Foundation Engineering

Chapter 7
Shallow Foundations –Settlement) PART 2)
Dr. Shadi Hanandeh
 Westergaard’s Method
• When the soil mass consist of layered strata or nonisotropic soils, the
Boussinesq’s equation may not provide reliable solution. Westergoard
presented the following equation for point load:

•  z due to loaded area can be computed by integratio n

Simplified Method
Simplified Method
Stresses in Layered Strata
Settlement Analysis based on Laboratory
Tests
1.Classic Method: based on Terzaghi’s theory of
consolidation assuming one-dimensional settlement
2.Skempton and Bjerrum Method: accounts for three-
dimensional effects

• Classic Method:
➢Effective Stresses (initial ’ZO and final ’Zf)
 Classic Method
• Effect of Rigidity of Foundation

➢When performing settlement analyses on spread footings, we account

for the rigidity effect by computing the settlement using Z values
beneath the center of the footing, then multiplying the result by a
rigidity factor (r)
 Classic Method
• Effect of Rigidity of Foundation
 Selection of Layers’ thickness for settlement
calculations
• Approx. layer thickness
• Layer No. Square footing Continuous footing
1 B/2 B
2 B 2B
3 2B 4B

➢The consolidation settlement

must be modified by incorporating

rigidity factor (r)

Example 7.3
• The allowable settlement for the proposed square footing
in the figure is 1.0 in. Using the classical method, compute
its settlement and determine if it satisfies this criterion.
• Solution:
-Example 7.4
• The allowable settlement for
the proposed continuous footing in the
Figure is 25 mm. Using the classical
method, compute its settlement and
determine if it satisfies this criterion.
Example 7.4