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HtroeonRo Ruoorpu
MM:*"& ffi
hat für Sie auf acht Seiten die wichtigsten Grammatik-Regeln der englischen
Sprache zusammengestellt. Zum Heraustrennen und Aufbewahren.

Nouns
There are two types of nou n: cou ntable and u ncou ntable.

Csuntahle nouns Singular Plural

For regular plural$o add *§ em ployer employers

For nnuns ending im -§, -sh, -x, add -es switc h switc hes
boss bosses
crash crashes
box boxes

For nouns ending in change y to i and add "es currency cu rrenc ies

For rtoums ending in -f 0r -fts, ühänge these to -ves shelf shelves

life lives

Sorme irregular plurals businessman/-woman businessmen/-women

analysis a na lyses
You and
Uncountahle nouns §ingular Plural me!
§nme rtnürls have only a slngulätr forfir. adv i ce three pieces of advice
*'pietßs *'hlts
[Jse üf" mr 0f" for thm
pNural information two b its of i nformation
§nme nouns have nnly a plural form, (a pair of) trousers two pairs of trousers
Use "pairs CIf" for the plural

Purstlnfll prunüun$ Subject Direct ohiect lndirect obi ect

(to) me
These can be used alone or with prepositions.
(to) you
(to) him
she (to) her
(to) it
(to) us
they them (to) them

present simple expresses actions and states in the present. Negations are formed using "do" / "does" + "not" + infinitive.

Regular verhs
Use the present simpler
oulwe/the do not work (don't work)
he/she/it does not work (doesn't work) ffi ff.* tmfiM mfumruä sämtms m';:gr§ §m**w
She is a wonderful student, and she speaks
Third-per§0n singular (he / she / it) French fluently.
nm nmpmmtm#
Fmr mnst verbs, add -g work -) works [wsrks] mw*fu mffirum$wffiys"u
nuä?ffiw#fluu}
live -) lives [hvz] {mf*mx'u wwätBt m#wmrfug

prod uce -) prod uces [pre'djulsrz] He never arrives on time.

ffi E* äm{k mfumq"fft sm*'xryefia*frms aessrL t\w^*krxt*ä** t*äww
For ynrhs endimg in -otrn -§h, catch --+ catches ['kretJrz] **fi;*ffi,r,§ms} fä*ä$"$n w w*ts*mx!
-ss and -x, add -es wash -+ washes ['woJrz] The meeting starts at 10 a. m.
pass --+ passes ['polsrz]
fix -+ fixes ['frksrz]
lrregular verb ltbe"
lrregular verhs do --+ does [drrz]
am not
go -) goes [geuz] helshe/it is not
have --+ has
we/youlthey are not

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Er.ffih i =tßr at

f,sffitracticrts
Contractions are shortened forms. The apostrophe shows that one or more letters have been dropped.

rtbe"
The auxiliary verbs and "haveo' afe olten shoilened
lam l'm am not mno
he/she/it is he/she/it's he / she / it is not he / she / it isn't
ou lwe / they are you/we/they're you / we / they are not you / we / they aren't
/ vou / we / they have l/you /we/they've I / you / we / they have not I / vou / we / they haven't
he / she / it has he lshe / it's he / she / it has not he / she / it hasn't

lrdo" n'not"
The auxiliary forms and '*did'o atre often shortened when used with
I / vou / we / thev do not I / vou / we i they don't
he / she / it does not he I she / it doesn't
I /you /we/they I helshe/ it I / you / we / they / he / she / it didn't
did not

Verh* ffirrldfil verhs

These often accompany a main verb. They do not take -s or -es in the 3rd person. Negations are formed
using the modal + "not" + infinitLve.

I/you/weltheyl can work can not (can't) work

helshe/it cou ld could not (couldn't)
may may not Note:
m ight m ight not (m ightn't)
i+ SgUId tr; +^1.*# p*"r;$, r,iir;itZ{.+n-* r:,t "r;;#,ffi". }q *g
m ust must not (mustn't)
*1rr; {it tl,*u*f"tr i'fl {,$}*}*yrl*
shou I d should not (shouldn't) fS',;l1ä$+t-{S { "

would not (wouldn't) Cou ld you help me, please?

wou ld
,,'!ii Would rr* *i'r*r* w'**:# *r*r y;rsl,x\* gäntu*-

r:**,fitrt, # fi',.J. r4.,rar*ritZ *r;&fr .

Would you mind closing the window,

p I ease?
I would like to leave earlier today.

Verh§ past simple

-
The past simple expresses actions and states in the past. Negations are formed using "did" + "not" + infinitive.

Regular verbs

The importance I /you /we itheyl he/she i it I worked I did not work (didn'twork)
of time
Forming the past simple
For msst verbs, add -ed work --) worked [wsrkt]

tsr verbs ending in -e, just add -d invite -) invited [rn'vartrd]

raise --+ ra ised lretzd)
For ssme verhs, double stop ' stopped [stopt]
the final conssnant and add -ed travel --+ travelled (traveled U5) t'trrev'ldl
Irr*gular verbs do --) d id
(see the list of irregu lar verbs in Table 20)

Use the past sinnple:

r to talk aboü completed actions and states in the past (often with expressions of time, slch as "last year")
Last year, profits increased by 35 per cent.

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Er,a hl,fi$J : tota qilff ,i

Verfus prssmrlt penfuct

The present perfect connects the past with the present. lt is formed using "have" | "has" (+ "not") + past participle.

l/you/we/the have worked ('ve worked) have not worked (haven't worked)
helshe/it has worked ('s worked) has not worked (hasn't worked)

Iqlming the past participle

Fsr msst verh§, add -ed work --) worked [wslkt]
For verhs ending in -e, just aüd -d invite -+ invited [rn'vartrd]
raise -) raised [rerzd] "For" and "sillce"
,,'*'';,.3y!rru:;u'*t'#E""We?,*,ruf;flt'if*f
.11;rf*f,!;iy.tZu;l:
tor ssnne uerbsn Ssuhle stoP -) stoPPed [stopt] for two weeks
the final csnsonant attd add -ed travel -+ travelled (traveled US) ['trrev"ld] *i l-§:*t*'u r*,ifl*'ri'" ",;.4il.trZ S ;+** Ifi*
lrregular yerhs be -) been
r;litzt;r;'"*t Ex t uz,;: :
,i"s

go -) gone since yesterday; since two

(see the list of irregu lar verbs in Table 20) o'clock; since 1 May
Use the present perfect;
ll r.Jx'*,in w'trtfiz 't?:ar;
Stia'*et *u't:r*g*'it*,
u'{ir,#!;"
t.'&ffi r*tt:1."g" kr,} i,l tS;**?":lt,*-
'." E*rrmäW, :*'r*'r;*ffi!s;Lfr"a'trxgx Efut*t. fump6xr*m* {3 am r*?twn
g\&§;tr.. 'n il.?r,. n'
u';:!',.1
f.1, yi " i:r, t z'{Ä
n r
lutrx,
tl {.fr { " +;i';tyr tty {;ur^;fr,1t'$t :
'*r* *t"lu§'* r*?*vxre| iy:" *rlsr* y*o;*$r*r*rt Have you ever been to London? No, l've
?.tp*?, k*emt
- She worked in th is de-
They have consistently sold more than never been there. partment for th ree years.
expected. W I't?; Z' t {* { "';*
u

nt,,;rX, " lä E
y;'a u;: ri,t' (- She no longer works
+ tc* *t#*W r*Fttr*s*t
*lf* wx.p*yä*rar;;r*,* She's worked at th is com pany since 2011. here.)
He's been the CE0 of several international She's worked at this company for three
corporations. years. (= She still works here.)

reverhs- F€lpryfsut
The past perfect expresses past actions that were
I / you /
helshe/it
we lthey I I had worked I had not worked (hadn't
I I
worked)

completed before another past action. lt is formed with Use the past perfect:

"had" (+ "not") + past participle. :i \tt ,t*'efu ;*?"**'rSt *;t}lmffi.iu

E*rl"*f,
**"gm,# 't"*0,.;;y;tA*_
#{ ti.l,{.t{.#; mlf'*nft"g {,3\l#,"{r l*l{;**.1{A

'*.zz*t.§tg:,r ';lxTaw*t:y r,*y t"a\mT.* rst';*rt"r:t# *r't":u*tt'w" yat";w:re

(see Table 7 for forms of the past participle)
The meeting had already started when he arrived.

Verhs future
There are several ways to express the future. The most common are the "will"-future and the "going to"-future.

The "will"-future The "going to"-future

The "will"-future is used to talk about future actions and This expresses intended future actions and states. lt is formed
states. lt is formed using "will" (+ "not") + infinitive. using "amt' I is" / "are" (+ "not") + "going to" + inf in itive.
tt

llyoulwe/they I will work | *ill not work am going to work am not going to work
he/she/it
I

('ll
I
work) | (won't work) ('m going to work) ('m not going to work)

Use the "will"-future: helshe/ is going to work is not going to work

# t*'r"ffifrW, ('s going to work) (isn't going to work)
#.alt"r.,l :tr, tlr-.s,l
uo:ra
**x-*p'*.lE t'"u:.'f;:^lt
"*,

Coffee will be served in the break.

,,i+ E* tm\b; ;*Y*r*wt §*rr**;m*,?"u youlwe/they are going to work are not going to work
Prof its wil I fa ll
('re go i ng to work) (aren't going to work)
.

$ kr* t"wEW mfu*gsut *'#t;jtr&,t"wn#*rt:.yr E^ #.ffi{:;t.t *ffi*

I don't know where the canteen is. Use the "going to"-future:
show you.
- ffi *ffi äffifik mfuwuxä mmrffim&äcätrrffi yffiHi qwmffit mr §rcämrtd ts* dm
l'm going to call him from the office tomorrow.
'"{it* ffi tm äm§$s mfumnsä *ffiämgw yffiu"s ffiKpmmfi fuwmffisssffi mf mpmmrfäm s§gmw
o,.i;,,' +,ni"'*, *'* ltst xri-,*zrt#gs\*y" m,rr} Eir,,*r**.ffih**rä, *j:!;r* 'tY,'*{it '{trtr,!.t!,{l;'il!-
Based on these figures, they're going to make a profit.
r*itr*y*E w'r,r** *'"rtl xli*i * i.*'j

My plane leaves at 5 p.m.

$ =*'r,s t;at"tl, xE*rxu-]ut"
uäy"r:r,"$
ffiy'{§r1tr;{.;,r*c"r,:yy+;l* iv:a N?,*t* tasl'*:ul'*t, i:.lr*t* it|.,:tr*
",gs
t {,,3,'*, ** {tt, * t* tx'g.i r# r"A **
"i:i
rj {\r:i,*
* T,rsl* r,
* {- ll
He's meeting the Japanese delegation tomorrow.
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E*.4 h,. i#-!i to-ta a ,

Vmrhs prßsetlt eumtirlrrfiIrrs

The present continuous expresses ongoing actions. - lt is formed using "am" l "is" l "are" (+ "not") + present participle.

am workin ('m workin am not working ('m not workin Use the present continuous:
he/she/it is workine ('s working) is not working (isn't working) ffi tffi tffitk mfumast mwmrxäs t$tffiä mnm fumppmmfrmg
you I we / they I are working ('re working) are not working (aren't working) ffiffiw
Don't d isturb her. She's writing the
Forming the present participle
m in utes of today's meeting.
For most verhs, add -ing work -+ working E* tm'4y, a'ryrstlt" {:3u##{*8"% t?sml "*r* ?*mP,po**u'"ts,p";
.;s*t'
q
{a ETz,# rxst' r *mt. u*tl,
For verhs ending in -e, drop the -e amd add -img write --+ writing
He's learning a new programming lan-
gu age.
Fur some venhs, douhle the final ennsonamt and stoP --) stoPPing
add -ing travel + travelling t* 3"*8"w, m?;rr::*E'{tn:*i} ffir,§'{i#W*m*mtrs, * ?"lru*

(traveling US)
ttsbts-rT;*

| 'm meeting a new customer in Du b-

lin tomorrow.

Vurfos prst f;untlnutlu§

The past continuous expresses ongoing events in the past. - lt is formed using "was" / "were" (+ "not") + present participle.

I / he / she / it I was working I was not working (wasn't working)

;r it
Use the past contilluous:
# E* tm§W, m?xr*'*et. {3# *w*r."?,E +;?s*t ,&.i.zrj grszrz,g ** w\z*ra aamr*E?:**r ?sr*gmrz

We were having a video conference when the lights went out.

üuustinms
Questions that can be answered with are formed as follows:

*'d0" l/you/we/they
For the present simple, use 0r "doesn' Do work?
Don't
Does he/she/it work?
Doesn't

For the past sinnple, use

undid"
Did l/you/wellheyl work?
Didn't he/she/it
n'vulll"-future, wiil l/you/wellheyl work?
For the usß '*will" 0t' "w0n't"
Won't helshe/it

For the H ave l/you/we/they worked? For the present Am I working?

perfect,
I

pre§tsnt Haven't continuou§, Are you/we/they

t'am" I
!

t*havett helshe/it
use or "hastt Has i helshe/it worked ? use I "are" ls
ffi§rt l/you/we/they
Hasn't I

I
Aren't* working?
lsn't he/she/it
Fsr ttre past perfeet,l Had I t I you /we /they /l worked?
use "had" I
H ad n't It'.r./she/it I
Fnr the päst Was l/he/she/it working?
emnltirlunus, rtr§e Wasn't
ougning going to work? towäs" youlwe/they working?
For the to"* Am I /'owßre" Were
futurg, usß "arrt" / Are youlwe/they Weren't
'narB" / n*lsn'
Is he/she/it
Aren'tn l/you/we/they going to work? With modal verbs, Can l/you/weltheyl come?
lsn't he/she/it use the msdals he/she/it
Noter
*ln negative questions, you ask: "Aren't not

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Era'mffiff hffiiffi - tota ä,tffi#

ffir*mst[mms w§th Effiffistüun würds

Many questions are formed with a question word. Here are some examples of such "wh-"questions.

i -1-i

Who, what,
why, when?

ffi

Tmg quüstimms
To get agreement or confirmation on something, you can use a question tag.

Positive statements get a negative tag

Present simpler the tag is "don't" I "doesn't" + subject You work as a consultant, don't you?
Fast slmple: the tag is "didn't" + subjeet She speaks English fluently, doesn't she?
They stopped the project, didn't they?

Present perfect: the tag is "haven'1" l "hasn't" + subject They have done it very well, haven't they?
Past perfect; the tag is "hadn't" + subject He's just arrived, hasn't he?
She had met Jack before, hadn't she?

"Will"-future: the tag is "won'tn' + subject We'll offer that price, won't we?
n'isnnt"
"Going to"-future: the tag is 'narennt'n / + suhject He's going to leave the company, isn't he?

Present cgntinuous: the tag is 'oaren't" I'nisn't" + subject You're drinking from my cup again, aren't you?
Past continuous: the tag is "wasn't" / "weren'tn' + suhject She was sleeping when you arrived, wasn't she?

Modal verh; the tag is the modal + "n't" + subject They could answer the question, couldn't they?

Negative statements get a positive tag

Present sirnpler the tag i§ '*d0" / *'doe§" + suhject You don't work as a consultant, do you?
Past simpler the tag i§ '*did" + subject She doesn't speak English fluently, does she?
They didn't stop the project, did they?

Present perfect: the tag i§ 'nhave" l *'ha$" + suhject He hasn't arrived yet, has he?
Past perfectr the tag i§ 'ohad" + suhject She had n't met Jack before, had she?

+ suhject
'oWill'o-futune; the tag is 'nwill" We won't offer that price, will we?
o*atra"
"Going to"-future: tltg tag is "am" I / "i§" + suhjeet He's not going to leave the company, is he?

Present continuousr the tag is *'am,, l "are" /'*i§" + subject You're not drin king f rom my cu p again, are you?
Past continuousr the tag is 'ka§" / "vvere" + suhiect She wasn't sleeping when you arrived, was she?

Modal verhr the tag is the modal + suhject They cou ld n't answer the q uestion, cou ld they?

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Er,fl,
Busi ness S pot Ii g

h.asiffi E to"tah 4,l ,

An office
with a
beautiful
view

Heplies tu ys$*no qusstlsms

Replies to questions that can be answered with "yes" or "no" often include a tag.

Typical answers, using tags

Use the same auxiliary or modal verb in the reply as in the question. Use a positive tag for a positive answer
and a negative tag for a negative answer.
Positiveanswer Negalive answer
Presenl simple work? Do you Yes, I do. No, I don't.
Past simple Did they work? Yes, they did. No, they didn't.

Plesent pellect Has she worked? Yes, she has. No, she hasn't.
Past peffect Had you worked? Yes, I had. No, I hadn't.

"Will"-fulure Will you work? Yes, I will. No, I won't.

"Going to"-future ls she going to work? Yes, she is. No, she isn't.

Presenl continuous Are you working? Yes, I am. No, l'm not.
Past continuous Were they working? Yes, they were. No, they weren't.

Modal verbs Could he work? Yes, he could. No, he couldn't.

Adiectives
Adjectives tell us more about people, objects and events.

Adjectives can be used in two ways

w hsicre a noum {atlrihutively) s after ths rrerh'oheo' ipredicatively}
We've got a beautiful view from our new offices. The view from our new offices is beautiful.
Note:

! Smattm md$mmtäwms wmdfrmg üun -m# ffir *$äTffi ffitr'# ffiffisrEy cmrxfaxsffi#.

&djmmtfrwffis ffiffid$ffig äm -mcä dmsmr*fue hmw sffirffiffifuffidy fmeäm.

&d$mmäfiwffis ffiffi#§ffig frm -ümg dmsma'frfum hmw sffirttffifuffidy mr sffirttffit§tfrffiffi frs.

Here are some examples:

interested She was interested in this survey. (Sie war an dieser Umfrage interessiert.)
lnteresting This is an interesting survey. (Dies ist eine interessante Umfrage.)

bored We were bored by his speech. (Wir fühlten uns von seiner Rede gelangweilt.)
horimg His speech was boring. (Seine Rede war langweilig.)

excited They got excited when they heard the news. (Sie freuten sich, als sie diese Nachricht hörten.)
excitimg This news is exciting. (Diese Nachricht ist spannend.)

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Aduerhs
Adverbs are generally formed from adjectives and are often used to describe actions.

ln rnost cases, just add -ly to the adjective bad ' bad ly
careful --+ carefully
For adiectives emding ln -y, chamge y to i and add -ly eas} --+ easilY
For ad!ectives ending in -le, rep!ace -le witlr -ly possible ---, possibly
For adiectives endlng in -ic, add -ally automatic --) automatically
lrregular adverbs fast -+ fast
good --+ well
hard --+ hard
late -+ late
Use adverbs:

ffi *m dmsmn'*fum änmw smna'?etflrmg frs dmarm

Be careful
They're listening carefully.
He did the job well. hard + -ly --+ hardly (kaum)
He works hard . (Er arbeitet hart.)
Do not use adverbs: He hardly worke d. (Er arbeitete kaum.)
late + -ly -) lately (kürzlich, in letzter Zeit)
o*fu#n', u*hmffiffiffi'fim*u,
ffi wwätfrr wmrfus thmä dmsms"üfle smmm*smdy mr smätqmäf§äffigu sw#Fr ffis '

*ufmffifi'u, *uffiffiä"0 ou§ffiffik" *nsffiä^§gTfl*'u.

ffir Yä}ffisffi ffirffi $mfiämwmd fuy anti md$mmtfrw&, whfrm&r They arrived late. (Sie kamen (zu) spät.)
nT tm#fr$äws äärffi s?ffi Bä$$. I haven't seen her lately. (lch habe sie in
After he was promoted, he became arrogant. letzter Zeit nicht gesehen.)
The new prod uct looks terrible.
Our recent figures sound good.

ffi Frepssltiuns mf tlnre ffnd place

It is important to learn the most common uses of prepositions in English.

Prepositions of time
at in 0n
(times, meals, weekend) (times of da months, a rs) (da s of the week, dates)

at six o'clock in the m orn i ne/aftern oon/even i n on Monda

at brea kfast in Januar on the f irst of Ma
at the weekend UK in 2008 on mv birthda
! at night the su m mer ! on the weekend US

German bis has two different English German vor has two d ifferent English '*on time" vs."in time"
translations: hy and until. translations: before and ago. Both mean "punctual" or "not
lch brauche den Bericht bis spätestens Wir müssen das Projekt vor der Sommer- late" but are used d ifferently.
Donnerstag - by Thursday. ("8y" refers to pause abschließen - before the summer # r*ffim
txv'**ru trr;tffi{m ä* m wpm*äffrm
a point in time at which something must break. (This refers to a stretch of time up ttm*"
occur at the Iatest.) to some future point.) His plane arrived on time.
lch brauche den Bericht selbst bis Don- Wir haben das Projekt vor zwei Wochen i# "§{a t:*rzi#" effi ig"e *"mümtä+:r.a äm mrt-
nerstag = untilThursday. ("Until" refers to abgeschlossen = two weeks ago. (Th is *3?z*r *w*rct.
a stretch of time up to some given point.) looks back to a point of time in the past.) He arrived in time for the
speech.

Prepositions of place

at the airport on the phone o to the ca nteen

at the office on the internet go to university
at the dentist's on the radio / on TV
at school / at work on the second floor
at one's com puter / at one's desk
al a meeting
at 23 Park Lane

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Er"a h,,,fl E t&t ffir i

UVmrd mndmr tm mmmtm§Ifrffi§

English word order is far less f lexible than German word order.

Word order in ositive statements

subiect verh obiect
She speaks English.

subiect verh obiect adverh

She speaks English f luently.

suhiect verh shiect lace

She stud ied English in London.

suhject Order, order: in this

company, we usually
start work at 9 a.m.
usually E ngl ish at work.

at 9 a.m.

in th is branch at 8.30

In th is branch, at 8.30

(for the word order in questions, see Table 13)

nrnegulmr verhs
Many verbs that are used in business situations have irregu lar f orms.

lnfin itive lnfin itive Simple past Past participle

became beco me I eave left left

lend lent Ient
brea k broke broke n I ose I ost I ost
brought make made made
bu ild built bu ilt meet met met
a pa id aid
ut put ut
read [rird] read [red] read [red]
r ise rose flsen
run ran run
dea lt dealt SA sa id sa id

see SAW see n

d rawn sell so ld so ld

fallen send se nt sent

found found set set set
show showed shown
given speak spoke spoken
spend spent spent
take took taken
ell told to ld
think thought thoueht
win won won
write wrote written

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