Cross Section Plastic Resistance

(Plastic Hinge)
Z

Z Minor axis bending

Major axis bending

Y 2
Idealization of Stress-Strain Curve
An elastic-perfectly plastic model:

f (MPa)

fy
The picture can't be displayed.

f = fy for ε ≥ ε y
ε
εy = fy/E ≈ 0.0012

3
 Bending of Beam
N.A. = neutral axis
at which εx = 0

A plane section
P
N.A. (original)
the mid-plane
L
x N.A. (deformed)
z

PL/4
Bending moment diagram

Euler-Bernoulli hypothesis:
plane sections remain plane and perpendicular to the mid-plane
after deformation
4
 Euler-Bernoulli Hypothesis
P
x

ε = f /E
• It implies that the normal strain, ε, follows a linear variation over
the beam depth.
• The stress distribution over the beam depth derives from the
corresponding strain value based on the stress-strain relationship
and remains linear when ε < εy, the yield strain.

5
 Stress/Strain Distribution over the Beam Depth

ε distr. f distr. ε distr. f distr. ε distr. f distr.

Centroidal axis
or N.A N.A. z0
N.A.
Equal area axis
or PNA z0
+z c
ε f εy

ε < εy f < fy ε > εy f = fy ε→∞ f = fy

(a) Linear-elastic (b) Elastic-plastic (c) Fully plastic

Increasing load

Question: why does the N. A. = Neutral Axis ≡ Axis of zero strain

plastic neutral axis coincides
with the equal-area axis? PNA = Plastic Neutral Axis = Axis of equal area
6
 Linear Elastic Case
P
∫ fdA=
A
N= 0 (1a)

M
N ∫ fzdA = M
A
(1b)

ε distr. f distr.

Centroidal axis Linear elastic stress distribution

N.A. f = fy (Z/Zo)

dA
+z c zo
From (1a)
∫ zdA = 0
ε f fy I
From (1b) M= ∫ z dA = f y
2

Zo Zo
ε = εy f = f y Second moment of area: I = ∫ z 2 dA
(a) Linear-elastic case A 7
 Moment at First yield
I
M = fy
Zo
At the yield moment, M=Mel, z0 = c
fy ε distr. f distr.
=
M el = I f yWel
c zc
N.A.
I =second moment of area
z0: distance from the N. A. to the first yield fiber
c: distance from the N. A. to the extreme fiber +z c
Wel: elastic section modulus (= I/c) zt
ε f

c = max ( zc , zt ) ε < εy f < f y

 Full Plastic Moment
Sum of axial force equal to zero: T = C

fyAc = fyAt Ac = At Provided fy is same for tension and compression

This requires that the PNA divides the area of cross section into two parts with equal
areas.
ε distr. f distr. Take moment about the PNA

C M = fy∫ 𝒛𝒛𝒛𝒛𝒛𝒛
Ac At fully plastic stage
PNA Mpl = fyWpl
At z T
Mpl denotes the plastic moment capacity of
dA the cross section

W pl = ∫ zdA = plastic modulus of the section

ε→∞ f = fy A
(c) Fully plastic case
 Example 1.1
Determine the plastic moment resistance Mpl and plastic section modular Wpl of a
rectangular cross section with width b and depth d.
Compression = Tension
fy
C = T = f y bd / 2

d/2 C Take moment about PNA

d/4 Mpl = Cd/4 + Td/4
PNA
d/4 d d d  bd 2
d/2 M pl = f y b  +  = f y
T 2 4 4 4
+z
+fy Plastic section modular
b
Geometry f distr.
M pl bd 2
W pl = =
fy 4
 Example 1.2
Determine the plastic modulus Wpl for the I-section about the major axis.

Method 1:
200 a) Divide the cross section into a few small rectangles
40 b) Sum Wpl for each small rectangle about the N.A.

bd 2
400
=
W pl zdA ∑ Z A
∫= i i W pl =
40
A i 4
1 W pl ,1 = 200 × 40 × 220 = 1, 760, 000 mm
3

40
220
All Units: mm 2 W pl ,2 =
40 × 400 2
/ 4 =
1, 600, 000 mm 3

3 W pl ,3 = 200 × 40 × 220 = 1, 760, 000 mm 3

W pl , total = W pl ,1 + W pl ,2 + W pl ,3 = 5120, 000 mm3

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 Example 1.2b (Cont’d)
Determine Wpl for the I-section about the major axis shown below.

Method 2:
200
Use the big rectangle minus the two small rectangles
40
bd 2
Plastic modulus for rectangular section is W pl =
4
400
40
W pl , red =200 × ( 400 + 80 ) / 4 =11, 520, 000 mm3
2

40
2W pl , green = ( 200 − 40 ) × 4002 / 4 = 6, 400, 000 mm3
All Units: mm

W pl , total =
W pl , red − 2W pl , green =
5120, 000 mm 3

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 Q2
A steel I-section is reinforced with a plate welded on top of the compression
flange as shown below. The yield strength of the steel is 275 MPa. Calculate
the plastic section modulus and plastic moment capacity for bending about
the horizontal axis y y .

W pl = ∫ zdA
A

W pl = ∑ zi Ai
y y i =4

What if the cover plate is S355 steel? How much improvement in term of moment
capacity?
(CE3155 final exam, April/May 2008) 13
 Summary
• Only Class 1 and class 2 sections can develop
the full plastic moment resistance
Mpl = fyWpl

• Class 3 section can develop only the first yield

moment

Mel = fyWel
 Classes of Cross-Sections γM0 =1.0

Cross sections with both plastic moment capacity and plastic hinge rotation
Class 1 capacity.
Mc,Rd = fyWpl /γM0
Cross-sections with plastic moment capacity but limited plastic hinge
Class 2 rotation capacity.
Mc,Rd = fyWpl /γM0
Cross-sections in which the stress in the extreme compression fibre can
Class 3 reach the yield strength, but only the elastic moment capacity can be Mc,Rd = fyWel /γM0
developed.
Cross-sections in which local buckling will occur before the attainment of
Class 4 yield stress.
Mc,Rd = fyWeff /γM0

fy Class 2 Class 1
Mpl
Mel
Class 3

Moment
Stress

Class 4
Strain Rotational capacity
Rotation, θ
fy fy fy <fy

Neutral
axis
Bending stress distributions at
maximum moment capacity 16
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4