695 - MSC - Software-Esercitazione - 2 - (Elementi 2D)

Laboratorio Calcolo e Strutture
Esercitazione n. 2
“Strutture bidimensionali”
Ing. Mauro Linari

Project Manager
M S C S o f t w a r e S . r. l .
Laboratorio Calcolo e Strutture MSC Software

Esercitazione n. 2- Statica (Elementi 2D) Università di Roma - Sapienza
Schematizzazione delle strutture
Esempi di strutture modellabili con elementi bidimensionali

Two-Dimensional Elements
Plates and shells - Background
• Definition:
– A plate (or shell) is a structural element which
represents a component with one small
dimension and two large dimensions
• Plate and shell elements are used to
model thin plates. • An important fact about plate and shell
– A thin plate is one in which the thickness is elements is that they have no stiffness
much less than the next larger dimension term for in-plane rotational dof.
(roughly 1/15).
‒ As such, if BAR or BEAM elements are
• For linear analysis, MSC Nastran plate connected to a plate of shell, special modeling
elements assume classical engineering
effort is required.
assumptions of thin plate behavior
– The deflection of the mid-surface is small • Some references on basic plate theory:
compared with the thickness
1. Theory of Plates and Shells, by S.
– The mid-surface remains unstrained (neutral)
Timoshenko and S. Woinowsky-Krieger,
during bending (this applies to lateral loads,
2nd ed., McGraw Hill, 1959
not in-plane loads).
– The normal to the mid-surface remains normal 2. Stresses in Plates and Shells, by A. C.
to the mid-surface during bending Ugural, McGraw Hill, 1981
MSC Nastran 2D Elements
• TRIA3 • SHEAR
Three-noded isoparametric flat plate element. Four-noded, shear and extensional force only
– Commonly used for mesh transitions. May have element. Used for analyzing thin reinforced
excessive stiffness particularly for membrane strain. plates and shells.
– Commonly used with rod elements to analyze thin-
• QUAD4 skinned aircraft structures (best if rectangular).
Four-noded isoparametric flat plate element.
• TRIAR
– Behaves well when irregularly shaped, good results
can be obtained with skew angles up to 45 degrees Three-noded isoparametic flat element.
– Companion to the QUADR element.
• TRIA6
– Has R3 stiffness.
Isoparametric triangle element with three
corner and three midside grid points. • QUADR
– Used in regions with curvature. Four-noded isoparametric flat plate element.
• QUAD8 – Less sensitive to distortion and yields better results
for in-plane bending. Has R3 stiffness.
Isoparametric element with four corner and
four edge grid points.
‒ Useful for modeling singly-curved shells (e.g. cylinder).
‒ QUAD4 performs better for doubly curved shells (e.g.
sphere).
The QUAD4 Element – General Behaviors
• The QUAD4 element is the most commonly used plate element

• It is a 4-noded flat plate element
• It is capable of resisting both, in-plane and out-of-plane loads
• It is capable of modeling either plane strain or plane stress
• It has terms in its stiffness matrix to account for transverse shear
flexibility and also for membrane-bending coupling
• In-plane penalty bending stiffness term is added with a default
PARAM,K6ROT,100. (see section 5 for further details)
• PARAM,SNORM,20. is a default as well (see section 5)

The QUAD4 Element – Output Data
• Element force output includes: • Element Stress output includes:

– Fx,Fy : Membrane force per unit lenght – Stress components: sx, sy, txy,
– Fxy : Membrane shear force per unit length (at center - optionally at corners)
– Mx,My : Bending moments per unit length
– Mxy : Twisting moment per unit length
– Vx,Vy : Transverse shear forces per unit length
• Element force and stress sign convention

QUAD4 Element definition

QUAD4 Element coordinate system
• The element coordinate system

– Is defined based on the order and location of the connecting points
– Defines positive sense of normal pressures applied to the element
– Used to define layers of a composite material
– Used to interpret the element output forces and stresses (element output is in
the element coordinate system by default for these elements)
Element x-axis
It bisects the angle 2a. Positive direction is from G1
towards G2.
Element y-axis
It is perpendicular to the element x-axis and lies in the
plane defined by G1, G2, G3, and G4. Positive direction
is from G1 towards G4.
Element z-axis
It is normal to the x-y plane of the element. Positive
sense is defined by the right-hand rule and the ordering
of the connected grids.
QUAD4 Element properties
• Are defined using either a PSHELL, PCOMP (composite), PCOMPG

(composite) or PLPLANE (nonlinear) entry.
Field Contents Field Contents

PID Property identification number MID3 Material identification number for
MID1 Material identification number for transverse shear behavior (integer > 0 or
membrane behavior (integer > 0 or blank) blank)
T Plate or membrane thickness TS/T Transverse shear thickness divided by
MID2 Material identification number for bending membrane thickness (default = .833333).
behavior (integer > 0 or blank, MID2 = -1 The default value is correct for solid,
homogeneous plates.
represents plane strain)
NOTE: THE DEFAULT FOR MID2 IS NOT TO INCLUDE NSM Nonstructural mass per unit area (real)
THE BENDING STIFFNESS. FOR MOST MODELS, MID2
SHOULD NOT BE BLANK Z1,Z2 Stress recovery distances for bending
12I/T3 Normalized bending inertia per unit length (real, default Z1 = -0.5T, Z2 = +0.5T)
(real or blank, default = 1.0). MID4 Material identification number to define
The default value is correct for solid, homogeneous
coupling between membrane and bending
plates.
deformation
• The QUAD4 element can have in-plane, bending, and transverse

shear behavior. The element mechanical behavior is specified by the
presence or absence of a material ID number in the appropriate
field(s) on the PSHELL entry.
• To model a membrane plate, use only MID1
• To model a plate with bending stiffness only, use only MID2
• For bending with transverse shear flexibility, use MID2 and MID3
• Note: Mass is not calculated if MID1 is blank.

• Use MID3 to include an extra shear term in the element stiffness

calculations (i.e. includes transverse shear flexibility).
• For a solid homogeneous plate, MID1, MID2, and MID3 should reference
the same material ID
• MID4: The MID4 field (bending and membrane deformation coupling) should
be defined only if the element’s cross section is unsymmetric.
Default is blank = symmetric cross section.

Patran - QUAD4 Element Definition: Thin and Thick Shell
Only one material

can be selected
MID1 = MID2 = MID3
One material for each

QUAD4 behavior
MID1 ≠ MID2 ≠ MID3

Patran - QUAD4 Element Definition: Bending/Membrane Panel
Only one material Only One material

can be selected can be selected
Only MID2 ≠ 0 Only MID1 ≠ 0

Patran - QUAD4 Element Definition: Plane Strain/Plane Stress
Only one material Only One material

can be selected can be selected
A different property
MID1 ≠ 0 and MID2 = -1 card is generated

QUAD4 Example
Notice that the in-plane rotation

is constrained for the model
positioned in the x-y plane.
QUAD4 Example – Force Output
DISP = ALL  Displacement for all Grid Points
FORCE = ALL  Element forces at the center only (default)

QUAD4 Example – STRESS Output
Stress = ALL  Element stress at center only (default)
sHVM = [(3.024E6)2 – (3.024E6)(2.268E5) + (2.268E5)2] ½ = 2.917E6
STRESS(BILIN) = ALL  Element stress at center plus

extrapolated at the 4 nodal positions
STRAIN(BILIN,FIBER) = ALL  element strain at the fiber distances at

center plus extrapolated at the 4 nodal
Laboratorio Calcolo e Strutture
positions MSC Software
QUAD4 alternate property definition
• The PCOMP property entry may be used when the element is a

composite consisting of layers of unidirectional fibers.
• The information on the PCOMP entry includes the thickness,
orientation, and material identification of each layer.
– This information is used within MSC Nastran to compute the entries of
a PSHELL entry, which should not be simultaneously entered by the
user for the same element(s).
• Special layer-by-layer output is provided when the PCOMP
option is used.
– Putting the NASTRAN PRTCOMP=1 system cell at the top of the .dat
file along with “echo=sort” will print the equivalent PSHELL and MAT2
entries.

Esempio Applicativo Statico Lineare
Piastra Incastrata soggetta a diverse condizioni di carico
• Si considera una piastra (Lunghezza = 1m, Larghezza = 0.5 m) sottoposta

alle seguenti condizioni di carico
– Caso 1: Carico concentrato in uno degli angoli dell’estremo libero (F = 1000N)
– Caso 2: Carico di pressione uniforme (p =1000 Pa)
– Caso 3: Carico di pressione variabile sulla piastra (si consideri il valore di pressione
del caso precedente come riferimento
• Lato incastrato: pA=0.75, pB=1p
• Lato incastrato: pC=0.25, pD=0,5p
C
L1 = 2 m
L2 = 3 m
t= 4 mm
B
Materiale: Acciaio
E = 2.06e11 N/m2
V = 0.3 A
Ρ = 7800 K/m3
Costruzione della geometria e definizione dei vincoli
2 – VINCOLI
(Item: Load/BC)
1 – GEOMETRIA (Item: Geometry)
I vincoli si applicano
direttamente sulla
geometria (edge)

Definizione delle proprietà del materiale e della piastra
3 – MATERIALE ISOTROPO (Item: Properties) 4 – PROPRIETA’ PIASTRA (Item: Properties)
Il riferimento diretto alla entità geometrica

consente di rendere quanto si sta definendo
indipendente dalle entità FEM create
Cambiando Mesh quanto definito sulla
goometria viene automaticamente
riassegnato alle nuove entità FEM ad essa
associate

Costruzione della mesh
5 – Definizione dei ‘mesh seed’ (Item: Meshing) 6 – Creazione della mesh (Item: Meshing)
30 elementi su edge 3 della Surface 1

20 elementi su edge 4 della Surface 1
Proprietà, vincoli e carichi

precedentemente associati alla
superficie vengono associati agli
elementi su di essa costruiti
Patran – Discretizzazione della struttura
Verifica congruenza mesh su superfici adiacenti
• Si ricorda che ….
La verifica finale sui bordi evidenzia
come l’operazione di equivalenza
ristabilito la congruenza tra le mesh
create sulle diverse superfici .
GLI UNICI BORDI LIBERI SONO
CORRETTAMENTE QUELLI NON IN
CONTATTO CON ALCUNA DELLE
Si ‘Meshano’ tutte le superfici
SUPERFICI Meshing/Verify/Boundaries
Su ciascuna delle superfici vengono generati
degli elementi ed in particolare per ciascun
bordo vengono creati dei nodi sovrapposti La verifica dei bordi liberi evidenzia Meshing/Equivalence
chiaramente la non continuita della
discretizzazione in corrispondenza di
tutti i bordi comuni delle superfici
Si utilizza la funzione di ‘equivalenza’

dei nodi per connettere gli elementi
Meshing/Create/Mesh adiacenti in corrispondenza dei bordi
Meshing/Verify/Boundaries delle superfici
Definizione dei carichi – Verifica direzione normali elementi 2D
• Dovendo definire dei carichi di pressione è consigliabile eseguire

preliminarmente una verifica della direzione delle normali degli elementi
‒ La conoscenza della normale all’elemento consente di definirne il top (lato elemento
nella direzione della normale) ed conseguentemente il bottom
‒ Corretta applicazione del carico di pressione
Step 7
Si consiglia di effettuare questa verifica direttamente
sulla entità geometrica in quanto più facilmente

controllabile ed eventualmente modificabile
TOP
Item:
Meshing
BOTTOM
Item:
Geometry
Definizione dei carichi – Carico Concentrato
• Carico concentrato in nodo d’angolo del lato corto ‘libero’ della piastra
Il carico verrà automaticamente
assegnato al ‘Load Case’ Corrente.
Opportune operazioni di creazione o modifica di ‘Load
Case ‘ consentiranno eventualmente di definire
correttamente le condizioni di carico e vincolo desiderate
Item:
Load/BC
Step 8
Definizione dei carichi – Carico di pressione uniforme
Da notare come convenzionalmente

negli elementi 2D la pressione è positiva
se è diretta verso l’interno dell’elemento
considerandola definita nel lato (TOP o
BOTTOM) di applicazione
p
TOP (p > 0)
Zel
BOTTOM (p < 0)
Item:
Load/BC
Step 9
Definizione dei carichi – Carico di pressione non costante
• La definizione di un carico di pressione applicato

in modo non uniforme sulla struttura comporta la
definizione di un FIELD di tipo spaziale.
Il concetto di ‘FIELD’
• I ‘FIELDS’ in PATRAN sono delle funzioni
utilizzate per definire la variabilità di:
‒ Carichi
‒ Condizioni di vincolo
‒ Proprietà del materiale
‒ Proprietà degli elementi
• Ci sono tre tipi di FIELDS
‒ Spaziali
‒ Non Spaziali
‒ Proprietà del materiale

Analisi al Transitorio di un cassone alare
PATRAN – Definizione del carico: Il FIELD spaziale
• In particolare il metodo da usare nel caso in

esame è quello che sfrutta la definizione del
FIELD in forma tabellare
‒ Il pannello si sviluppa nel piano XY per cui i valori di
pressione si definiscono sulla base delle coordinate
X ed Y dei punti di angolo del pannello stesso
P1 ≡ (0., 0., 0.) P4 ≡ (0., 3., 0.)
P2 ≡ (2., 0., 0.) P3 ≡ 2., 3., 0.)
0.0 0.0
2.0 3.0
• FIELD Name = Pressure_Distribution

Step 10
Definizione dei carichi – Carico di pressione non costante
Step 11
Patran – Definizione delle condizioni di carico

Impostazione dell’analisi
Selezione del tipo di analisi Definizione delle caratteristiche Definizione dell’output Selezione delle condizioni di
della singola condizione di carico carico da analizzare
Creazione input file

File di input MSC Nastran
Executive e Case Control Deck
EXECUTIVE CONTROL DECK

I comandi comuni ai vari sottocasi
potrebbero essere posizionati al
SUBCASE ≡ Condizione di carico
di sopra del primo sottocaso

1  Quanto definito al di sopra del primo
Carichi
sottocaso vale come default per tutti
CASE CONTROL DECK

I sottocasi
 Quanto dichiarato all’interno del
singolo sottocaso vale solamente
all’interno di esso
2
Relativamente all’identificativo
Output del singolo sottocaso:
Non deve essere necessariamente
definito come il successivo di quello
Vincoli
del precedente
3
La sequenza degli identificativi dei
sottocasi deve rispettare la sola
condizione di essere creascente
Bulk Data Deck - Rappresentazione del modello ad elementi finiti
Da notare come nella scheda proprietà

(PSHELL) siano stati attivati tutti i tipi di
Output in file XDB
comportamenti dell’elemento 2D
(compresa la flessibilità a taglio)
Definizione della normale all’elemento
relative proprietà
Elementi 2D con
(G4)
(G1)
(G3)
(G2)
Note that there are two coordinate systems

Materiale on the GRID entry:
– CP = “position” coordinate system - used to define
the location in space
– CD = “displacement” coordinate system - used to
measure the motion of the point and to define
CP CD constraints at the point
These may be rectangular, cylindrical, or
spherical systems
Bulk Data Deck - Rappresentazione del modello ad elementi finiti
Vincolo
2
Schede di combinazione carichi
3
Uniforme
sull’elemento
Variabile sull’elemento
La scheda PLOAD4
consente di descrivere
sull’elemento sia carichi
uniformi che variabili

Analisi dei risultati
MSC Nastran – Soluzione del problema
• La soluzione del problema si ha bloccando il gradi di libertà R1 di uno dei

due nodi di estremità (ad esempio la condizione di vincolo ‘Appoggio_DX’)
$ Displacement Constraints of Load Set : Appoggio_DX
R1
SPC1 10 123 101
T1”
$ Displacement Constraints of Load Set : Appoggio_DX T3”
SPC1 10 1234 101
T2”
Sottocaso 1  OK
Sottocaso 2  OK
Sottocaso 3  OK

MSC Nastran – Lettura file di input per importazione modello

MSC Nastran – Lettura file di output per importazione risultati

Deformate della struttura
Deformed Plots
Fringe Plots
2

Stato tensionale nella struttura
• Lo stato tensionale viene calcolato nei due punti Z1 e Z2 definiti nella

scheda PSHELL
– Per default: Centroide
Z1 = BOTTOM FIBER = -T/2
Z2 = TOP FIBER = T/2
Corner
point
Centroide
Corner Tensore delle tensioni Invarianti

points
• Se ‘STRESS = ALL stato tensionale calcolato solo al centroide
‘Fringe Plot’ dello stato tensionale - VonMises

‘Vector Plot’ dello stato tensionale – Tensioni Principali

ANALYSIS HEALTH CHECKS

Analysis Health Checks
Essential ‘Quality Assurance (QA) checks –Pre Analysis
• Consistent Units
• Check with Force = Mass * Acceleration
• Element Distortion
• Use your pre-processor to visually check distortion
• Use WARNING messages in .f06 to confirm

Consistent Units - Considerazioni sulle unità di misura
• MSC.Nastran non conosce il concetto di unita’ di misura

• In sostanza opera con i numeri che vengono forniti
• Utilizzare unita’ di misura consistenti
• Attenzione al caso in cui pur operando nell’ambito del S.I. le
lunghezze vengono fornite in mm
Esempio 1: Analisi statica  [E]=N/mm2 [L]=mm [P]=N
Ku = P  [K]=N/mm [u]=mm  [Ku]=N
Primo e secondo membro sono in N
Esempio 2: Analisi Dinamica  [E]=N/mm2 [L]=mm []=Kg/mm3 [P]=N
Ku + Ma = P  [K]=N/mm [u]=mm  [Ku] = N
 [M]=Kg [a]=mm/s2 [P]=N  [Ma] = Kg•mm/s2=mN
Numericamente il termine di massa e’ 1000 volte piu’ grande
Soluzione 1: densita’ in [t •mm3]
Soluzione 2: PARAM,WTMASS,0.001
• Fornire la densità di massa, altrimenti utilizzare uno dei metodi

suggeriti
Essential Quality Assurance (QA) checks
• Element Distortions (cont.) a
a
– Aspect ratio b
b
• Aspect ratio should be less than about 4:1 (much less in regions where
stress levels change rapidly). In cases of nearly-uniaxial stress fields, larger
aspect ratios are acceptable.
– Skew Check
• Quadrilateral elements should be kept as square as possible

• Element Distortions
– Taper Check
– Warp h
a
h WARP = h / [0.5*(D1+D2)]
• Up to ~ 5% is normally acceptable. No real limit, but the element does not

include warpage.

Essential Quality Assurance (QA) checks
• Element Distortions checks into Patran

Essential QA checks – Element Geometry checks into MSC Nastran
• Pre-processors are notorious for generating elements with bad

geometry (aspect ratio, taper, warp, skew, etc)
• In the past, there was a separate message for each element
which did not satisfy the recommendations for MSC Nastran
(this often resulted in pages upon pages of messages which
most users ignored)
• There is now an option (V2001+) which provides user-control of
these messages (so if you want to ignore them, you can disable
their printout – NOT RECOMMENDED)
• This is done by the GEOMCHECK executive control statement

Essential QA checks – GEOMCHECK
• Geomcheck specifies geometry check options

–
Specifies tolerance values and options for optional finite element
EOMCHECK
geometry test
Format
test_keyword A keyword associated with the particular element geometry test
tol_value Tolerance value to be used for the specified test
n The minimum number of messages that will produced.

The default is 100 messages for each element type.
FATAL Geometry tests that exceed tolerance values produce fatal messages
INFORM Geometry tests that exceed tolerance values produce informative messages (default)
WARN Geometry tests that exceed tolerance values produce warning messages
SUMMARY A summary table of the geometry tests performed is produced.

No individual element information messages are output.
NONE None of the optional element geometry tests will be performed

Essential QA checks – GEOMCHECK (Cont.)
• Controls are currently available for following elements only:
Element type Test_keyword: Number of tests
CQUAD4, CQUADR Q4_... 5

CTRIA3, CTRIAR T3_… 2
CTETRA TET_... 4
CHEXA HEX_... 4
CPENTA PEN_... 4
CBEAM BEAM_... 1
CBAR BAR_... 1
Total: 21
• Multiple GEOMCHECK directives may be present.

– Continuations are acceptable.

Keyword Value Type Default Comment

Q4_SKEW Real ≥ 0.0 30.0 Skew angle in degrees
Q4_TAPER Real ≥ 0.0 0.50 Taper Ratio
Q4_WARP Real ≥ 0.0 0.05 Surface warping factor
Q4_IAMIN Real ≥ 0.0 30.0 Minimum Interior Angle in degrees
Q4_IAMAX Real ≥ 0.0 150.0 Maximum Interior Angle in degrees
T3_SKEW Real ≥ 0.0 10.0 Skew angles in degrees
T3_IAMAX Real ≥ 0.0 160.0 Maximum Interior Angle in degrees
TET_AR Real ≥ 0.0 100.0 Longest edge to shortest edge aspect ratio
TET_EPLR Real ≥ 0.0 0.50 Edge point length ratio
TET_DETJ Real 0.0 | J | minimum value
TET_DETG Real 0.0 | J | minimum value at vertex point
HEX_AR Real ≥ 0.0 100.0 Longest edge to shortest edge aspect ratio
HEX_EPLR Real ≥ 0.0 0.50 Edge point length ratio
HEX_DETJ Real 0.0 | J | minimum value
HEX_WARP Real ≥ 0.0 0.707 Face warp coefficient
PEN_AR Real ≥ 0.0 100.0 Longest edge to shortest edge aspect ratio
PEN_EPLR Real ≥ 0.0 0.50 Edge point length ratio
PEN_DETJ Real 0.0 | J | minimum value
PEN_WARP Real ≥ 0.0 0.707 Quadrilateral face warp coefficient
BEAM_OFF Real ≥ 0.0 0.15 CBEAM element offset length ratio
BAR_OFF Real ≥ 0.0 0.15 CBEAM element offset length ratio

• Examples:
1. Set the tolerance for the CQUAD4 element skew angle test to
15.0 degrees and limit the messages to 50.
GEOMCHECK Q4_SKEW=15.0,MSGLIMIT=50
2. Limit messages to 500 for each element type

GEOMCHECK MSGLIMIT = 500
3. Set the message type to fatal for CQUAD4 element taper tests.
GEOMCHECK Q4_TAPER,MSGTYPE=FATAL
4. Request summary table output only using default tolerance values.

GEOMCHECK SUMMARY


• Q4_Skew Check • Q4_Taper Check
Skew test: Skew angle for the Taper test: Taper ratio for the
quadrilateral element is defined quadrilateral element is defined to
to be the angle between the lines be the ratio of the area of the
that joins midpoints of opposite triangle formed at each corner grid
sides of the quadrilateral. point to one half the area of the
quadrilateral. The largest of the four
Quadrilateral elements should ratios is compared against the
be kept as square as possible. tolerance value.
This angle is not 90 degrees
for any skew.
= A/4
(default value)
Desired value : α ≥ 60.

• Q4_WARP Check • Q4_IAMIN and Q4_IAMA

T3_SKEW and T3_IAMAX
Warp test: Surface warping factor
for quadrilateral is defined to be the Interior Angle test: Interior angles
distance of the corner points of the are defined to be the angles formed
element to the mean plane of the by the edges that meet at the
grid points divided by the average corner node on an element. There
of the element diagonal lengths. are four for quadrilateral shapes
Up to ~ 5% is normally acceptable. No and three for triangular shapes.
real limit, but the element does not Skew angle for the triangular element is
include warpage. For flat elements (all defined to be the smallest angle at any
grid point lie in a plane), this factor is of the three vertices. T3_SKEW will be
zero. changed to T3_IAMIN
Q4_WARP = H / [ (D1+D2)/2 ]
H Q4_IAMAX
T3_IAMAX
D1 Q4_IAMIN T3_SKEW
D2 Default values: Default values:
Q4_IAMIN = 30o T3_SKEW = 10o
Default value: Q4_WARP = 0.05 Q4_IAMAX= 150o T3_IAMAX= 160o
● BEAM_OFF and BAR_OFF Check
Offset test: This test is applicable to CBEAM and CBAR elements.

The length of the element offset is compared to the original length of the
element.
If the ratio of these lengths is greater than the tolerance, an informational
message is issued identifying the element and its length with and without
the effects of offset.
L2
Default values:
BEAM_OFF = BAR_OFF = 0.15
OFF = | L1-L2 | / L1
● ●
L1

Essential QA checks – Element geometry check example
• Example:
GEOMCHECK Q4_SKEW=60., MSGLIMIT=5
45o
• A SKEW angle of 90. degree is the ideal
value.
• The test will generate a message for any
value smaller than 60. degree.
• A Maximum of only 5 messages will be
generated.
80 QUAD elements
• The default MSGTYPE is
MSGTYPE=INFORM,
• xxxx is the indicator for this type.
• The run will not be terminated
independently if this test fails.
NAS101A, Section 5, March 2012
S5-56
Copyright 2012 MSC.Software Corporation
Explanation of possible message flags.

M O D E L S U M M A R Y
The user specifies which type of flag will
NUMBER OF GRID POINTS = be used with MSCTYPE option.
102
NUMBER OF CQUAD4 ELEMENTS = 80
*** USER INFORMATION MESSAGE 7555 (GMTSTD)

FINITE ELEMENT GEOMETRY CHECK RESULTS EXCEED TOLERANCE LEVELS FOR THE FOLLOWING ELEMENTS. METRIC VALUES THAT EXCEED
TEST TOLERANCE LIMITS ARE IDENTIFIED BY ONE OF THE FOLLOWING FLAGS PLACED TO THE RIGHT OF THE METRIC VALUE.
"xxxx" FOR TEST RESULTS EXCEEDING TOLERANCES. INFORMATIONAL ONLY. PROBLEM SOLUTION CONTINUES. (DEFAULT FLAG)
"xxxx" FOR TEST RESULTS EXCEEDING TOLERANCES. INFORMATIONAL ONLY. PROBLEM SOLUTION CONTINUES.
"WARN" FOR TEST RESULTS EXCEEDING TOLERANCES. INFORMATIONAL ONLY. PROBLEM SOLUTION CONTINUES.
"FAIL" FOR TEST RESULTS EXCEEDING TOLERANCES. SEVERE ERROR. PROBLEM SOLUTION TERMINATES.
USER ACTION: USE THE GEOMCHECK (EXECUTIVE CONTROL STATEMENT) KEYWORD=VALUE TO CHANGE TOLERANCE VALUES IF DESIRED.
A MAXIMUM OF 5 SKEW ANGLE (SA) TOLERANCE LIMIT VIOLATIONS WILL BE IDENTIFIED BY THE FLAG "xxxx"
PLACED AFTER THE VALUE METRIC FOR THE TEST.
A MAXIMUM OF 100 MIN INT. ANGLE (IA) TOLERANCE LIMIT VIOLATIONS WILL BE IDENTIFIED BY THE FLAG "xxxx"
A MAXIMUM OF 100 MAX INT. ANGLE (IA) TOLERANCE LIMIT VIOLATIONS WILL BE IDENTIFIED BY THE FLAG "xxxx"
A MAXIMUM OF 100 WARPING FACTOR (WF) TOLERANCE LIMIT VIOLATIONS WILL BE IDENTIFIED BY THE FLAG "xxxx"
A MAXIMUM OF 100 TAPER RATIO (TR) TOLERANCE LIMIT VIOLATIONS WILL BE IDENTIFIED BY THE FLAG "xxxx"
USER INFORMATION: THE MAXIMUM MESSAGE COUNT FOR ANY ONE ELEMENT ERROR TEST COULD BE EXCEEDED BY THE
CUMULATIVE EFFECT OF ALL THE MESSAGES GENERATED FOR ALL OF THE DIFFERENT TESTS PERFORMED.
Maximum 100 messages (default GEOMCHECK Q4_SKEW=60.,MSGLIMIT=5

number) for the other QUAD tests. Maximum 5 message for the Q4_SKEW test only.
S5-57
GEOMCHECK Q4_SKEW=60.,MSGLIMIT=5,MSGTYPE=INFORM
The run will not be terminated if this test fails.
1 MSC.NASTRAN JOB CREATED ON 28-JUL-05 AT 11:18:00 JULY 28, 2005 MSC.NASTRAN 9/23/04 PAGE 4
0
TOLERANCE LIMITS ARE: SA = 60.00, IA(MIN) = 30.00, IA(MAX) = 150.00, WF = 0.05, TR = 0.50 (FLAG = LIMIT VIOLATED)
ELEMENT TYPE ID SKEW ANGLE MIN INT. ANGLE MAX INT. ANGLE WARPING FACTOR TAPER RATIO
QUAD4 1 45.00 xxxx 45.00 135.00 0.00 0.00
QUAD4 2 45.00 xxxx 45.00 135.00 0.00 0.00
QUAD4 3 45.00 xxxx 45.00 135.00 0.00 0.00
QUAD4 4 45.00 xxxx 45.00 135.00 0.00 0.00
QUAD4 5 45.00 xxxx 45.00 135.00 0.00 0.00
E L E M E N T G E O M E T R Y T E S T R E S U L T S S U M M A R Y
TOTAL NUMBER OF TIMES TOLERANCES WERE EXCEEDED
ASPECT/ MINIMUM MAXIMUM SURFACE/FACE EDGE POINT JACOBIAN
ELEMENT TYPE SKEW ANGLE TAPER RATIO INTER. ANGLE INTER. ANGLE WARP FACTOR OFFSET RATIO LENGTH RATIO DETERMINANT
QUAD4 80 0 0 0 0 N/A N/A N/A
N/A IN THE ABOVE TABLE INDICATES TESTS THAT ARE NOT APPLICABLE TO THE ELEMENT TYPE AND WERE NOT PERFORMED.
FOR ALL ELEMENTS WHERE GEOMETRY TEST RESULTS HAVE EXCEEDED TOLERANCES,
QUAD4 ELEMENT ID 1 PRODUCED SMALLEST SKEW ANGLE OF 45.00 (TOLERANCE = 60.00).

S5-58
GEOMCHECK Q4_SKEW=60.,MSGLIMIT=5,MSGTYPE=WARN
The run will not be terminated if this test fails.
0
QUAD4 1 45.00 WARN 45.00 135.00 0.00 0.00
QUAD4 2 45.00 WARN 45.00 135.00 0.00 0.00
QUAD4 3 45.00 WARN 45.00 135.00 0.00 0.00
QUAD4 4 45.00 WARN 45.00 135.00 0.00 0.00
QUAD4 5 45.00 WARN 45.00 135.00 0.00 0.00
QUAD4 80 0 0 0 0 N/A N/A N/A

S5-59
GEOMCHECK Q4_SKEW=60.,MSGLIMIT=5,MSGTYPE=FATAL
The run will be terminated if this test fails.
0
QUAD4 1 45.00 FAIL 45.00 135.00 0.00 0.00
QUAD4 2 45.00 FAIL 45.00 135.00 0.00 0.00
QUAD4 3 45.00 FAIL 45.00 135.00 0.00 0.00
QUAD4 4 45.00 FAIL 45.00 135.00 0.00 0.00
QUAD4 5 45.00 FAIL 45.00 135.00 0.00 0.00
QUAD4 80 0 0 0 0 N/A N/A N/A

0
*** USER FATAL MESSAGE 7555 (EMGPRO)
EMG MODULE TERMINATING DUE TO SEVERE FAILURE OF ELEMENT GEOMETRY CHECK TESTS. THE ELEMENT TYPES, ELEMENT IDS AND FAILING
TESTS ARE IDENTIFIED ON PREVIOUS PAGES WITH THE FLAG "FAIL" PLACED AFTER THE VALUE METRIC OF THE TEST THAT FAILED.
^^^ USER WARNING MESSAGE 9031 (ERRPH1)
NAS101A,
^^^ NOGOSection 5, MarchIN
ENCOUNTERED 2012
SUBDMAP SEMG S5-60
Essential QA checks – Post Analysis
• Epsilon Value
• Applied Load Summation
• Reaction Summation
• Strain Energy Values
• Peak Deflections

Essential QA checks – Post Analysis: Epsilon Value
• If 10-6 , or greater, it could be a

sign of ill-conditioning.
• For your type of Structure,

Idealization and Analysis
– Establish typical values for Epsilon
– Establish an agreed threshold
*** USER INFORMATION MESSAGE 5293 (SSG3A)

FOR DATA BLOCK KLL
LOAD SEQ. NO. EPSILON EXTERNAL WORK EPSILONS LARGER THAN 0.001 ARE FLAGGED WITH ASTERISKS
1 -1.3760919E-13 3.6560133E+04

Essential QA checks – Post Analysis: Applied Load Summation
• Particularly Important for:

– Inertia Loading
– Complex Pressure Loading
– Complex Distributed Loading
0 RESULTANTS ABOUT ORIGIN OF SUPERELEMENT BASIC COORDINATE SYSTEM IN SUPERELEMENT BASIC SYSTEM COORDINATES.
0 OLOAD RESULTANT
SUBCASE/ LOAD
DAREA ID TYPE T1 T2 T3 R1 R2 R3
0 1 FX -3.900000E+03 ---- ---- ---- 0.000000E+00 3.744000E+05
FY ---- -4.500000E+03 ---- 0.000000E+00 ---- -1.296000E+06
FZ ---- ---- 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 ----
MX ---- ---- ---- 0.000000E+00 ---- ----
MY ---- ---- ---- ---- 0.000000E+00 ----
MZ ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- 0.000000E+00
TOTALS -3.900000E+03 -4.500000E+03 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 -9.216000E+05
0 20 FX 0.000000E+00 ---- ---- ---- 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
FY ---- -1.818989E-12 ---- 0.000000E+00 ---- 9.313226E-10
FZ ---- ---- 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 ----
MX ---- ---- ---- 0.000000E+00 ---- ----
MY ---- ---- ---- ---- 0.000000E+00 ----
MZ ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- 0.000000E+00
TOTALS 0.000000E+00 -1.818989E-12 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 9.313226E-10
0 30 FX 0.000000E+00 ---- ---- ---- 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
FY ---- -2.123938E+03 ---- 0.000000E+00 ---- -6.116941E+05
FZ ---- ---- 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 ----
MX ---- ---- ---- 0.000000E+00 ---- ----
MY ---- ---- ---- ---- 0.000000E+00 ----
MZ ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- 0.000000E+00
TOTALS 0.000000E+00 -2.123938E+03 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 -6.116941E+05

Essential QA checks – Post Analysis: Reaction Summation
• Check that direction opposes and balances OLOAD summary

• SPCFORCE Resultant output is printed only if SPCFORCE
request has been included in Case Control Deck
RESULTANTS ABOUT ORIGIN OF SUPERELEMENT BASIC COORDINATE SYSTEM IN SUPERELEMENT BASIC SYSTEM COORDINATES.
0 SPCFORCE RESULTANT
SUBCASE/ LOAD
DAREA ID TYPE T1 T2 T3 R1 R2 R3
0 1 FX 3.900000E+03 ---- ---- ---- 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
FY ---- 4.500000E+03 ---- 0.000000E+00 ---- 9.216000E+05
FZ ---- ---- 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 ----
MX ---- ---- ---- 0.000000E+00 ---- ----
MY ---- ---- ---- ---- 0.000000E+00 ----
MZ ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- 0.000000E+00
TOTALS 3.900000E+03 4.500000E+03 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 9.216000E+05
0 20 FX 0.000000E+00 ---- ---- ---- 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
FY ---- 7.275958E-12 ---- 0.000000E+00 ---- 2.095476E-09
FZ ---- ---- 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 ----
MX ---- ---- ---- 0.000000E+00 ---- ----
MY ---- ---- ---- ---- 0.000000E+00 ----
MZ ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- 0.000000E+00
TOTALS 0.000000E+00 7.275958E-12 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 2.095476E-09
0 30 FX -3.410605E-12 ---- ---- ---- 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
FY ---- 2.123938E+03 ---- 0.000000E+00 ---- 6.116941E+05
FZ ---- ---- 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 ----
MX ---- ---- ---- 0.000000E+00 ---- ----
MY ---- ---- ---- ---- 0.000000E+00 ----
MZ ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- 0.000000E+00
TOTALS -3.410605E-12 2.123938E+03 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 6.116941E+05

Essential QA checks – Post Analysis: Equilibrium Ckecks
• Equilibrium check is probably one of

the most important checks in static
analysis
SF=0 SM=0
– Previously, one can obtain OLOAD,
SPCFORCE, and MPCFORCE resultants
and manually add them up for equilibrium
check
– New EQUILIBRIUM Case Control command
available to request equilibrium output
• Available only for static analysis

Essential QA checks – Post Analysis: Peak Deflections & Strain Energy
• Set PARAM,PRTMAXIM,YES to output this

• The GRID ID is not included and can be different for each DOF
0
0 MAXIMUM DISPLACEMENTS
0 T1 T2 T3 R1 R2 R3
0 1 3.0938861E-07 4.1483727E-08 3.6560131E+01 7.2180829E+00 5.6827263E+01 0.0000000E+00
Value !!!
Work = ( approx) ½ OLOAD * Peak Deflection = ( 2e3 * 36.5 *.5 = 36.5e3 )

*** USER INFORMATION MESSAGE 5293 (SSG3A)
FOR DATA BLOCK KLL
LOAD SEQ. NO. EPSILON EXTERNAL WORK EPSILONS LARGER THAN 0.001 ARE FLAGGED WITH ASTERISKS
1 -1.3760919E-13 3.6560133E+04
Work = ½ Total Force * Total Deflection

= ( approx) ½ OLOAD * Peak Deflection
( if peak deflection is near mean line of loading action)

GOOD MODELING PRACTICE

Good Modeling Practice
Essentials
• Mesh Density – fit for purpose
• Mesh Quality – fit for purpose
• Loading Boundary Conditions
• Displacement Boundary Conditions

Essentials – Mesh Density
• Fit for purpose

– Consider the stress gradient as parameter

Essentials – Mesh Quality
• Fit for purpose

– Generate mesh where elements are as regular as possible

Essentials – Loading Boundary Conditions
• Single Boundary Conditions?

Poor stress distribution locally
Good stress distribution locally
• Single Boundary Conditions?

Essentials – Displacement Constraint Considerations
• Wrongly defining Output Coordinate Systems at SPCs, MPCs,

RIGID Elements, etc. can wreck a model.
• Over-constraining a model can give rise to Poisson contraction
stresses that distort the true stress field.
• A single nodal constraint (or force) produces a singularity in the
stress field - stress results at this point are likely to be erroneous.
• A special technique called inertia relief is available to perform
quasi-static analysis on unconstrained (free) structures under
uniform (i.e. zero or constant) acceleration.


695 - MSC - Software-Esercitazione - 2 - (Elementi 2D)

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695 - MSC - Software-Esercitazione - 2 - (Elementi 2D)

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Laboratorio Calcolo e Strutture

Ing. Mauro Linari

Laboratorio Calcolo e Strutture MSC Software

Laboratorio Calcolo e Strutture MSC Software

• The QUAD4 element is the most commonly used plate element

Laboratorio Calcolo e Strutture MSC Software

• Element force output includes: • Element Stress output includes:

• Element force and stress sign convention

Laboratorio Calcolo e Strutture MSC Software

Laboratorio Calcolo e Strutture MSC Software

• The element coordinate system

• Are defined using either a PSHELL, PCOMP (composite), PCOMPG

Field Contents Field Contents

• The QUAD4 element can have in-plane, bending, and transverse

• To model a plate with bending stiffness only, use only MID2

• Note: Mass is not calculated if MID1 is blank.

Laboratorio Calcolo e Strutture MSC Software

• Use MID3 to include an extra shear term in the element stiffness

Laboratorio Calcolo e Strutture MSC Software

Only one material

One material for each

Laboratorio Calcolo e Strutture MSC Software

Only one material Only One material

Only MID2 ≠ 0 Only MID1 ≠ 0

Laboratorio Calcolo e Strutture MSC Software

Only one material Only One material

Laboratorio Calcolo e Strutture MSC Software

Notice that the in-plane rotation

DISP = ALL  Displacement for all Grid Points

FORCE = ALL  Element forces at the center only (default)

Laboratorio Calcolo e Strutture MSC Software

Stress = ALL  Element stress at center only (default)

sHVM = [(3.024E6)2 – (3.024E6)(2.268E5) + (2.268E5)2] ½ = 2.917E6

STRESS(BILIN) = ALL  Element stress at center plus

STRAIN(BILIN,FIBER) = ALL  element strain at the fiber distances at

• The PCOMP property entry may be used when the element is a

Laboratorio Calcolo e Strutture MSC Software

• Si considera una piastra (Lunghezza = 1m, Larghezza = 0.5 m) sottoposta

Laboratorio Calcolo e Strutture MSC Software

3 – MATERIALE ISOTROPO (Item: Properties) 4 – PROPRIETA’ PIASTRA (Item: Properties)

Il riferimento diretto alla entità geometrica

Laboratorio Calcolo e Strutture MSC Software

30 elementi su edge 3 della Surface 1

Proprietà, vincoli e carichi

Si utilizza la funzione di ‘equivalenza’

• Dovendo definire dei carichi di pressione è consigliabile eseguire

sulla entità geometrica in quanto più facilmente

Case ‘ consentiranno eventualmente di definire

correttamente le condizioni di carico e vincolo desiderate

Da notare come convenzionalmente

• La definizione di un carico di pressione applicato

Laboratorio Calcolo e Strutture MSC Software

• In particolare il metodo da usare nel caso in

P2 ≡ (2., 0., 0.) P3 ≡ 2., 3., 0.)

• FIELD Name = Pressure_Distribution

Laboratorio Calcolo e Strutture MSC Software

Creazione input file

Laboratorio Calcolo e Strutture MSC Software

EXECUTIVE CONTROL DECK

di sopra del primo sottocaso

CASE CONTROL DECK

Da notare come nella scheda proprietà

Definizione della normale all’elemento