Tablas de Caracteres

*Gajender* Housecroft-9780131755536_APPENDICES, 9/27/7, 13, 13:51, page: 999
Appendices
1 Greek letters with pronunciations
2 Abbreviations and symbols for quantities and units
3 Selected character tables
4 The electromagnetic spectrum
5 Naturally occurring isotopes and their abundances
6 Van der Waals, metallic, covalent and ionic radii
7 Pauling electronegativity values (P ) for selected elements of the

periodic table
8 Ground state electronic configurations of the elements and ionization
energies
9 Electron affinities
10 Standard enthalpies of atomization (a Ho ) of the elements at 298 K
11 Selected standard reduction potentials (298 K)

*umeshy* Housecroft-9780131755536_APP-01, 9/26/7, 18, 18:56, page: 1000
Appendix
1 Greek letters with pronunciations
Upper case letter Lower case letter Pronounced
A a alpha
B b beta
g gamma
d delta
E e epsilon
Z z zeta
H Z eta
y theta
I i iota
K k kappa
l lambda
M m mu
N n nu
x xi
O o omicron
p pi
P r rho
s sigma
T t tau
u upsilon
f phi
X w chi
c psi

o omega
Appendix
2 Abbreviations and symbols for quantities

and units
For ligand structures, see Table 7.7. Where a symbol has more than one meaning, the context of its use should make the
meaning clear. For further information on SI symbols and names of units, see: Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical
Chemistry (1993) IUPAC, 2nd edn, Blackwell Science, Oxford.
a cross-sectional area ccp cubic close-packed

ai relative activity of a component i CFC chlorofluorocarbon
a0 Bohr radius of the H atom CFSE crystal field stabilization energy
A ampere (unit of current) cm centimetre (unit of length)
A absorbance cm3 cubic centimetre (unit of volume)
A frequency factor (in Arrhenius cm1 reciprocal centimetre (wavenumber)
equation) conc concentrated
A Madelung constant Cp cyclopentadienyl
A mass number (of an atom) cr crystal
Ar relative atomic mass CT charge transfer
Að;Þ angular wavefunction CVD chemical vapour deposition
A mechanism associative mechanism Cys cysteine
Å ångstrom (non-SI unit of length, used for
bond distances) d bond distance or internuclear
acacH acetylacetone separation
ADP adenosine diphosphate d- dextro- (see Box 20.3)
Ala alanine d day (non-SI unit of time)
aq aqueous D bond dissociation enthalpy
Arg arginine D average bond dissociation enthalpy
Asn asparagine D mechanism dissociative mechanism
Asp aspartic acid D debye (non-SI unit of electric dipole
atm atmosphere (non-SI unit of pressure) moment)
ATP adenosine triphosphate Dcb mechanism conjugate–base mechanism
ax axial dec decomposition
DHA 9,10-dihydroanthracene
B magnetic field strength
dien 1,4,7-triazaheptane (see Table 7.7)
B Racah parameter
dil dilute
bar bar (unit of pressure)
dm3 cubic decimetre (unit of volume)
9-BBN 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane
DME dimethoxyethane
bcc body-centred cubic
DMF N,N-dimethylformamide
bp boiling point
dmgH2 dimethylglyoxime
bpy 2,2’-bipyridine
DMSO dimethylsulfoxide
Bq becquerel (unit of radioactivity)
n DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
Bu n-butyl
t
Bu tert-butyl
E energy
c coefficient (in wavefunctions) E identity operator
c concentration (of solution) E bond enthalpy term
c speed of light e charge on the electron
c-C6 H11 cyclohexyl e electron
C Curie constant EA electron affinity
C coulomb (unit of charge) Ea activation energy
Ci curie (non-SI unit of radioactivity) Ecell electrochemical cell potential
Cn n-fold rotation axis Eo standard reduction potential
1002 Appendix 2 . Abbreviations and symbols for quantities and units
EDTAH4 N;N;N’;N’-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid Kp equilibrium constant expressed in terms of

(see Table 7.7) partial pressures
en 1,2-ethanediamine (see Table 7.7) Kself self-ionization constant
EPR electron paramagnetic resonance Ksp solubility product constant
eq equatorial Kw self-ionization constant of water
ESR electron spin resonance kg kilogram (unit of mass)
Et ethyl kJ kilojoule (unit of energy)
eV electron volt kPa kilopascal (unit of pressure)
EXAFS extended X-ray absorption fine structure
L Avogadro’s number
F Faraday constant L total (resultant) orbital quantum number
FAD flavin adenine dinucleotide L ligand
fcc face-centred cubic l liquid
FID free induction decay l length
FT Fourier transform l orbital quantum number
l- laevo- (see Box 20.3)
G Gibbs energy ‘ path length
g gas LCAO linear combination of atomic orbitals
g gram (unit of mass) LED light-emitting diode
Gln glutamine Leu leucine
Glu glutamic acid LFER linear free energy relationship
Gly glycine LFSE ligand field stabilization energy
H enthalpy LGO ligand group orbital
H magnetic field LMCT ligand-to-metal charge transfer
Hc critical magnetic field of a superconductor Ln lanthanoid
h Planck constant LUMO lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
h hour (non-SI unit of time) Lys lysine
½HBpz3 hydridotris(pyrazolyl)borato M molarity
hcp hexagonal close-packed m mass
HIPIP high-potential protein m metre (unit of length)
His histidine m3 cubic metre (unit of volume)
HMPA hexamethylphosphoramide (see structure 11.5) me electron rest mass
HOMO highest occupied molecular orbital mi molality
Hz hertz (unit of frequency) mi o standard state molality
h high-frequency radiation (for a photolysis ml magnetic quantum number
reaction) ML total (resultant) orbital magnetic quantum number
I nuclear spin quantum number ms magnetic spin quantum number
i centre of inversion MS magnetic spin quantum number for the
Ia mechanism associative interchange mechanism multi-electron system
Id mechanism dissociative interchange mechanism Mr relative molecular mass
IE ionization energy Me methyl
Ile isoleucine Mes mesityl (2,4,6-Me3 C6 H2 )
IR infrared Met methionine
IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied min minute (non-SI unit of time)
Chemistry MLCT metal-to-ligand charge transfer
MO molecular orbital
j inner quantum number MOCVD metal–organic chemical vapour deposition
J joule (unit of energy) mol mole (unit of quantity)
J spin–spin coupling constant mp melting point
J total (resultant) inner quantum number Mt megatonne
MWNT multi-walled (carbon) nanotube
k force constant
k rate constant N normalization factor
k Boltzmann constant N number of nuclides
K kelvin (unit of temperature) n neutron
K equilibrium constant n Born exponent
Ka acid dissociation constant n number of (e.g. moles)
Kb base dissociation constant n principal quantum number
Kc equilibrium constant expressed in terms of n nucleophilicity parameter
concentrations [NAD]þ nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Appendix 2 . Abbreviations and symbols for quantities and units 1003
NASICON Na super ionic conductor T tesla (unit of magnetic flux density)

nm nanometre (unit of length) T temperature
NMR nuclear magnetic resonance Tc critical temperature of a superconductor
TC Curie temperature
oxH2 oxalic acid
TN Néel temperature
P pressure t tonne (metric)
Pa pascal (unit of pressure) t time
PAN polyacrylonitrile t12 half-life
t
PES photoelectron spectroscopy Bu tert-butyl
Ph phenyl THF tetrahydrofuran
Phe phenylalanine Thr threonine
phen 1,10-phenanthroline TMEDA N;N;N’;N’-tetramethylethylenediamine
pKa log Ka TMS tetramethylsilane
pm picometre (unit of length) TOF catalytic turnover frequency
ppb parts per billion TON catalytic turnover number
ppm parts per million tppH2 tetraphenylporphyrin
ppt precipitate tpy 2,2’:6’,2’’-terpyridine
Pr propyl trien 1,4,7,10-tetraazadecane (see Table 7.7)
i
Pr iso-propyl Trp tryptophan
Pro proline Tyr tyrosine
PVC polyvinylchloride
py pyridine U internal energy
pzH pyrazole u atomic mass unit
UV ultraviolet
q point charge UV–Vis ultraviolet-visible
Q reaction quotient
V potential difference
R general alkyl or aryl group V volume
R molar gas constant V volt (unit of potential difference)
R Rydberg constant v vapour
R resistance v velocity
R- sequence rules for an enantiomer Val valine
(see Box 20.3) VB valence bond
r radial distance ve valence electrons (in electron counting)
r radius VIS visible
R(r) radial wavefunction VSEPR valence-shell electron-pair repulsion
rcov covalent radius
rion ionic radius [X] concentration of X
rmetal metallic radius
rv van der Waals radius yr year (non-SI unit of time)
RDS rate-determining step z number of moles of electrons transferred in an
RF radiofrequency electrochemical cell
S entropy Z atomic number
S overlap integral Z effective collision frequency in solution
S total spin quantum number Zeff effective nuclear charge
S screening (or shielding) constant jz j modulus of the negative charge
S- sequence rules for an enantiomer jzþ j modulus of the positive charge
(see Box 20.3) ZSM-5 a type of zeolite (see Section 27.8)
s second (unit of time)
s solid polarizability of an atom or ion
s spin quantum number ½ specific rotation
s nucleophilicity discrimination factor
stability constant
Sn n-fold improper rotation axis
b beta-particle
SN 1cb mechanism conjugate–base mechanism
bþ positron
Ser serine
soln solution chemical shift
solv solvated; solvent d- label for an enantiomer (see Box 20.3)
SQUID superconducting quantum interference partial negative charge
device þ partial positive charge
SWNT single-walled (carbon) nanotube change in
1004 Appendix 2 . Abbreviations and symbols for quantities and units
- label for enantiomer with right-handedness wavenumber

(see Box 20.3) ne neutrino
heat (in a pyrolysis reaction) density
oct octahedral crystal field splitting energy
tet tetrahedral crystal field splitting energy mirror plane
H o standard enthalpy change 1 spin relaxation time (in NMR spectroscopy)
H ‡ enthalpy change of activation
a H enthalpy change of atomization magnetic susceptibility
c H enthalpy change of combustion m molar magnetic susceptibility
EA H enthalpy change associated with the gain of an electronegativity
electron AR Allred–Rochow electronegativity
f H enthalpy change of formation M Mulliken electronegativity
fus H enthalpy change of fusion P Pauling electronegativity
hyd H enthalpy change of hydration
lattice H enthalpy change for the formation of an ionic wavefunction
lattice
r H enthalpy change of reaction
ohm (unit of resistance)
sol H enthalpy change of solution
solv H enthalpy change of solvation 2c-2e 2-centre 2-electron
vap H enthalpy change of vaporization 3c-2e 3-centre 2-electron
Go standard Gibbs energy change
G‡ Gibbs energy of activation (þ)- label for specific rotation of an enantiomer
f G Gibbs energy change of formation (see Box 20.3)
r G Gibbs energy change of reaction ()- label for specific rotation of an enantiomer
S entropy change (see Box 20.3)
S o standard entropy change o
or o standard state
S ‡ entropy change of activation z (called a ‘double dagger’) activated complex;
U(0 K) internal energy change at 0 K transition state
V ‡ volume of activation 8 degree
> is greater than
" molar extinction (or absorption) coefficient is much greater than
"max molar extinction coefficient corresponding to < is less than
an absorption maximum (in an electronic is much less than
spectrum) is greater than or equal to
"0 permittivity of a vacuum is less than or equal to
"r relative permittivity (dielectric constant) is approximately equal to
¼ is equal to
hapticity of a ligand (see Box 19.1) 6 ¼ is not equal to
Ð equilibrium
l- label for an enantiomer (see Box 20.3)
/ is proportional to
spin–orbit coupling constant
multiplied by
wavelength
1 infinity
max wavelength corresponding to an absorption

pffiffiffi plus or minus

maximum (in an electronic spectrum)
p ffiffiffi square root of
- label for enantiomer with left-handedness 3
cube root of
(see Box 20.3)
jxj
P modulus of x

electric dipole moment summation of

reduced mass change in (for example, H is ‘change in

refractive index enthalpy’)

(spin only) spin-only magnetic moment n angle

B Bohr magneton log logarithm to base 10 (log10 )

eff effective magnetic moment ln natural logarithm, i.e. logarithm to base e (loge )
ð

i chemical potential of component i
integral of

i o standard chemical potential of i
m- bridging ligand d
differential with respect to x
dx
total number of particles produced per
molecule of solute @
partial differential with respect to x
frequency @x
Appendix
3 Selected character tables
The character tables given in this appendix are for some commonly encountered point groups. Complete tables are available in
many physical and theoretical chemistry texts, e.g. see Chapter 4 reading list.
C1 E Cs E h
A 1 A’ 1 1 x, y, Rz x2 , y2 , z2 , xy
A’’ 1 1 z, Rx , Ry yz, xz
C2 E C2
A 1 1 z, Rz x2 , y2 , z2 , xy
B 1 1 x, y, Rx , Ry yz, xz
C2v E C2 v ðxzÞ v ’ðyzÞ
A1 1 1 1 1 z x2 , y2 , z2
A2 1 1 1 1 Rz xy
B1 1 1 1 1 x, Ry xz
B2 1 1 1 1 y, Rx yz
C3v E 2C3 3v
A1 1 1 1 z x2 þ y2 , z2
A2 1 1 1 Rz
E 2 1 0 (x; y) (Rx , Ry ) (x2 y2 , xy) (xz, yz)
C4v E 2C4 C2 2v 2d
A1 1 1 1 1 1 z x2 þ y2 ; z2
A2 1 1 1 1 1 Rz
B1 1 1 1 1 1 x2 y2
B2 1 1 1 1 1 xy
E 2 0 2 0 0 ðx; yÞðRx ; Ry Þ ðxz; yzÞ
1006 Appendix 3 . Selected character tables
C5v E 2C5 2C52 5v

A1 1 1 1 1 z x2 þ y2 ; z2
A2 1 1 1 1 Rz
E1 2 2 cos 728 2 cos 1448 0 ðx; yÞðRx ; Ry Þ ðxz; yzÞ
E2 2 2 cos 1448 2 cos 728 0 ðx2 y2 ; xyÞ
D2 E C2 ðzÞ C2 ðyÞ C2 ðxÞ

A 1 1 1 1 x2 ; y2 ; z2
B1 1 1 1 1 z; Rz xy
B2 1 1 1 1 y; Ry xz
B3 1 1 1 1 x; Rx yz
D3 E 2C3 3C2
A1 1 1 1 x2 þ y2 , z2
A2 1 1 1 z, Rz
E 2 1 0 (x; y) (Rx , Ry ) (x2 y2 , xy) (xz, yz)
D2h E C2 ðzÞ C2 ðyÞ C2 ðxÞ i ðxyÞ ðxzÞ ð yzÞ

Ag 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 x2 ; y2 ; z2
B1g 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Rz xy
B2g 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ry xz
B3g 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Rx yz
Au 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
B1u 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 z
B2u 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 y
B3u 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 x
D3h E 2C3 3C2 h 2S3 3v
A1 ’ 1 1 1 1 1 1 x2 þ y2 , z2
A2 ’ 1 1 1 1 1 1 Rz
E’ 2 1 0 2 1 0 (x; y) (x2 y2 , xy)
A1 ’’ 1 1 1 1 1 1
A2 ’’ 1 1 1 1 1 1 z
E’’ 2 1 0 2 1 0 (Rx ; Ry ) (xz, yz)
Appendix 3 . Selected character tables 1007
D4h E 2C4 C2 2C2 ’ 2C2 ’’ i 2S4 h 2v 2d
A1g 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 x2 þ y2 , z2
A2g 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Rz
B1g 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 x2 y2
B2g 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 xy
Eg 2 0 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 (Rx ; Ry ) (xz; yz)
A1u 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
A2u 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 z
B1u 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
B2u 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Eu 2 0 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 (x; y)
D2d E 2S4 C2 2C2 ’ 2d

A1 1 1 1 1 1 x2 þ y2 ; z2
A2 1 1 1 1 1 Rz
B1 1 1 1 1 1 x2 y2
B2 1 1 1 1 1 z xy
E 2 0 2 0 0 ðx; yÞðRx ; Ry Þ ðxz; yzÞ
D3d E 2C3 3C2 i 2S6 3d

A1g 1 1 1 1 1 1 x2 þ y2 ; z2
A2g 1 1 1 1 1 1 Rz
Eg 2 1 0 2 1 0 ðRx ; Ry Þ ðx2 y2 ; xyÞ; ðxz; yzÞ
A1u 1 1 1 1 1 1
A2u 1 1 1 1 1 1 z
Eu 2 1 0 2 1 0 ðx; yÞ
Td E 8C3 3C2 6S4 6d
A1 1 1 1 1 1 x2 þ y2 þ z2
A2 1 1 1 1 1
E 2 1 2 0 0 ð2z2 x2 y2 ; x2 y2 Þ
T1 3 0 1 1 1 (Rx ; Ry ; Rz )
T2 3 0 1 1 1 (x; y; z) (xy; xz; yz)
1008 Appendix 3 . Selected character tables
Oh E 8C3 6C2 6C4 3C2 i 6S4 8S6 3h 6d

ð¼ C42 )
A1g 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 x2 þ y2 þ z2
A2g 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Eg 2 1 0 0 2 2 0 1 2 0 ð2z2 x2 y2 , x2 y2 Þ
T1g 3 0 1 1 1 3 1 0 1 1 ðRx ; Ry ; Rz Þ
T2g 3 0 1 1 1 3 1 0 1 1 ðxz; yz; xyÞ
A1u 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
A2u 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Eu 2 1 0 0 2 2 0 1 2 0
T1u 3 0 1 1 1 3 1 0 1 1 ðx; y; zÞ
T2u 3 0 1 1 1 3 1 0 1 1

C1v E 2C1 ... 1v
A1 þ 1 1 ... 1 z x2 þ y2 ; z2
A2 1 1 ... 1 Rz
E1 2 2 cos ... 0 ðx; yÞðRx ; Ry Þ ðxz; yzÞ
E2 2 2 cos 2 ... 0 ðx2 y2 ; xyÞ
E3 2 2 cos 3 ... 0
... ... ... ... ...

D1h E 2C1 ... 1v i 2S1 ... 1C2
g þ 1 1 ... 1 1 1 ... 1 x2 þ y2 ; z2
g 1 1 ... 1 1 1 ... 1 Rz
g 2 2 cos ... 0 2 2 cos ... 0 ðRx ; Ry Þ ðxz; yzÞ
g 2 2 cos 2 ... 0 2 2 cos 2 ... 0 ðx2 y2 ; xyÞ
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
þ
u 1 1 ... 1 1 1 ... 1 z

u 1 1 ... 1 1 1 ... 1
u 2 2 cos ... 0 2 2 cos ... 0 ðx; yÞ
u 2 2 cos 2 ... 0 2 2 cos 2 ... 0
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
*Achary* Housecroft-9780131755536_APP-04, 10/5/7, 10, 10:13, page: 1009
Appendix
4 The electromagnetic spectrum
The frequency of electromagnetic radiation is related to its wavelength by the equation:

Speed of light ðcÞ
Wavelength ðÞ ¼
Frequency ðÞ
where c ¼ 3:0 108 m s1 .
1
Wavenumber ð
Þ ¼
Wavelength
with units in cm1 (pronounced ‘reciprocal centimetre’)
Energy ðEÞ ¼ Planck’s constant ðhÞ Frequency ðÞ where h ¼ 6:626 1034 J s
(continued over the page)
1010 Appendix 4 . The electromagnetic spectrum
The energy given in the last column is measured per mole of photons.
Frequency Wavelength Wavenumber Type of Energy

/ Hz /m / cm1 radiation E / kJ mol1
Appendix
5 Naturally occurring isotopes and their

abundances
Data from WebElements by Mark Winter. Further information on radioactive nuclides can be found using the Web link
www.webelements.com
Element Symbol Atomic number, Z Mass number of isotope (% abundance)
Actinium Ac 89 artificial isotopes only; mass number range 224–229

Aluminium Al 13 27(100)
Americium Am 95 artificial isotopes only; mass number range 237–245
Antimony Sb 51 121(57.3), 123(42.7)
Argon Ar 18 36(0.34), 38(0.06), 40(99.6)
Arsenic As 33 75(100)
Astatine At 85 artificial isotopes only; mass number range 205–211
Barium Ba 56 130(0.11), 132(0.10), 134(2.42), 135(6.59), 136(7.85), 137(11.23), 138(71.70)
Berkelium Bk 97 artificial isotopes only; mass number range 243–250
Beryllium Be 4 9(100)
Bismuth Bi 83 209(100)
Boron B 5 10(19.9), 11(80.1)
Bromine Br 35 79(50.69), 81(49.31)
Cadmium Cd 48 106(1.25), 108(0.89), 110(12.49), 111(12.80), 112(24.13), 113(12.22),
114(28.73), 116(7.49)
Caesium Cs 55 133(100)
Calcium Ca 20 40(96.94), 42(0.65), 43(0.13), 44(2.09), 48(0.19)
Californium Cf 98 artificial isotopes only; mass number range 246–255
Carbon C 6 12(98.9), 13(1.1)
Cerium Ce 58 136(0.19), 138(0.25), 140(88.48), 142(11.08)
Chlorine Cl 17 35(75.77), 37(24.23)
Chromium Cr 24 50(4.345), 52(83.79), 53(9.50), 54(2.365)
Cobalt Co 27 59(100)
Copper Cu 29 63(69.2), 65(30.8)
Curium Cm 96 artificial isotopes only; mass number range 240–250
Dysprosium Dy 66 156(0.06), 158(0.10), 160(2.34), 161(18.9), 162(25.5), 163(24.9), 164(28.2)
Einsteinium Es 99 artificial isotopes only; mass number range 249–256
Erbium Er 68 162(0.14), 164(1.61), 166(33.6), 167(22.95), 168(26.8), 170(14.9)
Europium Eu 63 151(47.8), 153(52.2)
Fermium Fm 100 artificial isotopes only; mass number range 251–257
Fluorine F 9 19(100)
Francium Fr 87 artificial isotopes only; mass number range 210–227
Gadolinium Gd 64 152(0.20), 154(2.18), 155(14.80), 156(20.47), 157(15.65), 158(24.84),
160(21.86)
Gallium Ga 31 69(60.1), 71(39.9)
Germanium Ge 32 70(20.5), 72(27.4), 73(7.8), 74(36.5), 76(7.8)
Gold Au 79 197(100)
Hafnium Hf 72 174(0.16), 176(5.20), 177(18.61), 178(27.30), 179(13.63), 180(35.10)
Helium He 2 3(<0.001), 4(>99.999)
Holmium Ho 67 165(100)
Hydrogen H 1 1(99.985), 2(0.015)
Indium In 49 113(4.3), 115(95.7)
Iodine I 53 127(100)
Iridium Ir 77 191(37.3), 193(62.7)
Iron Fe 26 54(5.8), 56(91.7), 57(2.2), 58(0.3)
Krypton Kr 36 78(0.35), 80(2.25), 82(11.6), 83(11.5), 84(57.0), 86(17.3)
Lanthanum La 57 138(0.09), 139(99.91)
1012 Appendix 5 . Naturally occurring isotopes and their abundances
Element Symbol Atomic number, Z Mass number of isotope (% abundance)
Lawrencium Lr 103 artificial isotopes only; mass number range 253–262

Lead Pb 82 204(1.4), 206(24.1), 207(22.1), 208(52.4)
Lithium Li 3 6(7.5), 7(92.5)
Lutetium Lu 71 175(97.41), 176(2.59)
Magnesium Mg 12 24(78.99), 25(10.00), 26(11.01)
Manganese Mn 25 55(100)
Mendelevium Md 101 artificial isotopes only; mass number range 247–260
Mercury Hg 80 196(0.14), 198(10.02), 199(16.84), 200(23.13), 201(13.22), 202(29.80), 204(6.85)
Molybdenum Mo 42 92(14.84), 94(9.25), 95(15.92), 96(16.68), 97(9.55), 98(24.13), 100(9.63)
Neodymium Nd 60 142(27.13), 143(12.18), 144(23.80), 145(8.30), 146(17.19), 148(5.76),
150(5.64)
Neon Ne 10 20(90.48), 21(0.27), 22(9.25)
Neptunium Np 93 artificial isotopes only; mass number range 234–240
Nickel Ni 28 58(68.27), 60(26.10), 61(1.13), 62(3.59), 64(0.91)
Niobium Nb 41 93(100)
Nitrogen N 7 14(99.63), 15(0.37)
Nobelium No 102 artificial isotopes only; mass number range 250–262
Osmium Os 76 184(0.02), 186(1.58), 187(1.6), 188(13.3), 189(16.1), 190(26.4), 192(41.0)
Oxygen O 8 16(99.76), 17(0.04), 18(0.20)
Palladium Pd 46 102(1.02), 104(11.14), 105(22.33), 106(27.33), 108(26.46), 110(11.72)
Phosphorus P 15 31(100)
Platinum Pt 78 190(0.01), 192(0.79), 194(32.9), 195(33.8), 196(25.3), 198(7.2)
Plutonium Pu 94 artificial isotopes only; mass number range 234–246
Polonium Po 84 artificial isotopes only; mass number range 204–210
Potassium K 19 39(93.26), 40(0.01), 41(6.73)
Praseodymium Pr 59 141(100)
Promethium Pm 61 artificial isotopes only; mass number range 141–151
Protactinium† Pa 91 artificial isotopes only; mass number range 228–234
Radium Ra 88 artificial isotopes only; mass number range 223–230
Radon Rn 86 artificial isotopes only; mass number range 208–224
Rhenium Re 75 185(37.40), 187(62.60)
Rhodium Rh 45 103(100)
Rubidium Rb 37 85(72.16), 87(27.84)
Ruthenium Ru 44 96(5.52), 98(1.88), 99(12.7), 100(12.6), 101(17.0), 102(31.6), 104(18.7)
Samarium Sm 62 144(3.1), 147(15.0), 148(11.3), 149(13.8), 150(7.4), 152(26.7), 154(22.7)
Scandium Sc 21 45(100)
Selenium Se 34 74(0.9), 76(9.2), 77(7.6), 78(23.6), 80(49.7), 82(9.0)
Silicon Si 14 28(92.23), 29(4.67), 30(3.10)
Silver Ag 47 107(51.84), 109(48.16)
Sodium Na 11 23(100)
Strontium Sr 38 84(0.56), 86(9.86), 87(7.00), 88(82.58)
Sulfur S 16 32(95.02), 33(0.75), 34(4.21), 36(0.02)
Tantalum Ta 73 180(0.01), 181(99.99)
Technetium Tc 43 artificial isotopes only; mass number range 95–99
Tellurium Te 52 120(0.09), 122(2.60), 123(0.91), 124(4.82), 125(7.14), 126(18.95), 128(31.69),
130(33.80)
Terbium Tb 65 159(100)
Thallium Tl 81 203(29.52), 205(70.48)
Thorium Th 90 232(100)
Thulium Tm 69 169(100)
Tin Sn 50 112(0.97), 114(0.65), 115(0.36), 116(14.53), 117(7.68), 118(24.22), 119(8.58),
120(32.59), 122(4.63), 124(5.79)
Titanium Ti 22 46(8.0), 47(7.3), 48(73.8), 49(5.5), 50(5.4)
Tungsten W 74 180(0.13), 182(26.3), 183(14.3), 184(30.67), 186(28.6)
Uranium U 92 234(0.005), 235(0.72), 236(99.275)
Vanadium V 23 50(0.25), 51(99.75)
Xenon Xe 54 124(0.10), 126(0.09), 128(1.91), 129(26.4), 130(4.1), 131(21.2), 132(26.9),
134(10.4), 136(8.9)
Ytterbium Yb 70 168(0.13), 170(3.05), 171(14.3), 172(21.9), 173(16.12), 174(31.8), 176(12.7)
Yttrium Y 39 89(100)
Zinc Zn 30 64(48.6), 66(27.9), 67(4.1), 68(18.8), 70(0.6)
Zirconium Zr 40 90(51.45), 91(11.22), 92(17.15), 94(17.38), 96(2.8)
†
See discussion in Section 25.5.
Appendix
6 Van der Waals, metallic, covalent and

ionic radii
Data are given for the s-, p- and first row d-block elements. The ionic radius varies with the charge and coordination number of
the ion; a coordination number of 6 refers to octahedral coordination, and of 4 refers to tetrahedral unless otherwise specified.
Data for the heavier d-block metals and the lanthanoids and actinoids are listed in Tables 23.1 and 25.1.
Element Van der Metallic radius for Covalent Ionic radius

Waals radius, 12-coordinate metal, radius,
rv / pm rmetal / pm rcov / pm Ionic Charge Coordination
radius, on ion number of
rion / pm the ion
Hydrogen H 120 37†

Group 1 Li 157 76 1þ 6
Na 191 102 1þ 6
K 235 138 1þ 6
Rb 250 149 1þ 6
Cs 272 170 1þ 6
Group 2 Be 112 27 2þ 4
Mg 160 72 2þ 6
Ca 197 100 2þ 6
Sr 215 126 2þ 8
Ba 224 142 2þ 8
Group 13 B 208 88
Al 143 130 54 3þ 6
Ga 153 122 62 3þ 6
In 167 150 80 3þ 6
Tl 171 155 89 3þ 6
159 1þ 8
Group 14 C 185 77
Si 210 118
Ge 122 53 4þ 6
Sn 158 140 74 4þ 6
Pb 175 154 119 2þ 6
65 4þ 4
78 4þ 6
Group 15 N 154 75 171 3 6
P 190 110
As 200 122
Sb 220 143
Bi 240 182 152 103 3þ 6
76 5þ 6
Group 16 O 140 73 140 2 6
S 185 103 184 2 6
Se 200 117 198 2 6
Te 220 135 211 2 6
†
Sometimes it is more appropriate to use a value of 30 pm in organic compounds.
1014 Appendix 6 . Van der Waals, metallic, covalent and ionic radii
Element Van der Metallic radius for Covalent Ionic radius

Waals radius, 12-coordinate metal, radius,
rv / pm rmetal / pm rcov / pm Ionic Charge Coordination
radius, on ion number of
rion / pm the ion
Group 17 F 135 71 133 1 6

Cl 180 99 181 1 6
Br 195 114 196 1 6
I 215 133 220 1 6
Group 18 He 99
Ne 160
Ar 191
Kr 197
Xe 214
First row Sc 164 75 3þ 6
d-block
elements
Ti 147 86 2þ 6
67 3þ 6
61 4þ 6
V 135 79 2þ 6
64 3þ 6
58 4þ 6
53 4þ 5
54 5þ 6
46 5þ 5
Cr 129 73 2þ 6 (low-spin)
80 2þ 6 (high-spin)
62 3þ 6
Mn 137 67 2þ 6 (low-spin)
58 3þ 6 (low-spin)
39 4þ 4
53 4þ 6
Fe 126 61 2þ 6 (low-spin)
55 3þ 6 (low-spin)
Co 125 65 2þ 6 (low-spin)
55 3þ 6 (low-spin)
Ni 125 55 2þ 4
44 2þ 4 (square planar)
69 2þ 6
56 3þ 6 (low-spin)
Cu 128 46 1þ 2
60 1þ 4
57 2þ 4 (square planar)
73 2þ 6
Zn 137 60 2þ 4
74 2þ 6
Appendix
7 Pauling electronegativity values (P) for

selected elements of the periodic table
Values are dependent on oxidation state.
Group 1 Group 2 Group 13 Group 14 Group 15 Group 16 Group 17
H
2.2
Li Be B C N O F
1.0 1.6 2.0 2.6 3.0 3.4 4.0
Na Mg Al(III) Si P S Cl
0.9 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.6 3.2
K Ca Ga(III) Ge(IV) As(III) Se Br

0.8 1.0 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.6 3.0
Rb Sr (d-block In(III) Sn(II) Sb Te I

0.8 0.9 elements) 1.8 1.8 2.1 2.1 2.7
Sn(IV)
2.0
Cs Ba Tl(I) Pb(II) Bi Po At
0.8 0.9 1.6 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.2
Tl(III) Pb(IV)
2.0 2.3
Appendix
8 Ground state electronic configurations

of the elements and ionization energies
Data are given for the first five ionizations.† IE(n) in kJ mol1 for the processes:
IE(1) MðgÞ Mþ ðgÞ "
IE(2) Mþ ðgÞ M2þ ðgÞ "
IE(3) M2þ ðgÞ M3þ ðgÞ "
Atomic number, Z Element Ground state electronic configuration IE(1) IE(2) IE(3) IE(4) IE(5)
1 H 1s1 1312
2 He 1s2 ¼ ½He 2372 5250
3 Li [He]2s1 520.2 7298 11820
4 Be [He]2s2 899.5 1757 14850 21010
5 B [He]2s2 2p1 800.6 2427 3660 25030 32830
6 C [He]2s2 2p2 1086 2353 4620 6223 37830
7 N [He]2s2 2p3 1402 2856 4578 7475 9445
8 O [He]2s2 2p4 1314 3388 5300 7469 10990
9 F [He]2s2 2p5 1681 3375 6050 8408 11020
10 Ne [He]2s2 2p6 ¼ ½Ne 2081 3952 6122 9371 12180
11 Na [Ne]3s1 495.8 4562 6910 9543 13350
12 Mg [Ne]3s2 737.7 1451 7733 10540 13630
13 Al [Ne]3s2 3p1 577.5 1817 2745 11580 14840
14 Si [Ne]3s2 3p2 786.5 1577 3232 4356 16090
15 P [Ne]3s2 3p3 1012 1907 2914 4964 6274
16 S [Ne]3s2 3p4 999.6 2252 3357 4556 7004
17 Cl [Ne]3s2 3p5 1251 2298 3822 5159 6540
18 Ar [Ne]3s2 3p6 ¼ ½Ar 1521 2666 3931 5771 7238
19 K [Ar]4s1 418.8 3052 4420 5877 7975
20 Ca [Ar]4s2 589.8 1145 4912 6491 8153
21 Sc [Ar]4s2 3d 1 633.1 1235 2389 7091 8843
22 Ti [Ar]4s2 3d 2 658.8 1310 2653 4175 9581
23 V [Ar]4s2 3d 3 650.9 1414 2828 4507 6299
24 Cr [Ar]4s1 3d 5 652.9 1591 2987 4743 6702
25 Mn [Ar]4s2 3d 5 717.3 1509 3248 4940 6990
26 Fe [Ar]4s2 3d 6 762.5 1562 2957 5290 7240
27 Co [Ar]4s2 3d 7 760.4 1648 3232 4950 7670
28 Ni [Ar]4s2 3d 8 737.1 1753 3395 5300 7339
29 Cu [Ar]4s1 3d 10 745.5 1958 3555 5536 7700
30 Zn [Ar]4s2 3d 10 906.4 1733 3833 5730 7970
31 Ga [Ar]4s2 3d 10 4p1 578.8 1979 2963 6200
32 Ge [Ar]4s2 3d 10 4p2 762.2 1537 3302 4411 9020
†
Values are from several sources, but mostly from the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (1993) 74th edn, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, and from the
NIST Physics Laboratory, Physical Reference Data. The values in kJ mol1 are quoted to four significant figures or less depending upon the accuracy
of the original data in eV. A conversion factor of 1 eV ¼ 96:485 kJ mol1 has been applied.
Appendix 8 . Ground state electronic configurations of the elements and ionization energies 1017
33 As [Ar]4s2 3d 10 4p3 947.0 1798 2735 4837 6043

34 Se [Ar]4s2 3d 10 4p4 941.0 2045 2974 4144 6590
35 Br [Ar]4s2 3d 10 4p5 1140 2100 3500 4560 5760
36 Kr [Ar]4s2 3d 10 4p6 ¼ ½Kr 1351 2350 3565 5070 6240
37 Rb [Kr]5s1 403.0 2633 3900 5080 6850
38 Sr [Kr]5s2 549.5 1064 4138 5500 6910
39 Y [Kr]5s2 4d 1 599.8 1181 1980 5847 7430
40 Zr [Kr]5s2 4d 2 640.1 1267 2218 3313 7752
41 Nb [Kr]5s1 4d 4 652.1 1382 2416 3700 4877
42 Mo [Kr]5s1 4d 5 684.3 1559 2618 4480 5257
43 Tc [Kr]5s2 4d 5 702 1472 2850
44 Ru [Kr]5s1 4d 7 710.2 1617 2747
45 Rh [Kr]5s1 4d 8 719.7 1744 2997
46 Pd [Kr]5s0 4d 10 804.4 1875 3177
47 Ag [Kr]5s1 4d 10 731.0 2073 3361
48 Cd [Kr]5s2 4d 10 867.8 1631 3616
49 In [Kr]5s2 4d 10 5p1 558.3 1821 2704 5200
50 Sn [Kr]5s2 4d 10 5p2 708.6 1412 2943 3930 6974
51 Sb [Kr]5s2 4d 10 5p3 830.6 1595 2440 4260 5400
52 Te [Kr]5s2 4d 10 5p4 869.3 1790 2698 3610 5668
53 I [Kr]5s2 4d 10 5p5 1008 1846 3200
54 Xe [Kr]5s2 4d 10 5p6 ¼ ½Xe 1170 2046 3099
55 Cs [Xe]6s1 375.7 2234 3400
56 Ba [Xe]6s2 502.8 965.2 3619
57 La [Xe]6s2 5d 1 538.1 1067 1850 4819 5940
58 Ce [Xe]4f 1 6s2 5d 1 534.4 1047 1949 3546 6325
59 Pr [Xe]4f 3 6s2 527.2 1018 2086 3761 5551
60 Nd [Xe]4f 4 6s2 533.1 1035 2130 3898
61 Pm [Xe]4f 5 6s2 538.8 1052 2150 3970
62 Sm [Xe]4f 6 6s2 544.5 1068 2260 3990
63 Eu [Xe]4f 7 6s2 547.1 1085 2404 4120
64 Gd [Xe]4f 7 6s2 5d 1 593.4 1167 1990 4245
65 Tb [Xe]4f 9 6s2 565.8 1112 2114 3839
66 Dy [Xe]4f 10 6s2 573.0 1126 2200 3990
67 Ho [Xe]4f 11 6s2 581.0 1139 2204 4100
68 Er [Xe]4f 12 6s2 589.3 1151 2194 4120
69 Tm [Xe]4f 13 6s2 596.7 1163 2285 4120
70 Yb [Xe]4f 14 6s2 603.4 1175 2417 4203
71 Lu [Xe]4f 14 6s2 5d 1 523.5 1340 2022 4366
72 Hf [Xe]4f 14 6s2 5d 2 658.5 1440 2250 3216
73 Ta [Xe]4f 14 6s2 5d 3 728.4 1500 2100
74 W [Xe]4f 14 6s2 5d 4 758.8 1700 2300
75 Re [Xe]4f 14 6s2 5d 5 755.8 1260 2510
76 Os [Xe]4f 14 6s2 5d 6 814.2 1600 2400
77 Ir [Xe]4f 14 6s2 5d 7 865.2 1680 2600
78 Pt [Xe]4f 14 6s1 5d 9 864.4 1791 2800
79 Au [Xe]4f 14 6s1 5d 10 890.1 1980 2900
80 Hg [Xe]4f 14 6s2 5d 10 1007 1810 3300
81 Tl [Xe]4f 14 6s2 5d 10 6p1 589.4 1971 2878 4900
82 Pb [Xe]4f 14 6s2 5d 10 6p2 715.6 1450 3081 4083 6640
83 Bi [Xe]4f 14 6s2 5d 10 6p3 703.3 1610 2466 4370 5400
84 Po [Xe]4f 14 6s2 5d 10 6p4 812.1 1800 2700
1018 Appendix 8 . Ground state electronic configurations of the elements and ionization energies
85 At [Xe]4f 14 6s2 5d 10 6p5 930 1600 2900

86 Rn [Xe]4f 14 6s2 5d 10 6p6 ¼ ½Rn 1037
87 Fr [Rn]7s1 393.0 2100 3100
88 Ra [Rn]7s2 509.3 979.0 3300
89 Ac [Rn]6d 1 7s2 499 1170 1900
90 Th [Rn]6d 2 7s2 608.5 1110 1930 2780
91 Pa [Rn]5f 2 7s2 6d 1 568 1130 1810
92 U [Rn]5f 3 7s2 6d 1 597.6 1440 1840
93 Np [Rn]5f 4 7s2 6d 1 604.5 1130 1880
94 Pu [Rn]5f 6 7s2 581.4 1130 2100
95 Am [Rn]5f 7 7s2 576.4 1160 2160
96 Cm [Rn]5f 7 7s2 6d 1 578.0 1200 2050
97 Bk [Rn]5f 9 7s2 598.0 1190 2150
98 Cf [Rn]5f 10 7s2 606.1 1210 2280
99 Es [Rn]5f 11 7s2 619 1220 2330
100 Fm [Rn]5f 12 7s2 627 1230 2350
101 Md [Rn]5f 13 7s2 635 1240 2450
102 No [Rn]5f 14 7s2 642 1250 2600
103 Lr [Rn]5f 14 7s2 6d 1 440 (?)
Appendix
9 Electron affinities
Approximate enthalpy changes, EA H(298 K), associated with the gain of one electron by a gaseous atom or anion. A negative
enthalpy (H), but a positive electron affinity (EA), corresponds to an exothermic process (see Section 1.10).
EA Hð298 KÞ Uð0 KÞ ¼ EA
Process DEA H / kJ mol1
Hydrogen HðgÞ þ e H ðgÞ

"
73

Group 1 LiðgÞ þ e Li ðgÞ
"
60
NaðgÞ þ e Na ðgÞ
"
53
KðgÞ þ e K ðgÞ
"
48
RbðgÞ þ e Rb ðgÞ
"
47
CsðgÞ þ e Cs ðgÞ
"
45
Group 15 NðgÞ þ e N ðgÞ

"
0
PðgÞ þ e P ðgÞ
"
72
AsðgÞ þ e As ðgÞ
"
78
SbðgÞ þ e Sb ðgÞ
"
103
BiðgÞ þ e Bi ðgÞ
"
91
Group 16 OðgÞ þ e O ðgÞ
"
141
O ðgÞ þ e O2 ðgÞ
"
þ798
SðgÞ þ e S ðgÞ
"
201
S ðgÞ þ e S2 ðgÞ
"
þ640
SeðgÞ þ e Se ðgÞ
"
195
TeðgÞ þ e Te ðgÞ
"
190
Group 17 FðgÞ þ e F ðgÞ
"
328
ClðgÞ þ e Cl ðgÞ
"
349
BrðgÞ þ e Br ðgÞ
"
325
IðgÞ þ e I ðgÞ
"
295
Appendix
10 Standard enthalpies of atomization

(aHo) of the elements at 298 K
Enthalpies are given in kJ mol1 for the process:

1
E (standard state) EðgÞ "
n n
Elements (E) are arranged according to their position in the periodic table. The lanthanoids and actinoids are excluded.
The noble gases are omitted because they are monatomic at 298 K.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
H
218
Li Be B C N O F
161 324 582 717 473 249 79
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
108 146 330 456 315 277 121
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br
90 178 378 470 514 397 283 418 428 430 338 130 277 375 302 227 112
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I
82 164 423 609 721 658 677 651 556 377 285 112 243 302 264 197 107
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At
78 178 423 619 782 850 774 787 669 566 368 61 182 195 210 146 92
Appendix
11 Selected standard reduction potentials

(298 K)
The concentration of each aqueous solution is 1 mol dm3 and the pressure of a gaseous component is 1 bar (105 Pa).
(Changing the standard pressure to 1 atm (101 300 Pa) makes no difference to the values of E o at this level of accuracy.)
Each half-cell listed contains the specified solution species at a concentration of 1 mol dm3 ; where the half-cell contains
[OH] , the value of E o refers to ½OH ¼ 1 mol dm3 , hence the notation E o ½OH ¼ 1 (see Box 8.1).
Reduction half-equation E o or E o ½OH ¼ 1 / V
Liþ ðaqÞ þ e Ð LiðsÞ 3.04

Csþ ðaqÞ þ e Ð CsðsÞ 3.03
Rbþ ðaqÞ þ e Ð RbðsÞ 2.98
Kþ ðaqÞ þ e Ð KðsÞ 2.93
Ca2þ ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð CaðsÞ 2.87
Naþ ðaqÞ þ e Ð NaðsÞ 2.71
La3þ ðaqÞ þ 3e Ð LaðsÞ 2.38
Mg2þ ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð MgðsÞ 2.37
Y3þ ðaqÞ þ 3e Ð YðsÞ 2.37
Sc3þ ðaqÞ þ 3e Ð ScðsÞ 2.03
Al3þ ðaqÞ þ 3e Ð AlðsÞ 1.66
½HPO3 2 ðaqÞ þ 2H2 OðlÞ þ 2e Ð ½H2 PO2 ðaqÞ þ 3½OH ðaqÞ 1.65
Ti2þ ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð TiðsÞ 1.63
MnðOHÞ2 ðsÞ þ 2e Ð MnðsÞ þ 2½OH ðaqÞ 1.56
Mn2þ ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð MnðsÞ 1.19
V2þ ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð VðsÞ 1.18
TeðsÞ þ 2e Ð Te2 ðaqÞ 1.14
2½SO3 2 ðaqÞ þ 2H2 OðlÞ þ 2e Ð 4½OH ðaqÞ þ ½S2 O4 2 ðaqÞ 1.12
½SO4 2 ðaqÞ þ H2 OðlÞ þ 2e Ð ½SO3 2 ðaqÞ þ 2½OH ðaqÞ 0.93
SeðsÞ þ 2e Ð Se2 ðaqÞ 0.92
Cr2þ ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð CrðsÞ 0.91
2½NO3 ðaqÞ þ 2H2 OðlÞ þ 2e Ð N2 O4 ðgÞ þ 4½OH ðaqÞ 0.85
2H2 OðlÞ þ 2e Ð H2 ðgÞ þ 2½OH ðaqÞ 0.82
Zn2þ ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð ZnðsÞ 0.76
Cr3þ ðaqÞ þ 3e Ð CrðsÞ 0.74
SðsÞ þ 2e Ð S2 ðaqÞ 0.48
½NO2 ðaqÞ þ H2 OðlÞ þ e Ð NOðgÞ þ 2½OH ðaqÞ 0.46
Fe2þ ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð FeðsÞ 0.44
Cr3þ ðaqÞ þ e Ð Cr2þ ðaqÞ 0.41
Ti3þ ðaqÞ þ e Ð Ti2þ ðaqÞ 0.37
PbSO4 ðsÞ þ 2e Ð PbðsÞ þ ½SO4 2 ðaqÞ 0.36
Tlþ ðaqÞ þ e Ð TlðsÞ 0.34
Co2þ ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð CoðsÞ 0.28
H3 PO4 ðaqÞ þ 2Hþ ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð H3 PO3 ðaqÞ þ H2 OðlÞ 0.28
V3þ ðaqÞ þ e Ð V2þ ðaqÞ 0.26
Ni2þ ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð NiðsÞ 0.25
2½SO4 2 ðaqÞ þ 4Hþ ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð ½S2 O6 2 ðaqÞ þ 2H2 OðlÞ 0.22
1022 Appendix 11 . Selected standard reduction potentials (298 K)
O2 ðgÞ þ 2H2 OðlÞ þ 2e Ð H2 O2 ðaqÞ þ 2½OH ðaqÞ 0.15

Sn2þ ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð SnðsÞ 0.14
Pb2þ ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð PbðsÞ 0.13
Fe3þ ðaqÞ þ 3e Ð FeðsÞ 0.04
2Hþ ðaq; 1 mol dm3 Þ þ 2e Ð H2 ðg; 1 barÞ 0
½NO3 ðaqÞ þ H2 OðlÞ þ 2e Ð ½NO2 ðaqÞ þ 2½OH ðaqÞ þ0.01
½S4 O6 2 ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð 2½S2 O3 2 ðaqÞ þ0.08
½RuðNH3 Þ6 3þ ðaqÞ þ e Ð ½RuðNH3 Þ6 2þ ðaqÞ þ0.10
½CoðNH3 Þ6 3þ ðaqÞ þ e Ð ½CoðNH3 Þ6 2þ ðaqÞ þ0.11
SðsÞ þ 2Hþ ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð H2 SðaqÞ þ0.14
2½NO2 ðaqÞ þ 3H2 OðlÞ þ 4e Ð N2 OðgÞ þ 6½OH ðaqÞ þ0.15
Cu2þ ðaqÞ þ e Ð Cuþ ðaqÞ þ0.15
Sn4þ ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð Sn2þ ðaqÞ þ0.15
½SO4 2 ðaqÞ þ 4Hþ ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð H2 SO3 ðaqÞ þ H2 OðlÞ þ0.17
AgClðsÞ þ e Ð AgðsÞ þ Cl ðaqÞ þ0.22
½RuðOH2 Þ6 3þ ðaqÞ þ e Ð ½RuðOH2 Þ6 2þ ðaqÞ þ0.25
½CoðbpyÞ3 3þ ðaqÞ þ e Ð ½CoðbpyÞ3 2þ ðaqÞ þ0.31
Cu2þ ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð CuðsÞ þ0.34
½VO2þ ðaqÞ þ 2Hþ ðaqÞ þ e Ð V3þ ðaqÞ þ H2 OðlÞ þ0.34
½ClO4 ðaqÞ þ H2 OðlÞ þ 2e Ð ½ClO3 ðaqÞ þ 2½OH ðaqÞ þ0.36
½FeðCNÞ6 3 ðaqÞ þ e Ð ½FeðCNÞ6 4 ðaqÞ þ0.36
O2 ðgÞ þ 2H2 OðlÞ þ 4e Ð 4½OH ðaqÞ þ0.40
Cuþ ðaqÞ þ e Ð CuðsÞ þ0.52
I2 ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð 2I ðaqÞ þ0.54
½S2 O6 2 ðaqÞ þ 4Hþ ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð 2H2 SO3 ðaqÞ þ0.56
H3 AsO4 ðaqÞ þ 2Hþ ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð HAsO2 ðaqÞ þ 2H2 OðlÞ þ0.56
½MnO4 ðaqÞ þ e Ð ½MnO4 2 ðaqÞ þ0.56
½MnO4 ðaqÞ þ 2H2 OðaqÞ þ 3e Ð MnO2 ðsÞ þ 4½OH ðaqÞ þ0.59
½MnO4 2 ðaqÞ þ 2H2 OðlÞ þ 2e Ð MnO2 ðsÞ þ 4½OH ðaqÞ þ0.60
½BrO3 ðaqÞ þ 3H2 OðlÞ þ 6e Ð Br ðaqÞ þ 6½OH ðaqÞ þ0.61
O2 ðgÞ þ 2Hþ ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð H2 O2 ðaqÞ þ0.70
½BrO ðaqÞ þ H2 OðlÞ þ 2e Ð Br ðaqÞ þ 2½OH ðaqÞ þ0.76
Fe3þ ðaqÞ þ e Ð Fe2þ ðaqÞ þ0.77
Agþ ðaqÞ þ e Ð AgðsÞ þ0.80
½ClO ðaqÞ þ H2 OðlÞ þ 2e Ð Cl ðaqÞ þ 2½OH ðaqÞ þ0.84
2HNO2 ðaqÞ þ 4Hþ ðaqÞ þ 4e Ð H2 N2 O2 ðaqÞ þ 2H2 OðlÞ þ0.86
½HO2 ðaqÞ þ H2 OðlÞ þ 2e Ð 3½OH ðaqÞ þ0.88
½NO3 ðaqÞ þ 3Hþ ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð HNO2 ðaqÞ þ H2 OðlÞ þ0.93
Pd2þ ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð PdðsÞ þ0.95
½NO3 ðaqÞ þ 4Hþ ðaqÞ þ 3e Ð NOðgÞ þ 2H2 OðlÞ þ0.96
HNO2 ðaqÞ þ Hþ ðaqÞ þ e Ð NOðgÞ þ H2 OðlÞ þ0.98
½VO2 þ ðaqÞ þ 2Hþ ðaqÞ þ e Ð ½VO2þ ðaqÞ þ H2 OðlÞ þ0.99
½FeðbpyÞ3 3þ ðaqÞ þ e Ð ½FeðbpyÞ3 2þ ðaqÞ þ1.03
½IO3 ðaqÞ þ 6Hþ ðaqÞ þ 6e Ð I ðaqÞ þ 3H2 OðlÞ þ1.09
Br2 ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð 2Br ðaqÞ þ1.09
½FeðphenÞ3 3þ ðaqÞ þ e Ð ½FeðphenÞ3 2þ ðaqÞ þ1.12
Pt2þ ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð PtðsÞ þ1.18
½ClO4 ðaqÞ þ 2Hþ ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð ½ClO3 ðaqÞ þ H2 OðlÞ þ1.19
2½IO3 ðaqÞ þ 12Hþ ðaqÞ þ 10e Ð I2 ðaqÞ þ 6H2 OðlÞ þ1.20
O2 ðgÞ þ 4Hþ ðaqÞ þ 4e Ð 2H2 OðlÞ þ1.23
MnO2 ðsÞ þ 4Hþ ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð Mn2þ ðaqÞ þ 2H2 OðlÞ þ1.23
Tl3þ ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð Tlþ ðaqÞ þ1.25
Appendix 11 . Selected standard reduction potentials (298 K) 1023
2HNO2 ðaqÞ þ 4Hþ ðaqÞ þ 4e Ð N2 OðgÞ þ 3H2 OðlÞ þ1.30

½Cr2 O7 2 ðaqÞ þ 14Hþ ðaqÞ þ 6e Ð 2Cr3þ ðaqÞ þ 7H2 OðlÞ þ1.33
Cl2 ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð 2Cl ðaqÞ þ1.36
2½ClO4 ðaqÞ þ 16Hþ ðaqÞ þ 14e Ð Cl2 ðaqÞ þ 8H2 OðlÞ þ1.39
½ClO4 ðaqÞ þ 8Hþ ðaqÞ þ 8e Ð Cl ðaqÞ þ 4H2 OðlÞ þ1.39
½BrO3 ðaqÞ þ 6Hþ ðaqÞ þ 6e Ð Br ðaqÞ þ 3H2 OðlÞ þ1.42
½ClO3 ðaqÞ þ 6Hþ ðaqÞ þ 6e Ð Cl ðaqÞ þ 3H2 OðlÞ þ1.45
2½ClO3 ðaqÞ þ 12Hþ ðaqÞ þ 10e Ð Cl2 ðaqÞ þ 6H2 OðlÞ þ1.47
2½BrO3 ðaqÞ þ 12Hþ ðaqÞ þ 10e Ð Br2 ðaqÞ þ 6H2 OðlÞ þ1.48
HOClðaqÞ þ Hþ ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð Cl ðaqÞ þ H2 OðlÞ þ1.48
½MnO4 ðaqÞ þ 8Hþ ðaqÞ þ 5e Ð Mn2þ ðaqÞ þ 4H2 OðlÞ þ1.51
Mn3þ ðaqÞ þ e Ð Mn2þ ðaqÞ þ1.54
2HOClðaqÞ þ 2Hþ ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð Cl2 ðaqÞ þ 2H2 OðlÞ þ1.61
½MnO4 ðaqÞ þ 4Hþ ðaqÞ þ 3e Ð MnO2 ðsÞ þ 2H2 OðlÞ þ1.69
PbO2 ðsÞ þ 4Hþ ðaqÞ þ ½SO4 2 ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð PbSO4 ðsÞ þ 2H2 OðlÞ þ1.69
Ce4þ ðaqÞ þ e Ð Ce3þ ðaqÞ þ1.72
½BrO4 ðaqÞ þ 2Hþ ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð ½BrO3 ðaqÞ þ H2 OðlÞ þ1.76
H2 O2 ðaqÞ þ 2Hþ ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð 2H2 OðlÞ þ1.78
Co3þ ðaqÞ þ e Ð Co2þ ðaqÞ þ1.92
½S2 O8 2 ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð 2½SO4 2 ðaqÞ þ2.01
O3 ðgÞ þ 2Hþ ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð O2 ðgÞ þ H2 OðlÞ þ2.07
XeO3 ðaqÞ þ 6Hþ ðaqÞ þ 6e Ð XeðgÞ þ 3H2 OðlÞ þ2.10
½FeO4 2 ðaqÞ þ 8Hþ ðaqÞ þ 3e Ð Fe3þ ðaqÞ þ 4H2 OðlÞ þ2.20
H4 XeO6 ðaqÞ þ 2Hþ ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð XeO3 ðaqÞ þ 3H2 OðlÞ þ2.42
F2 ðaqÞ þ 2e Ð 2F ðaqÞ þ2.87
APPENDIX 1
Thermodynamic Properties of Some
Selected Inorganic Compounds
As thermodynamic data are experimental, their values differ from one source
to another. A consistent set of values has been used here, summarized from
G. Aylward and T. Findlay, SI Chemical Data, 3d ed. (New York: Wiley, 1994).
Compound DH U SU DG U
name Formula (kJ?mol21) (J?mol21?K21) (kJ?mol21)
Aluminum Al(s) 10 128 10

Al( g) 1330 1165 1290
Al31(aq) 2538 2325 2492
aluminate ion Al(OH)42(aq) 21502 1103 21305
bromide AlBr3(s) 2511 1180 2489
carbide Al4C3(s) 2209 189 2196
chloride AlCl3(s) 2704 1111 2629
chloride hexahydrate AlCl3?6H2O(s) 22692 1318 22261
fluoride AlF3(s) 21510 166 21431
iodide AlI3(s) 2314 1159 2301
nitride AlN(s) 2318 120 2287
oxide Al2O3(s) 21676 151 21582
phosphate AlPO4(s) 21734 191 21618
sulfate Al2(SO4)3(s) 23441 1239 23100
Ammonium NH41(aq) 2133 1111 279
bromide NH4Br(s) 2271 1113 2175
chloride NH4Cl(s) 2314 195 2203
fluoride NH4F(s) 2464 172 2349
iodide NH4I(s) 2201 1117 2113
nitrate NH4NO3(s) 2366 1151 2184
sulfate (NH4)2SO4(s) 21181 1220 2902
vanadate NH4VO3(s) 21053 1141 2888
Antimony Sb(s) 10 146 10
Sb( g) 1262 1180 1222
pentachloride SbCl5(l) 2440 1301 2350
pentaoxide Sb2O5(s) 2972 1125 2829
tribromide SbBr3(s) 2259 1207 2239
trichloride SbCl3(s) 2382 1184 2324
trihydride SbH3( g) 1145 1233 1148
triiodide SbI3(s) 2100 1215 299
trioxide Sb2O3(s) 2720 1110 2634
trisulfide Sb2S3(s) 2175 1182 2174
Arsenic As(s) (gray) 10 135 10
As( g) 1302 1174 1261
pentafluoride AsF5( g) 21237 1317 21170
A-1
A-2 APPENDIX 1 • Thermodynamic Properties of Some Selected Inorganic Compounds
pentoxide As2O5(s) 2925 1105 2782

tribromide AsBr3(s) 2130 1364 2159
trichloride AsCl3(l) 2305 1216 2259
trifluoride AsF3(l) 2786 1289 2771
trihydride (arsine) AsH3( g) 166 1223 169
triiodide AsI3(s) 258 1213 259
trioxide As2O3(s) 2657 1107 2576
trisulfide As2S3(s) 2169 1164 2169
Barium Ba(s) 10 163 10

Ba( g) 1180 1170 1146
Ba21(aq) 2538 110 2561
bromide BaBr2(s) 2757 1146 2737
carbonate BaCO3(s) 21216 1112 21138
chloride BaCl2(s) 2859 1124 2810
chloride dihydrate BaCl2?2H2O(s) 21460 1203 21296
fluoride BaF2(s) 21207 196 21157
hydroxide Ba(OH)2(s) 2945 1101 2856
hydroxide octahydrate Ba(OH)2?8H2O(s) 23342 1427 22793
iodide BaI2(s) 2605 1165 2601
nitrate Ba(NO3)2(s) 2992 1214 2797
nitride Ba3N2(s) 2363 1152 2292
oxide BaO(s) 2554 170 2525
peroxide BaO2(s) 2634
sulfate BaSO4(s) 21473 1132 21362
sulfide BaS(s) 2460 178 2456
Beryllium Be(s) 10 19 10
Be( g) 1324 1136 1287
Be21(aq) 2383 2130 2380
bromide BeBr2(s) 2356 1100 2337
chloride BeCl2(s) 2490 183 2445
fluoride BeF2(s) 21027 153 2979
hydroxide Be(OH)2(s) 2903 152 2815
iodide BeI2(s) 2189 1120 2187
oxide BeO(s) 2609 114 2580
Bismuth Bi(s) 10 157 10

chloride BiCl3(s) 2379 1177 2315
oxide Bi2O3(s) 2574 1151 2494
oxide chloride BiOCl(s) 2367 1120 2322
sulfide Bi2S3(s) 2143 1200 2141
Boron B(s) 10 10 16
B( g) 1565 1153 1521
boric acid H3BO3(s) 21095 190 2970
carbide B4C(s) 271 127 271
decaborane(14) B10H14( g) 132 1353 1216
diborane B2H6( g) 136 1232 187
nitride BN(s) 2254 115 2228
pentaborane(9) B5H9(l) 143 1184 1172
tribromide BBr3(l) 2240 1230 2238
trichloride BCl3( g) 2404 1290 2389
Thermodynamic Properties of Some Selected Inorganic Compounds A-3
trifluoride BF3( g) 21136 1254 21119

trioxide (di–) B2O3(s) 21273 154 21194
trisulfide (di–) B2S3(s) 2252 192 2248
Bromine Br2(l ) 10 1152 10

Br2( g) 131 1245 13
Br( g) 1112 1175 182
Br2(aq) 2121 183 2104
bromate ion BrO32(aq) 267 1162 119
hypobromite ion BrO2(aq) 294 142 233
monochloride BrCl( g) 115 1240 21
monofluoride BrF( g) 294 1229 2109
pentafluoride BrF5( g) 2429 1320 2351
trifluoride BrF3( g) 2256 1293 2229
Cadmium Cd(s) 10 152 10

Cd( g) 1112 1168 177
Cd21(aq) 276 273 278
bromide CdBr2(s) 2316 1137 2296
carbonate CdCO3(s) 2751 192 2669
chloride CdCl2(s) 2391 1115 2344
fluoride CdF2(s) 2700 177 2648
hydroxide Cd(OH)2(s) 2561 196 2474
iodide CdI2(s) 2203 1161 2201
nitrate Cd(NO3)2(s) 2456
oxide CdO(s) 2258 155 2228
sulfate CdSO4(s) 2933 1123 2823
sulfide CdS(s) 2162 165 2156
Calcium Ca(s) 10 142 10

Ca( g) 1178 1155 1144
Ca21(aq) 2543 256 2553
bromide CaBr2(s) 2683 1130 2664
carbide CaC2(s) 260 170 265
carbonate CaCO3(s) (calcite) 21207 193 21129
chloride CaCl2(s) 2796 1105 2748
fluoride CaF2(s) 21220 169 21167
hydride CaH2(s) 2186 142 2147
hydroxide Ca(OH)2(s) 2986 183 2898
iodide CaI2(s) 2533 1142 2529
nitrate Ca(NO3)2(s) 2938 1193 2743
oxide CaO(s) 2635 138 2603
phosphate Ca3(PO4)2(s) 24121 1236 23885
silicate CaSiO3(s) 21567 182 21499
sulfate CaSO4(s) 21434 1107 21332
sulfate hemihydrate CaSO4?12H2O(s) 21577 1131 21437
sulfate dihydrate CaSO4?2H2O(s) 22023 1194 21797
sulfide CaS(s) 2482 156 2477
Carbon C(s) (graphite) 10 16 10

C(s) (diamond) 12 12 13
C( g) 1717 1158 1671
carbonate ion CO 322(aq) 2675 250 2528
chloride (–yl)
(phosgene) COCl2( g) 2219 1284 2205
cyanide ion CN2(aq) 1151 194 1172
dioxide CO2( g) 2394 1214 2394
dioxide CO2(aq) 2413 1119 2386
disulfide CS2(l ) 190 1151 165
ethane C2H6( g) 285 1230 233
hydrogen
carbonate ion HCO32(aq) 2690 198 2587
methane CH4( g) 275 1186 251
monoxide CO( g) 2111 1198 2137
tetrabromide CBr4(s) 119 1213 148
tetrachloride CCl4(l ) 2135 1216 265
tetrafluoride CF4( g) 2933 1262 2888
thiocyanate ion NCS2(aq) 176 1144 193
Cesium Cs(s) 10 185 10

Cs( g) 176 1176 149
Cs1(aq) 2258 1132 2291
bromide CsBr(s) 2406 1113 2391
carbonate Cs2CO3(s) 21140 1204 21054
chloride CsCl(s) 2443 1101 2415
fluoride CsF(s) 2554 193 2526
iodide CsI(s) 2347 1123 2341
nitrate CsNO3(s) 2506 1155 2407
sulfate Cs2SO4(s) 21443 1212 21324
Chlorine Cl2( g) 10 1223 10

Cl2(aq) 223 1121 17
Cl( g) 1121 1165 1105
Cl2(aq) 2167 157 2131
chlorate ion ClO32(aq) 2104 1162 28
dioxide ClO2( g) 1102 1257 1120
hypochlorite ion ClO2(aq) 2107 142 237
monofluoride ClF( g) 254 1218 256
oxide (di-) Cl2O( g) 180 1266 198
perchlorate ion ClO42(aq) 2128 1184 28
trifluoride ClF3( g) 2163 1282 2123
Chromium Cr(s) 10 124 10

Cr( g) 1397 1175 1352
Cr21(aq) 2139 2165
Cr31(aq) 2256 2205
(II) chloride CrCl2(s) 2395 1115 2356
(III) chloride CrCl3(s) 2556 1123 2486
chromate ion CrO42(aq) 2881 150 2728
dichromate ion Cr2O722(aq) 21490 1262 21301
(III) oxide Cr2O3(s) 21140 181 21058
(VI) oxide CrO3(s) 2580 172 2513
(III) sulfate Cr2(SO4)3(s) 22911 1259 22578
Cobalt Co(s) 10 130 10

Co( g) 1425 1180 1380
Co21(aq) 258 2113 254

Co31(aq) 192 2305 1134
(II) carbonate CoCO3(s) 2713 189 2637
(II) chloride CoCl2(s) 2313 1109 2270
(II) chloride
hexahydrate CoCl2?6H2O(s) 22115 1343 21725
(II) hydroxide Co(OH)2(s) (pink) 2540 179 2454
(II) oxide CoO(s) 2238 153 2214
(II) sulfate CoSO4(s) 2888 1118 2782
(II) sulfate
heptahydrate CoSO4?7H2O(s) 22980 1406 22474
Copper Cu(s) 10 133 10

Cu( g) 1337 1166 1298
Cu1(aq) 172 141 150
Cu21(aq) 165 298 165
(I) chloride CuCl(s) 2137 186 2120
(II) chloride CuCl2(s) 2220 1108 2176
(II) chloride dihydrate CuCl2?2H2O(s) 2821 1167 2656
(II) hydroxide Cu(OH)2(s) 2450 1108 2373
(I) oxide Cu2O(s) 2169 193 2146
(II) oxide CuO(s) 2157 143 2130
(II) sulfate CuSO4(s) 2771 1109 2662
(II) sulfate
pentahydrate CuSO4?5H2O(s) 22280 1300 21880
(I) sulfide Cu2S(s) 280 1121 286
(II) sulfide CuS(s) 253 167 254
Fluorine F2( g) 10 1203 10

F( g) 179 1159 162
F2(aq) 2335 214 2281
Gallium Ga(s) 10 141 10

Ga( g) 1277 1169 1239
Ga31(aq) 2212 2331 2159
bromide GaBr3(s) 2387 1180 2360
chloride GaCl3(s) 2525 1142 2455
fluoride GaF3(s) 21163 184 21085
iodide GaI3(s) 2239 1204 2236
oxide Ga2O3(s) 21089 185 2998
Germanium Ge(s) 10 131 10

Ge( g) 1372 1168 1331
dioxide GeO(s) 2262 150 2237
tetrachloride GeCl4( g) 2496 1348 2457
tetroxide GeO2(s) 2580 140 2521
Hydrogen H2( g) 10 1131 10

H( g) 1218 1115 1203
H1(aq) 10 10 10
bromide HBr( g) 236 1199 253
chloride HCl( g) 292 1187 295
fluoride HF( g) 2273 1174 2275
hydrobromic acid HBr(aq) 2122 182 2104

hydrochloric acid HCl(aq) 2167 156 2131
hydrofluoric acid HF(aq) 2333 214 2279
hydroiodic acid HI(aq) 255 1111 252
iodide HI( g) 126 1207 12
oxide (water) H2O(l ) 2286 170 2237
H2O( g) 2242 1189 2229
hydroxide ion OH2(aq) 2230 211 2157
peroxide H2O2(l ) 2188 1110 2120
selenide H2Se( g) 130 1219 116
sulfide H2S( g) 221 1206 234
telluride H2Te( g) 1100 1229 185
Indium In(s) 10 158 10

In( g) 1243 1174 1209
In31(aq) 2105 2151 298
(I) chloride InCl(s) 2186 195 2164
(III) chloride InCl3(s) 2537 1141 2462
oxide In2O3(s) 2926 1104 2831
Iodine I2(s) 10 1116 10

I2( g) 162 1261 119
I( g) 1107 1181 170
I2(aq) 255 1106 252
iodate ion IO32(aq) 2221 1118 2128
heptafluoride IF7( g) 2944 1346 2818
monochloride ICl( g) 118 1248 25
triiodide ion I32(aq) 251 1239 251
Iron Fe(s) 10 127 10
Fe( g) 1416 1180 1371
Fe21(aq) 289 2138 279
Fe31(aq) 249 2316 25
(II) carbonate FeCO3(s) 2741 193 2667
(II) chloride FeCl2(s) 2342 1118 2302
(III) chloride FeCl3(s) 2399 1142 2334
(II) disulfide FeS2(s) (pyrite) 2178 153 2167
(II) hydroxide Fe(OH)2(s) 2569 188 2487
(III) hydroxide Fe(OH)3(s) 2823 1107 2697
(II) oxide FeO(s) 2272 161 2251
(II)(III) oxide Fe3O4(s) 21118 1146 21015
(III) oxide Fe2O3(s) 2824 187 2742
(II) sulfate FeSO4(s) 2928 1108 2821
(II) sulfate
heptahydrate FeSO4?7H2O(s) 23015 1409 22510
(III) sulfate Fe2(SO4)3(s) 22582 1308 22262
(II) sulfide FeS(s) 2100 160 2100
Lead Pb(s) 10 165 10
Pb( g) 1196
Pb21(aq) 11 118 224
(II) carbonate PbCO3(s) 2699 1131 2626
(II) chloride PbCl2(s) 2359 1136 2314
(IV) chloride PbCl4( g) 2552 1382 2492

(II) oxide PbO(s) 2217 169 2188
(IV) oxide PbO2(s) 2277 169 1217
(II) sulfate PbSO4(s) 2920 1149 2813
(II) sulfide PbS(s) 2100 191 299
Lithium Li(s) 10 129 10
Li( g) 1159 1139 1127
Li1(aq) 2278 112 2293
bromide LiBr(s) 2351 174 2342
carbonate Li2CO3(s) 21216 190 21132
chloride LiCl(s) 2409 159 2384
fluoride LiF(s) 2616 136 2588
hydride LiH(s) 291 120 268
hydroxide LiOH(s) 2479 143 2439
iodide LiI(s) 2270 187 2270
nitrate LiNO3(s) 2483 190 2381
nitride Li3N(s) 2164 163 2128
oxide Li2O(s) 2598 138 2561
sulfate Li2SO4(s) 21436 1115 21322
sulfide Li2S(s) 2441 161 2433
tetrahydridoaluminate LiAlH4(s) 2116 179 245
Magnesium Mg(s) 10 133 10
Mg( g) 1147 1149 1112
Mg21(aq) 2467 2137 2455
bromide MgBr2(s) 2524 1117 2504
carbonate MgCO3(s) 21096 166 21012
chloride MgCl2(s) 2641 190 2592
chloride hexahydrate MgCl2?6H2O(s) 22499 1366 22115
fluoride MgF2(s) 21124 157 21071
hydride MgH2(s) 275 131 236
hydroxide Mg(OH)2(s) 2925 163 2834
iodide MgI2(s) 2364 1130 2358
nitrate Mg(NO3)2(s) 2791 1164 2589
nitrate hexahydrate Mg(NO3)2?6H2O(s) 22613 1452 22080
nitride Mg3N2(s) 2461 188 2401
oxide MgO(s) 2602 127 2569
sulfate MgSO4(s) 21285 192 21171
sulfate heptahydrate MgSO4?7H2O(s) 23389 1372 22872
sulfide MgS(s) 2346 150 2342
Manganese Mn(s) 10 132 10
Mn( g) 1281 1174 1238
Mn21(aq) 2221 274 2228
(II) carbonate MnCO3(s) 2894 186 2817
(II) chloride MnCl2(s) 2481 1118 2441
(II) fluoride MnF2(s) 2803 192 2761
(III) fluoride MnF3(s) 21004 1105 2935
(II) hydroxide Mn(OH)2(s) 2695 199 2615
(II) oxide MnO(s) 2385 160 2363
(III) oxide Mn2O3(s) 2959 1110 2881
(IV) oxide MnO2(s) 2520 153 2465
permanganate ion MnO42(aq) 2541 1191 2447

(II) sulfate MnSO4(s) 21065 1112 2957
(II) sulfide MnS(s) 2214 178 2218
Mercury Hg(l ) 10 176 10

Hg( g) 161 1175 132
Hg 221(aq) 1167 166 1154
Hg21(aq) 1170 236 1165
(I) chloride Hg2Cl2(s) 2265 1192 2211
(II) chloride HgCl2(s) 2224 1146 2179
(II) oxide HgO(s) 291 170 259
(I) sulfate Hg2SO4(s) 2743 1201 2626
(II) sulfate HgSO4(s) 2708 1140 2595
Nickel Ni(s) 10 130 10

Ni( g) 1430 1182 1385
Ni21(aq) 254 2129 246
(II) bromide NiBr2(s) 2212 1136 2198
(II) carbonate NiCO3(s) 2681 1118 2613
(II) chloride NiCl2(s) 2305 198 2259
(II) chloride
hexahydrate NiCl2?6H2O(s) 22103 1344 21714
(II) fluoride NiF2(s) 2651 174 2604
(II) hydroxide Ni(OH)2(s) 2530 188 2447
(II) iodide NiI2(s) 278 1154 281
(II) oxide NiO(s) 2240 138 2212
(II) sulfate NiSO4(s) 2873 192 2760
(II) sulfate
heptahydrate NiSO4?7H2O(s) 22976 1379 22462
(II) sulfide NiS(s) 282 153 280
tetracarbonyl(0) Ni(CO)4(l ) 2633 1313 2588
Nitrogen N2( g) 10 1192 10

N( g) 1473 1153 1456
ammonia NH3( g) 246 1193 216
azide ion N 32(aq) 1275 1108 1348
dinitrogen oxide N2O( g) 182 1220 1104
dinitrogen pentoxide N2O5( g) 111 1356 1115
dinitrogen tetroxide N2O4( g) 19 1304 198
dinitrogen trioxide N2O3( g) 184 1312 1139
hydrazine N2H4(l ) 151 1121 1149
hydrogen azide HN3(l ) 1264 1141 1327
hydrogen nitrate HNO3(l ) 2174 1156 281
nitrate ion NO32(aq) 2207 1147 2111
nitrite ion NO22(aq) 2105 1123 232
nitrogen dioxide NO2( g) 133 1240 151
nitrogen monoxide NO( g) 190 1211 187
Oxygen O2( g) 10 1205 10

O3( g) 1143 1239 1163
O( g) 1249 1161 1232
O2( g) 1102 1158 192
difluoride OF2( g) 125 1247 142
Phosphorus P4(s) (white) 10 141 10

P(s) (red) 218 123 212
P4( g) 159 1280 124
P( g) 1317 1163 1278
hydrogen phosphate H3PO4(s) 21279 1110 21119
pentachloride PCl5( g) 2375 1365 2305
pentafluoride PF5( g) 21594 1301 21521
phosphate ion PO432( aq) 21277 2220 21019
phosphoryl chloride POCl3(l ) 2597 1222 2521
tetraphosphorus
decaoxide P4O10(s) 22984 1229 22700
trichloride PCl3(l ) 2320 1217 2272
trifluoride PF3( g) 2919 1273 2898
trihydride (phosphine) PH3( g) 15 1210 113
Potassium K(s) 10 165 10
K( g) 189 1160 161
K1(aq) 2252 1101 2284
bromide KBr(s) 2394 196 2381
carbonate K2CO3(s) 21151 1156 21064
chlorate KClO3(s) 2398 1143 2296
chloride KCl(s) 2437 183 2409
chromate K2CrO4(s) 21404 1200 21296
cyanide KCN(s) 2113 1128 2102
dichromate K2Cr2O7(s) 22062 1291 21882
dioxide(2–) (peroxide) K2O2(s) 2494 1102 2425
dioxide(1–)
(superoxide) KO2(s) 2285 1117 2239
fluoride KF(s) 2567 167 2538
hydride KH(s) 258 150 253
hydrogen carbonate KHCO3(s) 2963 1116 2864
hydrogen sulfate KHSO4(s) 21161 1138 21031
hydroxide KOH(s) 2425 179 2379
iodide KI(s) 2328 1106 2325
nitrate KNO3(s) 2495 1133 2395
nitrite KNO2(s) 2370 1152 2307
oxide K2O(s) 2363 194 2322
perchlorate KClO4(s) 2433 1151 2303
permanganate KMnO4(s) 2837 1172 2738
peroxodisulfate K2S2O8(s) 21916 1279 21697
pyrosulfate K2S2O7(s) 21987 1225 21792
sulfate K2SO4(s) 21438 1176 21321
sulfide K2S(s) 2376 1115 2363
tetrafluoroborate KBF4(s) 21882 1152 21786
Rubidium Rb(s) 10 177 10
Rb( g) 181 1170 153
Rb1(aq) 2251 1122 2284
bromide RbBr(s) 2395 1110 2382
carbonate Rb2CO3(s) 21179 1186 21096
chloride RbCl(s) 2435 196 2408
fluoride RbF(s) 2558 175 2521
iodide RbI(s) 2334 1118 2329
nitrate RbNO3(s) 2495 1147 2396

sulfate Rb2SO4(s) 21436 1197 21317
Selenium Se(s) (gray) 10 142 10

Se( g) 1227 1177 1187
hexafluoride SeF6( g) 21117 1314 21017
selenate ion SeO422(aq) 2599 154 2441
tetrachloride SeCl4(s) 2183 1195 295
Silicon Si(s) 10 119 10

Si( g) 1450 1168 1406
carbide SiC(s) 265 117 263
dioxide (quartz) SiO2(s) 2911 141 2856
tetrachloride SiCl4(l ) 2687 1240 2620
tetrafluoride SiF4( g) 21615 1283 21573
tetrahydride (silane) SiH4( g) 134 1205 157
Silver Ag(s) 10 143 10

Ag( g) 1285 1173 1246
Ag1(aq) 1106 173 177
bromide AgBr(s) 2100 1107 297
carbonate Ag2CO3(s) 2506 1167 2437
chloride AgCl(s) 2127 196 2110
chromate Ag2CrO4(s) 2732 1218 2642
cyanide AgCN(s) 1146 1107 1157
fluoride AgF(s) 2205 184 2187
iodide AgI(s) 262 1115 266
nitrate AgNO3(s) 2124 1141 233
oxide Ag2O(s) 231 1121 211
sulfate Ag2SO4(s) 2716 1200 2618
sulfide Ag2S(s) 233 1144 241
Sodium Na(s) 10 151 10

Na( g) 1107 1154 177
Na1(aq) 2240 158 2262
azide NaN3(s) 122 197 194
bromide NaBr(s) 2361 187 2349
carbonate Na2CO3(s) 21131 1135 21044
carbonate
monohydrate Na2CO3?H2O(s) 21431 1168 21285
carbonate decahydrate Na2CO3?10H2O(s) 24081 1563 23428
chlorate NaClO3(s) 2366 1123 2262
chloride NaCl(s) 2411 172 2384
cyanide NaCN(s) 287 1116 276
dihydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4(s) 21537 1127 21386
dioxide(22) (peroxide) Na2O2(s) 2511 195 2448
fluoride NaF(s) 2574 151 2544
hydride NaH(s) 256 140 233
hydrogen carbonate NaHCO3(s) 2951 1102 2851
hydrogen phosphate Na2HPO4(s) 21748 1150 21608
hydrogen sulfate NaHSO4(s) 21126 1113 2993
hydroxide NaOH(s) 2425 164 2379
iodide NaI(s) 2288 199 2286
nitrate NaNO3(s) 2468 1117 2367

nitrite NaNO2(s) 2359 1104 2285
oxide Na2O(s) 2414 175 2375
perchlorate NaClO4(s) 2383 1142 2255
phosphate Na3PO4(s) 21917 1174 21789
silicate Na2SiO3(s) 21555 1114 21463
sulfate Na2SO4(s) 21387 1150 21270
sulfide Na2S(s) 2365 184 2350
sulfite Na2SO3(s) 21101 1146 21012
tetrahydroborate NaBH4(s) 2189 1101 2124
thiosulfate Na2S2O3(s) 21123 1155 21028
thiosulfate
pentahydrate Na2S2O3?5H2O(s) 22608 1372 22230
Strontium Sr(s) 10 152 10

Sr( g) 1164 1165 1131
Sr21(aq) 2546 233 2559
carbonate SrCO3(s) 21220 197 21140
chloride SrCl2(s) 2829 1115 2781
oxide SrO(s) 2592 154 2562
sulfate SrSO4(s) 21453 1117 21341
Sulfur S8(s) (rhombic) 10 132 10

S8(s) (monoclinic) 10.3 133 10.1
S8( g) 1102 1431 150
S( g) 1227 1168 1236
dichloride SCl2(l ) 250 1184 228
dichloride (disulfur) S2Cl2(l ) 258 1224 239
dioxide SO2( g) 2297 1248 2300
hexafluoride SF6( g) 21209 1292 21105
hydrogen sulfate H2SO4(l ) 2814 1157 2690
hydrogen sulfide ion HS2(aq) 216 167 112
peroxodisulfate ion S2O822(aq) 21345 1244 21115
sulfate ion SO422(aq) 2909 119 2744
sulfide ion S22(aq) 133 215 186
sulfite ion SO322(aq) 2635 229 2487
thiosulfate ion S2O322(aq) 2652 167 2522
trioxide SO3( g) 2396 1257 2371
Thallium Tl(s) 10 164 10

Tl( g) 1182 1181 1147
Tl1(aq) 15 1125 232
Tl31(aq) 1197 2192 1215
(I) chloride TlCl(s) 2204 1111 2185
(III) chloride TlCl3(s) 2315 1152 2242
Tin Sn(s) (white) 10 151 10

Sn(s) (gray) 22 144 10.1
Sn( g) 1301 1168 1266
(II) chloride SnCl2(s) 2331 1132 2289
(IV) chloride SnCl4(l ) 2551 1259 2440
hydride SnH4( g) 1163 1228 1188
(II) hydroxide Sn(OH)2(s) 2561 1155 2492
(II) oxide SnO(s) 2281 157 2252

(IV) oxide SnO2(s) 2578 149 2516
(II) sulfide SnS(s) 2100 177 298
(IV) sulfide SnS2(s) 2154 187 2145
Titanium Ti(s) 10 131 10

Ti( g) 1473 1180 1428
(II) chloride TiCl2(s) 2514 187 2464
(III) chloride TiCl3(s) 2721 1140 2654
(IV) chloride TiCl4(l ) 2804 1252 2737
(IV) oxide TiO2(s) (rutile) 2944 151 2890
Vanadium V(s) 10 129 10

V( g) 1514 1182 1469
(II) chloride VCl2(s) 2452 197 2406
(III) chloride VCl3(s) 2581 1131 2511
(IV) chloride VCl4(l ) 2569 1255 2504
(II) oxide VO(s) 2432 139 2404
(III) oxide V2O3(s) 21219 198 21139
(IV) oxide VO2(s) 2713 151 2659
(V) oxide V2O5(s) 21551 1131 21420
Xenon Xe( g) 10 1170 10

difluoride XeF2( g) 2130 1260 296
tetrafluoride XeF4( g) 2215 1316 2138
trioxide XeO3( g) 1502 1287 1561
Zinc Zn(s) 10 142 10

Zn( g) 1130 1161 194
Zn21(aq) 2153 2110 2147
carbonate ZnCO3(s) 2813 182 2732
chloride ZnCl2(s) 2415 1111 2369
hydroxide Zn(OH)2(s) 2642 181 2554
nitride Zn3N2(s) 223 1140 130
oxide ZnO(s) 2350 144 2320
sulfate ZnSO4(s) 2983 1110 2872
sulfate heptahydrate ZnSO4?7H2O(s) 23078 1389 22563
sulfide ZnS(s) (wurtzite) 2193 168 2191
sulfide ZnS(s) (sphalerite) 2206 158 2201
APPENDIX 2
Charge Densities of Selected Ions
Charge densities (C mm23) are calculated according to the formula

ne
14y32pr3
where the ionic radii r are the Shannon-Prewitt values in millimeters (Acta
Cryst., 1976, A32, 751), e is the electron charge (1.60 3 10219 C), and n rep-
resents the ion charge. The radii used are the values for six-coordinate ions
except where noted by (T) for four-coordinate tetrahedral ions; (HS) and (LS)
designate the high-spin and low-spin radii for the transition metal ions.
Cation Charge density Cation Charge density Cation Charge density

31 31 71
Ac 57 B 1663 Cl 3880
1 21 31
Ag 15 Ba 23 Cm 84
21 21 21
Ag 60 Be 1108 (T) Co 155 (LS)
31 31 21
Ag 163 Bi 72 Co 108 (HS)
31 51 31
Al 770 (T) Bi 262 Co 349 (LS)
31 31 31
Al 364 Bk 86 Co 272 (HS)
31 71 41
Am 82 Br 1796 Co 508 (HS)
31 41 21
As 307 C 6265 (T) Cr 116 (LS)
51 21 21
As 884 Ca 52 Cr 92 (HS)
71 21 31
At 609 Cd 59 Cr 261
1 31 41
Au 11 Ce 75 Cr 465
31 41 51
Au 118 Ce 148 Cr 764
31 31 61
B 7334 (T) Cf 88 Cr 1175
1 41 31
Cs 6 Mn 508 Sb 157
1 71 51
Cu 51 Mn 1238 Sb 471
21 31 31
Cu 116 Mo 200 Sc 163
21 61 41
Dy 43 Mo 589 Se 583
31 1 61
Dy 99 NH4 11 Se 1305
31 1 41
Er 105 Na 24 Si 970
21 31 31
Eu 34 Nb 180 Sm 86
31 51 21
Eu 88 Nb 402 Sn 54
HS, high spin; LS, low spin; T, four-coordinate tetrahedral ions.
A-13
A-14 APPENDIX 2 • Charge Densities of Selected Ions
Cation Charge density Cation Charge density Cation Charge density

71 31 41
F 25 110 Nd 82 Sn 267
21 21 21
Fe 181 (LS) Ni 134 Sr 33
21 21 31
Fe 98 (HS) No 40 Ta 180
31 51 51
Fe 349 (LS) Np 271 Ta 402
31 41 31
Fe 232 (HS) Os 335 Tb 96
61 61 41
Fe 3864 Os 698 Tc 310
1 81 71
Fr 5 Os 2053 Tc 780
31 31 41
Ga 261 P 587 Te 112
31 51 61
Gd 91 P 1358 Te 668
21 51 41
Ge 116 Pa 245 Th 121
41 21 21
Ge 508 Pb 32 Ti 76
41 41 31
Hf 409 Pb 196 Ti 216
1 21 41
Hg 16 Pd 76 Ti 362
21 41 1
Hg 49 Pd 348 Ti 9
31 31 31
Ho 102 Pm 84 Tl 105
71 41 21
I 889 Po 121 Tm 48
31 61 31
In 138 Po 431 Tm 108
31 31 41
Ir 208 Pr 79 U 140
51 41 61
Ir 534 Pr 157 U 348
1 21 21
K 11 Pt 92 V 95
31 41 31
La 72 Pt 335 V 241
1 41 41
Li 98 (T) Pu 153 V 409
1 21 51
Li 52 Ra 18 V 607
31 1 41
Lu 115 Rb 8 W 298
21 71 61
Mg 120 Re 889 W 566
21 31 31
Mn 114 (LS) Rh 224 Y 102
21 31 31
Mn 84 (HS) Ru 208 Yb 111
31 41 21
MN 307 (LS) S 1152 Zn 112
31 61 41
Mn 232 (HS) S 2883 Zr 240
Anion Charge density Anion Charge density Anion Charge density

32 2 22
As 12 I 4 O2 19
2 2 2
Br 6 MnO4 4 OH 23
2 32 32
CN 7 N 50 P 14
22 2 22
CO3 17 N3 6 S 16
2 2 22
Cl 8 NO3 9 SO4 5
2 22 22
ClO4 3 O 40 Se 12
2 2 22
F 24 O2 13 Te 9
APPENDIX 3
Selected Bond Energies
For homonuclear diatomic molecules, such as dihydrogen, precise measured val-

ues of bond energies are listed. For most of the heteronuclear bonds, only average
values are given, and these tend to differ among literature sources. (All values
here are in units of kJ?mol21.)
Hydrogen
H¬H 432 H¬S 363
H¬B 389 H¬F 565
H¬C 411 H¬Cl 428
H¬N 386 H¬Br 362
H¬O 459 H¬I 295
Group 13
Boron
B¬C 372 B¬F 613
B¬O 536 B¬Cl 456
B“O 636 B¬Br 377
Group 14
Carbon
C¬C 346 C¬O 358
C“C 602 C“ O 799
C‚C 835 C‚O 1072
C¬N 305 C¬F 485
C“N 615 C¬Cl 327
C‚N 887 C¬Br 310
C¬P 264 C¬I 213
Silicon
Si¬Si 222 Si¬F 565
Si¬O 452 Si¬Cl 381
Si “ O 642 Si¬Br 310
Si¬I 234
Group 15
Nitrogen
N¬N 247 N¬O 201
N“N 418 N“ O 607
N‚N 942 N¬F 278
N¬Cl 192
Phosphorus
P¬P 200 P¬F 490
P‚P 481 P¬Cl 326
P¬O 335 P¬Br 264
P¬I 184
A-16
Selected Bond Energies A-17
Group 16
Oxygen
O¬O 142 O¬F 190
O¬O 494 O¬Cl 218
O“S 523 O¬Br 201
O¬Xe 84 O¬I 201
Sulfur
S¬S 268 S¬F 327
S“S 425 S¬Cl 271
Group 17
Fluorine
F¬F 155 F¬Cl 249
F¬Kr 50 F¬Br 250
F¬Xe 133 F¬I 278
Chlorine
Cl¬Cl 240 Cl¬Br 216
Cl¬I 208
Bromine
Br¬Br 190 Br¬I 175
Iodine
I¬I 149
APPENDIX 4
Ionization Energies of Selected Metals
These ionization energies are in units of MJ?mol21, and they have been
summarized from G. Aylward and T. Findlay, SI Chemical Data, 3d ed. (New
York: Wiley, 1994). Only selected ionization energies for outer (valence)
electrons are listed.
The 1st ionization energy represents the energy required for the process:
M(g) S M1 (g) 1 e2
while that of the 2nd ionization process represents that for:
M1(g) S M21 (g) 1 e2
and successive ionization energies are defined similarly as one-electron processes.
Ionization energy
Element 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
Lithium 0.526
Beryllium 0.906 1.763
Sodium 0.502
Magnesium 0.744 1.457
Aluminum 0.584 1.823 2.751
Potassium 0.425
Calcium 0.596 1.152
Scandium 0.637 1.241 2.395
Titanium 0.664 1.316 2.659 4.181

Vanadium 0.656 1.420 2.834 4.513 6.300
Chromium 0.659 1.598 2.993
Manganese 0.724 1.515 3.255
A-18
Ionization Energies of Selected Metals A-19
Ionization energy
Element 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th

Iron 0.766 1.567 2.964
Cobalt 0.765 1.652 3.238
Nickel 0.743 1.759
Copper 0.752 1.964
Zinc 0.913 1.740
Lead 0.722 1.457

APPENDIX 5
Electron Affinities of Selected Nonmetals
These electron affinities are in units of kJ?mol21, and they have been sum-
marized from J. E. Huuhey et al., Inorganic Chemistry, 4th ed. (New York:
HarperCollins, 1993).
The 1st electron affinity represents the energy required for the process:
X(g) 1 e2 S X2 (g)
while that of the 2nd electron affinity represents that for:
X2(g) 1 e2 S X22 (g)
and that of the 3rd electron affinity represents that for:

X22(g) 1 e2 S X32 (g)
Electron Affinity
Element 1st 2nd 3rd

Nitrogen 27 1673 11070
Oxygen 2141 2744
Fluorine 2328
Phosphorus 272 1468 1886

Sulfur 2200 1456
Chlorine 2349
Hydrogen 279
Bromine 2331
Iodine 2301
A-20
APPENDIX 6
Selected Lattice Energies
These lattice energies are in units of kJ?mol21, and they have been calculated
from Born-Haber cycles. The values are summarized from G. Aylward and
T. Findlay, SI Chemical Data, 3d ed. (New York: Wiley, 1994).
Ion Fluoride Chloride Bromide Iodide Oxide Sulfide

Lithium 1047 862 818 759 2806 2471
Sodium 928 788 751 700 2488 2199
Potassium 826 718 689 645 2245 1986
Rubidium 793 693 666 627 2170 1936
Cesium 756 668 645 608 — 1899
Magnesium 2961 2523 2434 2318 3800 3323

Calcium 2634 2255 2170 2065 3419 3043
Strontium 2496 2153 2070 1955 3222 2879
Barium 2357 2053 1980 1869 3034 2716
A-21
APPENDIX 7
Selected Hydration Enthalpies
These hydration enthalpies are in units of kJ?mol21, and the values were obtained
from J. G. Stark and H. G. Wallace, Chemistry Data Book (London: John Murray,
1990).
Element DHfU (kJ?mol21) Element DHfU (kJ?mol21)

Lithium 2519 Barium 21360
Sodium 2406 Aluminum 24690
Potassium 2322
Rubidium 2301 Silver 2464
Cesium 2276
Fluorine 2506
Magnesium 21920 Chlorine 2364
Calcium 21650 Bromine 2335
Strontium 21480 Iodine 2293
A-22
APPENDIX 8
Selected Ionic Radii
These values of ionic radii are the Shannon–Prewitt values in pm (Acta Cryst.,
1976,A32, 751) for six-coordinate ions except where noted by (T) for four-
coordinate tetrahedral ions; (HS) and (LS) designate the high-spin and low-spin
radii for the transition metal ions. The values for polyatomic ions are adapted
from Jenkins and Thakur (J. Chem. Educ., 1979, 56, 576).
Ion Ionic radii Ion Ionic radii

1 1
Li (T) 73 Cu 91
1 21
Na 116 Cu 87
1 21
K 152 Zn 88
1
Rb 166
1
Cs 181 F2 (T) 117
2
Cl 167
21 2
Mg 86 Br 182
21 2
Ca 114 I 206
21
Sr 132
21
Ba 149 NH41 151
22
CO3 164
31 2
Al 68 NO3 165
2
OH 119
21 22
Fe 92 SO4 244
31 21
Fe (HS) 78 O 126
31 22
Fe (LS) 69 S 170
21
Co (HS) 88
31
Co (LS) 68
21
Ni 83
A-23

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*Gajender* Housecroft-9780131755536_APPENDICES, 9/27/7, 13, 13:51, page: 999

1 Greek letters with pronunciations

2 Abbreviations and symbols for quantities and units

3 Selected character tables

4 The electromagnetic spectrum

5 Naturally occurring isotopes and their abundances

6 Van der Waals, metallic, covalent and ionic radii

7 Pauling electronegativity values (P ) for selected elements of the

10 Standard enthalpies of atomization (a Ho ) of the elements at 298 K

11 Selected standard reduction potentials (298 K)

1 Greek letters with pronunciations

Upper case letter Lower case letter Pronounced

2 Abbreviations and symbols for quantities

a cross-sectional area ccp cubic close-packed

1002 Appendix 2 . Abbreviations and symbols for quantities and units

EDTAH4 N;N;N’;N’-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid Kp equilibrium constant expressed in terms of

Appendix 2 . Abbreviations and symbols for quantities and units 1003

NASICON Na super ionic conductor T tesla (unit of magnetic ﬂux density)

1004 Appendix 2 . Abbreviations and symbols for quantities and units

- label for enantiomer with right-handedness  wavenumber

pffiffiffi plus or minus

3 Selected character tables

C2v E C2 v ðxzÞ v ’ðyzÞ

C3v E 2C3 3v

C4v E 2C4 C2 2v 2d

1006 Appendix 3 . Selected character tables

C5v E 2C5 2C52 5v

D2 E C2 ðzÞ C2 ðyÞ C2 ðxÞ

D2h E C2 ðzÞ C2 ðyÞ C2 ðxÞ i ðxyÞ ðxzÞ ð yzÞ

D3h E 2C3 3C2 h 2S3 3v

Appendix 3 . Selected character tables 1007

D4h E 2C4 C2 2C2 ’ 2C2 ’’ i 2S4 h 2v 2d

D2d E 2S4 C2 2C2 ’ 2d

D3d E 2C3 3C2 i 2S6 3d

Td E 8C3 3C2 6S4 6d

1008 Appendix 3 . Selected character tables

Oh E 8C3 6C2 6C4 3C2 i 6S4 8S6 3h 6d

4 The electromagnetic spectrum

The frequency of electromagnetic radiation is related to its wavelength by the equation:

1010 Appendix 4 . The electromagnetic spectrum

Frequency Wavelength Wavenumber Type of Energy

5 Naturally occurring isotopes and their

Element Symbol Atomic number, Z Mass number of isotope (% abundance)

Actinium Ac 89 artiﬁcial isotopes only; mass number range 224–229

1012 Appendix 5 . Naturally occurring isotopes and their abundances

Element Symbol Atomic number, Z Mass number of isotope (% abundance)

Lawrencium Lr 103 artiﬁcial isotopes only; mass number range 253–262

6 Van der Waals, metallic, covalent and

Element Van der Metallic radius for Covalent Ionic radius

Hydrogen H 120 37†

Element Van der Metallic radius for Covalent Ionic radius

Group 17 F 135 71 133 1 6

7 Pauling electronegativity values (P) for

Values are dependent on oxidation state.

Group 1 Group 2 Group 13 Group 14 Group 15 Group 16 Group 17

K Ca Ga(III) Ge(IV) As(III) Se Br

Rb Sr (d-block In(III) Sn(II) Sb Te I

8 Ground state electronic configurations

IE(2) Mþ ðgÞ M2þ ðgÞ "

IE(3) M2þ ðgÞ M3þ ðgÞ "

IE(4) M3þ ðgÞ M4þ ðgÞ "

IE(5) M4þ ðgÞ M5þ ðgÞ "

33 As [Ar]4s2 3d 10 4p3 947.0 1798 2735 4837 6043

Gajender Housecroft-9780131755536_APPENDICES, 9/27/7, 13, 13:51, page: 999

7 Pauling electronegativity values (P ) for selected elements of the

- label for enantiomer with right-handedness wavenumber

7 Pauling electronegativity values (P) for