenser, TCSC)
being replaced by renewable energy sources. The change
in the generation mix is being strongly supported by
politics and cost reductions in renewable energy systems,
which are setting high renewable penetration in
distribution and transmission networks. The shift in
generation mix also adversely affect dynamic stability of
the power system.
Introduction of large amount of renewables will affect
the amount of synchronous generation in service, and the
falling level of synchronous generation, particularly at
low demand periods, will reduce system inertia impacting
on frequency management leading to further reduction of
the stability margin of networks. The change in system
characteristic also reduce the system strength, shift
harmonic resonances to lower frequencies and slow down
voltage recovery after system faults.
Falling fault levels on the system requires good Fig. 1. Change in network - Traditional grid
understanding of the functionality of certain protection
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Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE PES GTD Asia
Distant synchronous generation will provide short contribution. Only Synchronous Condensers (SC) give
circuit power for future grids. Regional impact of faults inertia contribution among all power stabilization
will thus be greater, i.e. recovery of the voltage to pre- products or systems (e.g. SVC, STATCOM, capacitor
fault level for a weak system will require fast acting banks etc.). There are other new technologies based on
reactive power compensation providing voltage sufficient virtual inertia ideas that are focusing on solving same
reactive power support to avoid voltage collapse and to problem, e.g. using reduction of speed of wind turbines.
maintain the grid capability required to meet the demand Inertia contribution from this type of technical solution
at different regions. More STATCOM based solutions are still limited today.
(pure STATCOM and Hybrid STATCOM) will be seen in SC has typical H constant between 1.3 to 2 s. Higher
future networks since multilevel based VSC STATCOM inertia can be reach with derating but that has negative
technology don’t require harmonic filters for lower order impact of losses and cost/MVAr. If inertia is the main
harmonics [2][7]. Controls of STATCOM systems are reason to add SC it is more economical to add a small SC
also more robust in weaker grids compared to SVC with flywheel to increase inertia with low increase of
technology with passive components [2]. losses comparing to use a significant larger SC. Then H
can be up to H= 5 to 6 s. Then a 75 MVAr SC will have
IV. SHORT CIRCUIT CONTRIBUTION more stored energy than a 260 MVAr SC with H=1.7 s.
Synchronous machines has in its nature a high VI. HYBRID SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSER
overload capacity in short terms, which can contribute to
short circuit strength in the network. Synchronous condensers (SCs) and Static
Power electronic generation has limited over Synchronous Compensators (STATCOMs) are
capacity, in many case Short Circuit Ratio (SCR) close to complementary technologies that can be combined both to
one if not oversized converters is used. Low values of take advantage of their individual strengths and to
SCR indicate risk of insufficient system strength for compensate for their respective weaknesses.
reliable operation of connected generation. Power SC technologies come with simple control systems
electronics based generators require an AC voltage source and contribute with short circuit current, in addition to
to be synchronized with via a Phase-Locked Loop. being able to temporarily provide high reactive power
According to [8][9] the strength of different network overload, for example for voltage dip mitigation. They
can be classified as strong if SCR > 5, weaker with SCR can also generate transient active power to boost system
between 3 to 5 and very weak if SCR < 3. inertia, and their contribution to system frequency is more
Very few network stabilizing products or systems significant if they are equipped with flywheels. However,
contribute to improve SCR. Synchronous condenser is SC technologies come with asymmetric operating regions
one of few today. Since generation pattern/power flow for stability reasons and have slow response in case of set-
will change over time with high amount of Renewable point changes [11][12].
Energy Sources (RES). Several simulation scenarios is STATCOM technologies are FACTS that resort to the
recommended in planning and feasibility studies to use of power electronics. STATCOM technologies come
understand where to add Synchronous Condenser in the with symmetric operating regions and fast response
system. In addition, the effects of changing short-circuit control systems. The response is fast both for set-point
power as well as changing voltage profiles during changes and for dynamic voltage support in case of
network contingencies should be carefully analyzed in disturbance in the power network. STATCOM
order to readjust protection settings of installed protection technologies can also provide very fast
devices. absorption/injection of reactive power during (fault
period) and after the disturbance (fault recovery period),
V. INERTIA CONTRIBUTION in addition to high absorption of reactive power in case of
over-voltage scenarios. In addition, they can come with
Inertia is provided by spinning mass of generators capabilities such as active filtering, flicker compensation
and motors synchronized to the power system. The load is and power oscillation damping (POD). The main
contributing with around 5% to the total system inertia objective of the POD functions is to damp different
[10]. oscillatory modes, going from slow inter-area modes
Inertia indicates how stable the frequency is and (0.1–1 Hz) and local modes (1–2 Hz) to control modes
decreases frequency variations in the area and is reverse (5–20 Hz) and torsional modes (10–30 Hz) [12].
proportional to the RoCoF (Ratio of Change of However, STATCOM technologies cannot provide
Frequency). inertia support unless they are equipped with energy
One dimensioning role is to ensure that there is storage systems such as batteries or supercapacitors. In
enough inertia in the system to avoid to pass frequency addition, their overload capability is limited in time by the
threshold when the largest power source in the network thermal limits of the semiconductors and the amount of
trips [10]. Power source in this case include HVDC-links. energy stored in the DC capacitors [12]. Moreover, they
Power generation via power converters for renewable are only able to provide short circuit current contribution
applications (e.g. wind and solar) has zero in inertia up to the rated current, unless a higher value is specified.
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Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE PES GTD Asia
The specification of a higher short circuit current SC rating equal to 90), and to check the overload
contribution can also lead to higher costs for over-sizing capabilities of both branches the Thévenin voltage at the
the converter. PCC is assumed to drop to 0.5 p.u. From top to bottom
The combination of both technologies, Synchronous Fig. 5 depicts Thévenin voltage and H-SC voltage
Condenser and STATCOM at the same point of common reference (voltage set-point for PCC bus = 1 p.u.), PCC
coupling (PCC) is known as Hybrid Synchronous bus voltage, STATCOM bus voltage, SC bus voltage,
Condenser or Hybrid Synchronous Compensator (H-SC) PCC current, STATCOM current, SC current, PCC
[12]. Fig. 4 depicts a single-line diagram of a typical H- reactive power, STATCOM reactive power, and SC
SC installation. reactive power.
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Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE PES GTD Asia
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