10 Plate Girder - Part 2

CE3166 Structural Steel Design and System J Y R Liew & S D Pang
What if you use Approach 2 to determine moment capacity? (for info)

 Determine the stress distribution SS EN 1993-1-5 Clause 4.4
Ineffective area
fy beff  bc The effective section modulus Weff should be determined
assuming the cross section is subject only to bending moment.
Compression –
where bc is the width of the element in compression.
Steps in determining the reduction factor for plate buckling 

Elastic neutral axis of gross section
 Determine the stress distribution
For web elements, use the effective area of the compression flange
Tension + and the gross area of the web to determine the stress distribution.
 2 /1 1
fy  Determine stress ratio  2 /1 and buckling factor k
This depends on whether it is internal or external compression element.
 Determine stress ratio  2 /1 and buckling factor k Stress ratio  and buckling factor k
 2 /1 1 Internal compression elements
Common values of 
k 23.9 1
2  1 0 –1
 2 /1
 Calculate  p  = +ve in compression k 4.0 7.81 23.9
b /t (1920 / 13)  Calculate b for webs

p    1.15  w
 b for internal flange elements
28.4 k 28.4 (235 / 275) 23.9 p 
fy
 cr

b /t
b   b – 3t for flanges of RHS
28.4 k c for outstand flanges

 h for angles
 Calculate   Calculate 
Internal compression elements  2 /1
0.5  0.085  0.055  0.874   p  1.15
  1.0 for  p  0.5  0.085  0.055
  0.055(3  ) 1.15  0.055(3  ( 1)) 

 p  0.055(3  )
 1.0 for  p  0.5  0.085  0.055
 p   0.786  p2
 p2 1.15 2
27
What if you use Approach 2 to determine moment capacity? (for info)

 b 0.786(1920 )
beff   bc    755mm SS EN 1993-1-5 Clause 4.4
1  1  ( 1) bc bt
be1  0.4 beff  302mm 1
2
be 2  0.6 beff  453mm be1 be 2
b
fy
b
A  (700x40)x2  (755  960)x13  78295mm2 Compression beff   bc 
302 – 1 
Ai zi  (700x40)x20  (700x40)x1980  (1920x13)x1000 205 be1  0.4beff
 (205x13)x1556  76813260mm3 453 be 2  0.6beff

Neutral axis of gross section
76813260 Neutral axis of effective section

Az n  Ai zi  z n   980mm 960
78295 zn z
I eff  (700x40)x10002  (700x40)x9602 + Tension

fy
 [ 121 x13x19603  (1960x13)x202 ]
 [ 121 x13x2053  (205x13)x5752 ]
 6.11x1010 mm 4
f y I eff 265 * (6.11 * 1010 )

M c , Rd   * 10-6  15874kNm
(h  zn ) 1020
28
Design Flow Chart for Plate Girder
Determine design moment MEd Determine design shear VEd
Size the flange Size the web
NO c f / t f  14 E
NO d / t w  0.55 ( Aw /A fc ) 0.5
f yf
YES
YES
Calculate moment capacity Check to be satisfied
M f , Rd  f yf A f ( d  t f )/ M 0 in every web panel
Calculate shear buckling resistance
(contribution from web) Check to be satisfied at
Vbw, Rd  (  w f yw dt w )/( 3 M 1 ) every point load location
NO
M f , Rd  M Ed
Calculate resistance of unstiffened
YES web under transverse load
YES FRd  f yw ( χ F l y ) t w / M 1
Vbw, Rd  VEd
NO
Add more NO
Calculate shear buckling resistance FRd  FEd
stiffeners
(contribution from flange)
Vbf , Rd  (bt 2f f yf ) * [1  ( M Ed / M f , Rd ) 2 ]/( c M 1 ) YES
Calculate shear buckling resistance

Vb , Rd  Vbw, Rd  Vbf , Rd  ( f yw dt w )/( 3 M 1 )
NO NO
Vb , Rd  VEd
YES
END
29
Stiff Bearing Length

EN1993-1-5: Cl 6.3
Definition of Stiff Bearing Length
The length of stiff bearing ss on the flange should be taken as the distance
over which the applied load is effectively distributed at a slope of 1:1.
When load is transferred through

 rolled I-section: ss = tw(beam) + 1.2r(beam) + 2tf(beam) 
 Dimensions of the beam applying the load
 welded I-section: ss = tw(beam) + 2aweld + 2tf(beam) 

where tw(beam) is the thickness of the web
r(beam) is the root radius Beam applying the load
tf(beam) is the flange thickness
aweld is the size of the weld tw(beam) tw(beam)
For other types of members applying the load/reaction,
45 45
refer to Figure 6.2 of EN 1993-1-5.
tf(beam) r(beam) tf(beam) aweld
ss ss
30

EN1993-1-5: Figure 6.2
31
Web Resistance under Transverse Forces

EN1993-1-5: Cl 6.2
f yw ( χ F l y ) t w
The web resistance to local buckling under transverse forces should be taken as: FRd 
 M1
 f yf b  m2  0.02(d / t f ) 2 if F  0.5
where effective loaded length l y  ss  2t f  1   m2 
 f ywt w  m2  0 if F  0.5
 
FEd
l y f yw d
non-dimensional slenderness F 
0.9k F Et w2 ss d 
2
k F  6  2 
a
0.5
reduction factor  F   1.0
F
FEd
2
ss d 
k F  3.5  2 
Verification a
EN1993-1-5: Cl 6.6
If check is satisfied, transverse stiffener is NOT REQUIRED at the loading point.
FRd  FEd
This check is also applicable to HOT ROLLED SECTIONS.
32
Example PG-2: Unstiffened Web Under Transverse Load

For the plate girder shown below, perform a check to determine if a transverse stiffener is required at
loading point B.
tf = 40
2000kN 2000kN
b = 700
838x292x194UB
7000 7000 7000
d = 1920
tw = 13
2000
V(kN) C D
A B
40
–2000
M(kNm)
14000
33

ss = tw(beam) + 1.2r(beam) + 2tf(beam)
= 14.7 + 1.2*17.8 + 2*21.7 = 79.5mm
Web Resistance under Transverse Force

Assume F  0.5 m2  0.02( d / t f ) 2 if  F  0.5
 265 * 700  1920

2 
 
 f yf b 
l y  79.5  2 * 40 *  1 
l y  ss  2t f  1   m2 
 0.02    951mm  f ywt w 
 275 * 13  40  
 

2
d 
k F  6  2   6 Taking a = 21m
2
d 
k F  6  2 
a a
951 * 275 * 1920 l y f yw d

F  2
 1.62  0.5 Assumption is valid. F 
0.9k F Et w2
0.9 * 6 * 210000 * 13
0.5 275 * (0.31 * 951) * 13 0.5 f yw ( χ F l y ) t w
F   0.31  FRd  * 10 3  1050kN F 
F
, FRd 
 M1
1.62 1.00
FEd  2000kN  FRd  1050kN Transverse Stiffener at Point B is required.

34
Uses of Transverse Stiffeners

Compression buckling of Unstiffened Web Stiffening by 2 stiffeners
Shear buckling of Unstiffened Web Stiffening by 1 stiffener
35
Shear Buckling vs Compression Buckling of Web
Shear Buckling of Web
Compression Buckling of Web
36
Types of Transverse Stiffeners

Bearing Stiffeners
Intermediate Transverse Stiffeners
Bearing Stiffeners
Intermediate Transverse Stiffeners
37
Identify the bearing and intermediate transverse stiffeners
38
39
40
Design Flow Chart for Transverse Stiffeners
Size the stiffeners
slenderness
check
NO
bs / t s  (5.3 f y /E ) -0.5
YES
stiffness
check
Calculate second moment
of area
t s (2bs  t w ) 3 (30 s t w )t w3
I s ,u  
12 12
NO
I s ,u  I s ,min
YES
END

for a / d  2 : I s ,u ,min  0.75dt w3
for a / d  2 : I s ,u , min  1.5d 3t w3 / a 2
41
Yield Strength and Effective Section

ts Yield Strength
Determine the yield strength of the stiffeners based on
bs
their thickness and grade of steel.
tw
EN1993-1-5: Cl 9.1(2)
bs
Effective Section
The section of a stiffener can be taken as the gross area
comprising the stiffener plus a width of plate equal to
15stw 15stw
15stw but not more than the actual dimension available.
Note that the figure shows an illustration of 2 stiffeners being
s is based on the smaller of yield used but if 1 stiffener is used, the effective section should be
strength of the stiffener and the web changed accordingly.
Plan View
42
Slenderness Requirement
ts EN1993-1-5: Cl 9.2.1(8)
Slenderness Requirement
tw bs To prevent torsional buckling of stiffeners, the following
criterion should be satisfied:
bs bs 1

ts 5.3 f y /E
15stw 15stw for fy = 275 N/mm2, bs/ts  12.0

for fy = 355 N/mm2, bs/ts  10.5
for fy = 460 N/mm2, bs/ts  9.3
Plan View
43
Stiffness Requirement
v
EN1993-1-5: Cl 9.3.3(3)
ts
The effective section of intermediate stiffeners should
have a second moment of area Is,u about the
tw bs centreline of the web larger than Is,u,min :
u u
bs for a / d  2 : I s ,u ,min  1.5d 3t w3 / a 2
for a / d  2 : I s ,u ,min  0.75dt w3
15stw 15stw t s (2bs  t w ) 3 (30 s t w )t w3

v I s ,u  
12 12
If there is only 1 stiffener instead of 2 stiffeners shown in the
figure, Is,u should be changed accordingly to account for the
shift in elastic neutral axis when there is only 1 stiffener.
Plan View
44
strength check
Size the stiffeners FEd  0
slenderness YES
check
NO
bs / t s  (5.3 f y /E ) -0.5 Calculate bearing resistance
As ,net f ys
Fbc 
YES M0
stiffness
check
Calculate second moment NO Fbc  FEd
of area
t s (2bs  t w ) 3 (30 s t w )t w3
I s ,u  
12 12
NO
I s ,u  I s ,min
YES
END

for a / d  2 : I s ,u ,min  0.75dt w3
for a / d  2 : I s ,u , min  1.5d 3t w3 / a 2
45
Bearing Resistance
ts EN1993-1-5: Cl 9.4(3)
Stiffeners under transverse loads transferred through
tw bs – ch the flange should be checked for their bearing
resistance using the effective section, taking into
bs – ch account cut-outs/cope-holes when they are present:
As ,net f ys
Fbc 
M0
15stw 15stw
where As ,net  (30 s t w  t s )(t w )  2(bs  ch )(t s )
Verification Fbc  FEd
Plan View
FEd FEd
46
Stiffener to Plate Girder Connection
stiffener to web weld
cope hole
stiffener to flange weld
47
48
ts
tw bs – ch
bs – ch
15stw 15stw
49
strength check
Calculate axial force due to
NO tension field action
Size the stiffeners FEd  0  1 f yw dt w 
PTFA  VEd  2 0

slenderness YES   w 3  M1 
check
NO
bs / t s  (5.3 f y /E ) -0.5 Calculate bearing resistance YES
PTFA  0
As ,net f ys
Fbc 
YES M0 NO
stiffness
check
YES Calculate design axial force
Calculate second moment NO Fbc  FEd N Ed  PTFA  FEd
of area
t s (2bs  t w ) 3 (30 s t w )t w3
I s ,u  
12 12 Calculate buckling
resistance
 A f
N b , Rd  s s ys
NO
I s ,u  I s ,min  M1
YES NO
N b , Rd  N Ed
YES
END

for a / d  2 : I s ,u ,min  0.75dt w3
for a / d  2 : I s ,u ,min  1.5d 3t w3 / a 2
50
Buckling Resistance
EN1993-1-5: Cl 9.4(2)
The design axial force NEd in a transverse stiffener should be taken as the sum of the force
resulting from
In the case of variable shear forces, the
 1 f yw dt w 
 tension field action PTFA  VEd  2 0 check is performed for the shear force at a
 w 3 M 1  distance 0.5hw from the edge of the panel
with the largest shear force (Cl. 9.3.3(3))
 external load FEd
N Ed  PTFA  FEd
FEd FEd
V(kN)
51
Tension Field Action
Compression forces on joints

Tension forces on joints
Applied load/Reaction force
Post buckling Tension Field Action N Truss

Strut – member under axial compression
Tie – member under axial tension
52
Buckling Resistance
v
ts EN1993-1-5: Cl 9.4 (2)
The buckling resistance of stiffener under transverse loads
and shear force should be determined using buckling curve c
tw bs
u u ( = 0.49). A buckling length of 1.0d can be safely assumed.
bs Area As  (30 s t w  t s )(t w )  (2bs )(t s )
Radius of gyration is ,u  I s ,u /As

15stw 15stw Non-dimensional Lcr 1 Lcr 1
v s  
slenderness is ,u 1 is ,u (93.9 s )
1
Reduction factor s 
 s   2s  s2
 s  0.5 * [1   (s  0.2)  s2 ]
 s As f ys fys is based on the smaller
Buckling resistance N b , Rd  of yield strength of the
 M1 stiffener and the web
Verification
N b , Rd  N Ed
53
54
ts
tw bs
bs
15stw 15stw
55
Example PG -5:
Design for the stiffener at point B.
tf = 40
2000kN 2000kN
b = 700
7000 7000 7000
d = 1920
tw = 13
2000
V(kN) C D
A B
40
–2000
M(kNm)
14000
56
Consider a 165x15mm stiffener with grade 275 steel on each side of the web
Yield Strength and Slenderness Check

Stiffener thickness ts = 15 mm  v
 fys = 275 N/mm2 ts = 15
Web thickness tw = 13mm 
s = (235/275)0.5 = 0.924 bs = 165
tw = 13
bs /ts = 165/15 = 11.0 < 12.0 u u
bs = 165
 Stiffener passes slenderness check.
Minimum Stiffness 15stw=180 15stw=180

v
Since a / d  7000/1920  3.65  2 ,
I s ,u ,min  0.75dt w3  0.75 * 1920 * 133 mm 4  3.16 * 106 mm 4 for a / d  2 : I s ,u  0.75dt w3
15 * (2 * 165  13) 3 (30 * 0.924 * 13) * (133 ) t s (2bs  t w ) 3 (30 s t w )t w3

I s ,u    50.5 * 106 mm 4 I s ,u 
12

12
12 12
I s ,u  I s ,u ,min  Minimum stiffness for stiffener is satisfied.
57
Design Axial Force on Stiffener

Due to tension field action:
 1 f yw dt w 
PTFA 
 VEd  2 0
 w 3 M 1 
k  5.34  4.00( d / a ) 2  5.34  4.00(1920/ 7000)2  5.64 k  5.34  4.00( d / a ) 2 when a / d  1
d 1920 d
w    1.80 w 
37.4t w w k
37.4t w w k 37.4 * 13 * 0.924 * 5.64
1 275 * 1920 * 13 3
PTFA  2000  2
* 10  776kN
1.80 3
Due to external load:

FEd  2000kN
Design Axial Force on Stiffener:

N Ed  PTFA  FEd  776  2000  2776kN
58
Bearing Resistance
v
We make an assumption that ch = 40mm ts = 15
As , net  (30 s t w  t s )( t w )  2( bs  c h )( t s )
tw = 13 bs = 165
 (30 * 0.924 * 13  15)(13)  2 * (165  40)(15)
u u
 8630mm 2
bs = 165
FEd  2000kN  f ys As , net  275 * 8630 * 10 3  2373kN

15stw=180 15stw=180
Bearing resistance check OK
v
59
Buckling Resistance
Lcr  d  1920mm
v
15 * (2 * 165  13) 3 (30 * 0.924 * 13) * (133 )
I s ,u    50.5 * 106 mm 4 ts = 15
12 12
As  (30 * 0.924 * 13  15)(13)  (2 * 165)(15)  10160mm2
tw = 13 bs = 165
I s ,u50.5 * 106 u u
is , u    70.5mm
As 10160 bs = 165
Lcr 1 1920 1
s    0.314
is ,u (93.9 s ) 70.5 86.8 15stw=180 15stw=180
v
 s  0.5 * [1   (s  0.2)   ]  0.5 * [1  0.49(0.314  0.2)  0.314 ]  0.577
2
s
2
1 1
s    0.942
s     2
s
2
s 0.577  0.577  0.314
2 2
 s As f ys 0.942 * 10160 * 275

N b , Rd   * 10 3  2630kN  N Ed  2776kN
 M1 1.0
Buckling resistance check fail
60
Stiffener to Web Connection

Preferred detail 40-50mm radius cope
Continuous weld all round stiffener Continuous weld all round stiffener
Stiffener sniped and stiffener weld is cope hole

on top of web-to-flange weld
45 snipe Curtail stiffener  5tw from flange
Continuous weld all round stiffener

Continuous weld all round stiffener
Stiffener sniped to avoid web to

flange weld
61
Top Flange
Moisture and dirt trapped in
crevices
Stiffener is not
flushed with flange
Web Transverse
Stiffener
62

10 Plate Girder - Part 2

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CE3166 Structural Steel Design and System J Y R Liew & S D Pang

What if you use Approach 2 to determine moment capacity? (for info)

Steps in determining the reduction factor for plate buckling 

b /t (1920 / 13)  Calculate b for webs

  0.055(3  ) 1.15  0.055(3  ( 1)) 

What if you use Approach 2 to determine moment capacity? (for info)

 (205x13)x1556  76813260mm3 453 be 2  0.6beff

76813260 Neutral axis of effective section

I eff  (700x40)x10002  (700x40)x9602 + Tension

f y I eff 265 * (6.11 * 1010 )

Size the flange Size the web

Calculate shear buckling resistance

Stiff Bearing Length

Stiff Bearing Length

Web Resistance under Transverse Forces

Example PG-2: Unstiffened Web Under Transverse Load

7000 7000 7000

Stiff Bearing Length

Web Resistance under Transverse Force

 265 * 700  1920

951 * 275 * 1920 l y f yw d

FEd  2000kN  FRd  1050kN Transverse Stiffener at Point B is required.

Uses of Transverse Stiffeners

Shear buckling of Unstiffened Web Stiffening by 1 stiffener

Shear Buckling vs Compression Buckling of Web

Shear Buckling of Web

Compression Buckling of Web

Types of Transverse Stiffeners

Intermediate Transverse Stiffeners

Intermediate Transverse Stiffeners

Identify the bearing and intermediate transverse stiffeners

Identify the bearing and intermediate transverse stiffeners

Identify the bearing and intermediate transverse stiffeners

Design Flow Chart for Transverse Stiffeners

Size the stiffeners

Yield Strength and Effective Section

15stw 15stw for fy = 275 N/mm2, bs/ts  12.0

15stw 15stw t s (2bs  t w ) 3 (30 s t w )t w3

Design Flow Chart for Transverse Stiffeners

Size the stiffeners FEd  0

Verification Fbc  FEd

Stiffener to Plate Girder Connection

stiffener to web weld

stiffener to flange weld

Design Flow Chart for Transverse Stiffeners

Tension Field Action

Compression forces on joints

Post buckling Tension Field Action N Truss

Radius of gyration is ,u  I s ,u /As

7000 7000 7000

Yield Strength and Slenderness Check

Minimum Stiffness 15stw=180 15stw=180

15 * (2 * 165  13) 3 (30 * 0.924 * 13) * (133 ) t s (2bs  t w ) 3 (30 s t w )t w3

Design Axial Force on Stiffener

Due to external load:

Design Axial Force on Stiffener:

FEd  2000kN  f ys As , net  275 * 8630 * 10 3  2373kN

 s As f ys 0.942 * 10160 * 275

Stiffener to Web Connection

Stiffener sniped and stiffener weld is cope hole

45 snipe Curtail stiffener  5tw from flange

Continuous weld all round stiffener