OFFICIAL REPORT ON FIRE PRACTICUM AND FIRE MANAGEMENT

METHODS

Submitted to fulfill the task of laboratory organization subject taught by

Dr. Mitarlis, S.Pd., M.Si

by :

Mohammad Afifudin Armadani (18030194020 / PKU 2018)

Era Melania (18030194085 / PKU 2018)

Yosita Rahmawati (18030194094 / PKU 2018)

Ikfisani Yuniar Rifki (18030194096 / PKU 2018)

State University of Surabaya

Faculty of Mathematics and Science
Chemistry Department
Chemistry Education Study Program
2019
 CHAPTER I
PREAMBLE

1.1 Backgorund

fire is an event that occurs due to energy control. This cycle contains a series
of long sequences of events that start from the pre-events, events, and cycles and
the consequences that accompany it. the event will be created if the conditions and
some conditions of the trigger are fulfilled, especially during the pre-event.

there are points that become basic requirements that if control fails, it will
trigger events, then it will enter an uncontrolled and difficult to extinguish stage.
the conditions include that there are combustible materials, such as oil, natural
gas, paper, wood and even dry mud and so on. if where the combustible material
is in certain conditions and meet the originator then the sketics will immediately
cause a fire. while the trigger itself is quite a lot of causes including lightning
energy, open fire, electricity and even just a spark. the most recent and surprising
research into the fire lighter can also arise due to cellphone frequencies.

fires can also occur in laboratories, including chemistry laboratories and

chemistry education laboratories. every time a fire occurs, an investigation is
carried out about the causes of the fire. fires can be caused by combustible
materials, which can be in the form of solid, liquid, and gas. leaky metal, rubber
or plastic gas pipes can potentially cause a fire. the source of fire that can cause a
fire turns out to be diverse, therefore little will be discussed about the types of fire
and how to overcome them.

1.2 Formulation Of The Problem

1. How to find out the type / type of fire type?
2. How to find out the countermeasures that are appropriate to the type / class
of fire?
1.3 Purpose
1. To find out the type / type of fire type.
2. To find out which countermeasures are appropriate to the type / class of
fire.
 CHAPTER II
BASIC THEORY
2.1 The Onset Of Fire

Basically fire is the result of the three factors needed for combustion, namely
fuel, heat, and oxygen, which are known as fire triangles.

CALOR OXYGEN
FIRE

FUEL

Picture 2.1

fire or fire will not occur if one of the three factors is not present. fuels can be
solid, liquid, or gas. oxygen is present in the air and heat or heat can vary either as
a hot object or as a fire itself, depending on the type of fuel.

The flash point is the temperature at which a compound can ignite, at

temperatures above the flash point of a liquid which is flammable. the ignition
temperature is the temperature at which steam spontaneously is struck by fire. the
most dangerous liquid is CS2 (carbon disulfide) which can be easily ignited when
close to hot objects. CS2 has a flash point (-30oC) and an ignition temperature of
100OC.

2.2 Types Of Fire And How To Overcome Them

the types of fires produced in a laboratory can be classified into three types
based on the origin of the fire.

 Type A
Derived from wood, paper, rubber, and others
 Type B
Comes from flammable flakes such as: oil, oil, gasoline, flammable
chemical liquids
 Type C, comes from electricity such as: electrical short circuit
 Table. 2.1

Type of fire estinguisher Fire type information

A B C
foam
Water including soda Yes Yes No Dangerous for
electric fire
Foam Not quite Yes No Dangerous for
right electric fire
Carbon dioxide Not quite Yes No less suitable in the
right open
Liquid vapor Not quite Yes Yes can be poison in a
right closed place
Chemicals (dry powder Not quite yes yes can cause damage to
right sensitive equipment

2.2 Methods For Putting Out Fires Or Fires

 Starvation
Removal of fuel or other combustible materials from around a fire with the
intention of isolating fire.
 Smothering
Immediately reduces oxygen levels around the fire by reducing the
possibility of air entering.
 Cooling
lowering the temperature of the burning fuel to below the statement
temperature.

2.4 Fire Extinguisher Components

One or more of these OEM types are usually portable and easy to use and
carry as shown below :
 B

C
A

D
E

a. one or more bottles containing extinguishing agents or booster gas even

contain both
b. The pin or safety lock is used to lock or control the overflow of extinguishing
material
c. flexible pipes that allow it to be used to direct the fire extinguisher towards the
fire
d. content of extinguisher
e. a label used to indicate information about the contents of the tube
f. kinds of contents fire extinguishers

2.5

The contents of fire extinguishers are various, from those which are
commonly recognized such as water, foam (foam), which will be further
explained such as dry powder (dry chemicals), wet pottasium salt, carbon dioxide
and halons.

 Wet Potassium Salt

contains a potassium acetate solution and sometimes contains pottassium
citrate or potassium bicarbonate.
 Carbon Dioxide
Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers are class B and C. fires are not very
important for class A fires because the material is always on. all carbon
 dioxide fire extinguishers have advantages over dry chemical because they do
not leave harmful residues, the best choice for electrical fire on computers and
other space equipment. carbon dioxide extinguishers are not suitable for fires
involving combustible metals such as lithium alkali and sodium because
carbon dioxide will react with these metals. carbon dioxide fire extinguishers
are not recommended for class D fires.
 Halons
Hallon carbon contains chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which are now no longer
used because they can damage the ozone layer.
 Dry Powder

Dry powder is usually used for extinguishing classes b and C. There are two
types of chemicals used as poudre sèche, namely:

1) BC Poudre contains either sodique bicarbonate or potassium bicarbonate.

like all powder extinguishers that work by stabilizing the temperature and
making the flames cool for the next chemical reaction (extinguishing
process). BC powder resembles foam soap.
2) ABC powder contains monoamonium phosphate and or ammonium sulfate.
this powder easily melts and forms a layer that covers the flames. This type
of extinguisher is widely used because it can extinguish fires from various
classes.

2.6 Extinguisher Codes

Each extinguisher has a fire type code that can be extinguished with the
extinguisher. Calcifications according to European standards are as follows:

Class A: used to extinguish fires originating from flammable solid materials such
as wood, paper, rubber and others.

Class B: used to extinguish fire originating from flammable liquids such as oil,
oil, gasoline and others.

Class C: used to extinguish fires originating from gases such as LPG

 Class D : used to extinguish fire originating from metal explosions such as
magnesium.
Class E : used to extinguish fire originating from electricity
Class F : used to extinguish fire from hot and burning fat
While the classification for United States standards are:
Class A : used to extinguish fires originating from common burning such as
wood, paper, grass, and so on. The symbol is a triangle with the
letter A.
Class B : used to extinguish fire originating from flammable liquids. The
symbol is a triangle with the letter B.
Class C : used to extinguish fire originating from electricity. Contains non-
conductive mixtures. The symbol is a triangle with the letter C.
Class D : used to extinguish fire originating from burning metal. The symbol
is a triangle with the letter D in yellow.
Class K : Blackouts used in the kitchen. It has been rarely used since 1998
and now what is commonly used is extinguisher from class B.

2.7 Use of Fire Extinguishers

If there is a fire, the most important thing is to not panic / be nervous in

dealing with it, so that it can do what is best to tackle it. If necessary, sound the
alarm. However, if a fire extinguisher is available, it can be immediately used to
extinguish the existing fire. The way to use fire extinguishers is as follows:

1) Lift the tube with your left hand, so that it's easy to pull out the pin / safety
lock (remember the lock / pin is always on the right).
2) Remove the pin with the right hand.
3) Aim with your right hand.
4) Press the extinguisher with the left hand, while the right hand holds the
hose and spray it to the base / center of the fire by means of zig-zag (cross).
An easy way to remember how to use a fire extinguisher is the word P.A.S.S,
which stands for:
P = Pull out safety pin
       (unplug key / pin)
 A = Aim extinguisher nozzle at base of he flames
      (point the fire extinguisher to the fire source)
S = Squeeze trigger while holding the extinguisher upright
      (press the pump / handle when holding the fire extinguisher upright)
S = Sweep the extinguisher from side to side, covering the area of the fire with
the extinguishing agent. (move the fire extinguisher so that it leads to the fire
area with a fire extinguisher).

The thing to note in extinguishing a fire is knowing where the wind is coming
from because usually the extinguishers are used in the form of powder, with the
aim that the extinguishing runs optimally (Mitarlis, 2017).
 REFERENCES

Mitarlis dkk. 2017. Organisasi dan Manajemen Laboratorium Pendidikan

Kimia.Surabaya: Unipress.