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Questions Bank - Summary Crude oil pumping stations

Crude oil pumping stations (Suez Canal University)

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Suez University Subject : Introduction to

Faculty of Pet. & Mining Eng. Refinery Engineering

QUESTIONS BANK
DR / Abeer Shoaib

Students /
1- Ahmed Abd-elhameed Abd-elaty El-bakry sec(1)
2- Hazem Alaa El-din Nabawy Ghonim sec(2)

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Choose the right answer:

1- Which one of the following is not a use of hydrogen gas?

A) Preparation of ethyne gas B) Manufacture of hydrochloric acid

C) Manufacture of ammonia D) Hydrogenation of vegetable oils

2- What is the major use for the light gasoline and naphtha
fractions of crude oil?
A) Diesel fuel B) Liquid petroleum gas

C) Bitumen D) Petrol/motor fuel

3- When crude oil is heated and passed through a fractionating

column, the different fractions separate out according to their
A) colors B) boiling points

C) densities D) melting points

4- State one disadvantage of using hydrogen as a fuel

A) Hydrogen fuel cells are very efficient

B) There is no pollution from burning hydrogen

C) Burning it does not produce carbon dioxide

D) It is difficult to store

5- At a refinery, crude oil is separated into its components by

A) fractional distillation B) catalytic cracking

C) filtration D) decanting

6- Which one of the following is a use of the kerosene fraction

obtained when crude oil is fractionated
A) Aviation fuel B) Lubricating oil

C) Petrol D) Liquid petroleum gas

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7- The fraction of crude oil that is used in LPG (liquid petroleum

gas) is
A) naphtha B) refinery gas

C) gas oil D) residue

8- Naphtha and gas oil are two of the hydrocarbon fractions

obtained from the fractional distillation of crude oil. How do
the molecules of the naphtha fraction differ from the
molecules of the gas oil fraction
A) Naphtha molecules have lower boiling points

B) Naphtha molecules are smaller than gas oil molecules

C) Naphtha molecules have greater densities than gas oil molecules

9- In which fraction of crude oil do pentane and its isomers occur

A) Naphtha B) Light gasoline (petrol)

C) Fuel oil D) Gas oil

10- On combusting a solid fuel, the final product obtained in high

amount is
A) oxygen B) nitrogen

C) ash D) ozone

11- A fuel is a combustible substance containing ______ as

major constitute
A) nitrogen B) oxygen

C) carbon D) hydrogen

12- Which is the most undesirable component in kerosene

A) Aromatics B) n-paraffins

C) i-paraffins D) Naphthenes

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13- Viscosity index of a lubricating oil

A) is the measure of its flash point

B) is the measure of variation of viscosity with temperature

C) should be low D) none of these

14- A good lubricant should have high

A) pour point B) viscosity index

C) volatility D) none of these

15- Crude oil is pumped by a __________ pump

A) centrifugal B) reciprocating

C) gear D) screw

16- Smoke point of a test sample of kerosene is found to be 15

mm. On removal of __________ from it, the smoke point rises
to 25 mm
A) n-paraffins B) olefins

C) aromatics D) none of these

17- Pour point and freezing point is equal for

A) water B) diesel

C) petrol D) crude petroleum

18- Which of the following fractions of a crude oil will have the
maximum gravity API (i.e. °API)
A) Gasoline B) Diesel

C) Atmospheric gas oil D) Vacuum gas oil

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19- Flash point of volatile substances is determined by

__________ apparates
A) Abel B) Pensky-Martens (closed cup type)

C) Cleveland (open cup type) D) none of these

20- Solvent used in the deasphalting process is

A) propane B) hexane

C) phenol D) furfurol

21- Most commonly used crude heater before the fractionation

tower in a refinery is the __________ heater
A) electric immersion B) none of these

C) pipestill D) steam coil

22- Visbreaking process is used mainly for making

A) high octane gasoline B) smoke free kerosene

C) fuel oil D) high cetane diesel

23- Octane number of gasoline is a measure of its

A) knocking tendency B) ignition delay

C) ignition temperature D) smoke point

24- The main use of heavy gas oil produced by the vacuum
distillation unit is as a
A) blending component for kerosene

B) blending component for petrol

C) none of these

D) feedstock for fluid catalytic cracking unit

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25- Which of the following has the lowest viscosity (at a given
temperature) of all
A) Lube oil B) Naphtha

C) Diesel D) Kerosene

26- In petroleum refining, the process used for conversion of

hydrocarbons to aromatics is
A) alkylation B) hydrotreating

C) catalytic reforming D) catalytic cracking

27- Paraffin base crude oil as compared to asphalt base crude

gives
A) lower viscosity index lube oil

B) higher yield of straight run gasoline

C) poorer yield of lube oil

D) higher octane number gasoline

28- Catalyst used in catalytic reforming is

A) aluminum chloride B) iron

C) nickel D) platinum on alumina

29- The color of gasoline is an indication of its

A) none of these

B) gum forming tendency & thoroughness of refining

C) lead susceptibility D) octane number

30- Furfural solvent extraction is used for upgrading (by

dissolving aromatics)
A) wax B) cracking feedstock

C) lubricating oils D) naphtha

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31- In the atmospheric pressure crude distillation, the content of

__________ from lighter fraction to heavier ones
A) sulphur decreases B) sulphur increases

C) none of these D) nitrogen decreases

32- __________ converts n-paraffins to i-paraffins

A) Alkylation B) none of these

C) Polymerization D) Isomerization

33- Which of the following constituents present in petroleum is

responsible for ash formation
A) Nitrogen compounds B) Oxygen compounds

C) Organometallic compounds D) Sulphur compounds

34- Illuminating characteristics of kerosene is expressed by its

A) aromatic content B) smoke point

C) aniline point D) luminosity number

35- Pick out the wrong statement

A) Iso-paraffin crack faster than n-paraffin B) None of these

C) The cracking reaction is exothermic and the regeneration reaction

endothermic

D) Rate of decomposition of olefins in catalytic cracking is slightly slower

than the thermal cracking

36- Choose the correct statement regarding thermal cracking

A) Moderate changes in operating temperature does not change the depth
of cracking

B) Increased residence time results in the decreased severity of cracking

C) At low pressure, the yield of lighter hydrocarbons are more

D) Greater depth of cracking gives lower octane number gasoline

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37- Naphthenic acid is a/an __________ compound

A) none of these B) nitrogen

C) sulphur D) oxygen

38- The proper arrangement of the petroleum fractions in order

of their boiling points is
A) petrol > diesel > LPG > lubricating oil

B) lubricating oil > diesel > petrol > LPG

C) lubricating oil > petrol > diesel > LPG

D) petrol > lubricating oil > diesel > LPG

39- Name the hydrocarbon having the poorest oxidation stability

A) naphthene B) paraffin

C) aromatics D) olefin

40- Which is almost absent in crude petroleum

A) Cycloparaffins B) Olefins

C) Mercaptans D) Naphthenes

41- Catalytic cracking compared to thermal cracking of residue

of vacuum distillation of crude oil
A) gives higher yield of petrol

B) lower octane number of petrol

C) higher sulphur content in the product

D) higher gum forming material in petrol

42- Which of the following hydrocarbon series are almost absent

in crude petroleum
A) Paraffins B) Naphthenes

C) Aromatic D) Olefins

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43- Which of the following is desirable in diesel and kerosene

but is undesirable in gasoline
A) Aromatics B) Mercaptans

C) paraffins D) Naphthenic acid

44- Pick out the wrong statement

A) Lead suceptibility of petrol produced by catalytic process is more than
that produced by thermal cracking

B) Pyrolysis is a mild thermal cracking process

C) Higher temperature is employed in visbreaking than in thermal cracking

D) Operating pressure and temperature in thermal cracking process is

more than that in catalytic cracking process

45- Olefins are

A) present in substantially good quantity in crude petroleum

B) unsaturated cyclic compounds (hydrocarbons)

C) saturated hydrocarbons D) none of these

46- Pick out the wrong statement

A) Higher specific gravity of petroleum products means higher C/H ratio

B) Hydrocarbons of high specific gravity (e.g, aromatics) possess the

maximum thermal energy per unit weight

C) Aromatics have lower specific gravity than corresponding paraffins

D) Hydrocarbons of low specific gravity (e.g, paraffins) possess the

maximum thermal energy per unit volume

47- Gum formation in stored gasoline is mainly due to the

A) oxidation & polymerisation of unsaturates

B) higher aromatic content

C) presence of sulphur D) alkylation of unsaturates

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48- Petrolatum is
A) a mixture of microcrystalline wax in viscous hydrocarbon liquids

B) petroleum coke

C) none of these

D) same as petroleum ether

49- The most widely used crude topping column in refineries is

the __________ column
A) perforated plate B) packed bed

C) fluidised bed D) bubble-cap

50- Phenols are added in gasoline to

A) increase its pour point B) improve the octane number

C) act as an antioxidant D) reduce its viscosity

51- Mercaptans is represented as

A) R-S-H B) R-COOH

C) R-S-R D) R-S-R'

52- The average boiling point of aviation turbine fuel is closest to

that of
A) lubricating oils B) LPG

C) Kerosene D) diesel

53- Gasoline extracted from natural gas (by compression and

cooling) is called the __________ gasoline
A) polymer B) unleaded

C) casing head D) straight run

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54- Antioxidants are added in petrol to

A) impart color to it, for easy identification

B) minimize the gum formation

C) prevent icing of the carburetor

D) prevent the lead build up in engines

55- C/H ratio(by weight) of associated natural gas is about

A) 1 B) 3-4

C) 7-8 D) 15-25

56- Crude petroleum consists of

A) 84-87 % Carbon and 11-14% Hydrogen

B) 11-14 % Carbon and 84-87% Hydrogen

C) 54 % Carbon and 25 % Hydrogen

D) 54 % Carbon and 25 % Hydrogen

57- Which of the following is sulphur compound

A) Ehtyle mercaptan B) Pyridine

C) Napthenic acid D) Cumene

58- The nitrogen compound in petroleum product responsible for

A) Ehtyle mercaptan B) Pyridine

C) Napthenic acid D) Cumene

59- Naphthenes are

A) Unsaturated cyclic compounds

B) Straight chain saturated compound

C) Saturated cyclic compound

D) And paraffins have the same general formula CnH2n+2

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60- Which of the following is nitrogen compound

A) Quinolin B) Ethyl mercaptans

C) Naphthenic acid D) Tetra ethyl lead

61- Aromatic are desirable in

A) Kerosene to improve smoke

B) High speed diesel oil to improve cetane number

C) Gasoline to improve cetane number

D) None of these

62- Characterization factor (K) for Ankleshwar crude oil is about

A) 1.2 B) 120

C) 12 D) 21

63- Mercaptans are low boiling

A) Sulphur compounds B) Oxygen compound

C) Nitrogen compounds D) Organometallic compounds

64- Which of the following products contains minimum sulphur

A) Naphtha B) Kerosene

C) High speed diesel oil D) Furnace oil

65- Which of the following products contain maximum sulphur

A) LPG B) ATF

C) LDO D) Furnace oil

66- Which of the following petroleum products has minimum

flash point
A) Gasoline B) Kerosene

C) HSD oil D) Fuel oil

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67- Which of the following petroleum products has maximum

flash point
A) Naphtha B) Kerosene

C) HSD oil D) Furnace oil

68- Which of the following petroleum products has minimum API

A) Gasoline B) Furnace oil

C) LDO D) HSD

69- Which of the following petroleum products has maximum API

A) Gasoline B) Furnace oil

C) LDO D) HSD

70- Characterization factor (K) is defined by

A) K=TB^(1/2)/G B) K=TB^(1/3)/G

C) K=TB^(1/4)/G D) K=TB^(2/3)/G

71- Carbon residue of an oil is determined

A) By conradson method only

B) By ramsbottom method only

C) Either by conradson method or by ramsbottom method

D) By Pensky –Martens(closed) method

72- Corrosion in crude distillation unit column overhead system

is caused by
A) The presence of naphthenic acid in crude oils

B) The presence of HCL formed by dissociation of chloride salts

C) The sulphur compounds in crude oils

D) All of the above

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73- Which of the following petroleum product has maximum

kinematic viscosity at a given temperature
A) Gasoline B) Aviation turbine fuel

C) LSD D) Furnace oil

74- Which of the following petroleum product has maximum C/H

ratio (by weight)
A) Naphtha B) Kerosene

C) Light diesel oil D) Fuel oil

75- Which of the following petroleum product has minimum C/H

ratio (by weight)
A) Naphtha B) Kerosene

C) Light diesel oil D) Fuel oil

76- Which of the following petroleum product has minimum

viscosity at a given temperature
A) Motor Spirit B) Light diesel oil

C) Aviation Turbine fuel D) HSD oil

77- The viscosity of a hydrocarbon liquids

A) Remain unaffected with change in density

B) Decreases with increase in density

C) Increases with increase in density D) None of the above

78- At sea level atmospheric pressure and room temperature

A) Methane through butane occur as liquids

B) Pentane and heavier hydrocarbon occur as liquids

C) Ethane and heavier hydrocarbon occur as liquids

D) Propane and heavier hydrocarbons occur as liquid

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79- Which of the following compounds is added in LPG to impart

a distinct color
A) Amyl nitrate B) Ethyl mercaptan

C) Tetra ethyl lead D) Phenol

80- Which of the following hydrocarbon are most desirable in

gasoline
A) Paraffins B) Isoparaffins

C) Naphthenes D) Aromatic

81- LPG at normal atmospheric temperature and pressure is a

A) Liquid which is heavier than water

B) Gas which is heavier than air

C) Gas which is lighter than air

D) Liquid which is lighter than water

82- The primary purpose of Visbreaking process is

A) To increase viscosity and pour point

B) To reduce viscosity and pour point

C) To increase viscosity and reduce pour point

D) To reduce viscosity and r pour point

83- Crude petroleum distillation is carried out at pressure

A) Slightly below atmoshpheric pressure

B) Slightly above atmoshpheric pressure

C) Above 5 atm

D) Above 5 atm

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84- Which of the following types of crude petroleum is the most

suitable for the manufacture of bitumen
A) Naphthenic

B) Intermediate

C) Paraffinic

D) Bitumen cannot be manufactured from crude petroleum

85- Hydrocracking is
A) High pressure and low temperature process

B) Low pressure and high temperature process

C) Low pressure and low temperature process

D) High pressure and high temperature process

86- Ash forming constituent present in the crude petroleum are

A) Sulpher compound B) Nitrogen compound

C) Oxygen compound D) Organometallic compound

87- The feedstock for the catalytic reforming unit is

A) Naphtha B) High speed diesel oil

C) Kerosene D) Reduced crude oil

88- The operation of reactors used in the catalytic reforming of

naphtha is favored at
A) Low pressure and low temperature

B) High pressure and high temperature

C) Low pressure and high temperature

D) High pressure and low temperature

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89- The desirable reactions in the catalytic reforming of naphtha

are
A) Slightly exothermic B) Endothermic

C) Autocatalytic D) Highly exothermic

90- Which of the following reactions is undesirable in the

catalytic reforming of naphtha
A) Hydrocracking of paraffins B) Dehydrogenations of naphthenes

C) Isomerization of naphthenes D) Cyclization of paraffins

91- For the removal of asphaltic constituent from vacuum

residue the most suitable solvent is
A) Liquid sulphur dioxide B) Vanadium pentaoxide

C) Propane D) Triethylene glycol

92- Flash point of atmospheric distillation residue is determined

by __________ apparates
A) Abel B) Pensky-Martens (closed cup type)

C) Cleveland (open cup type) D) none of these

93- Pick out the undesirable property for a solvent meant for
dewaxing of lube oil
A) Complete miscibility with oil B) High solubility of wax in the solvent

C) Both (a) and (b) D) Neither (a) nor (b)

94- __________ is not an important refinery process for

upgrading the quality of lubricating oil
A) Deoiling B) Solvent refinning

C) Clay treatment D) Hydrotreatment

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95- __________ determination is not a very significant and

important test for gasoline
A) Gum & sulphur content B) Viscosity

C) Octane number D) Reid vapor pressure

96- Mercaptans are

A) low boiling sulphur compounds

B) added in LPG cylinders to detect gas leakage by its smell

C) undesirable in petrol, as they reduce its octane number

D) all (a), (b) and (c)

97- The color of gasoline is an indication of its

A) octane number B) lead susceptibility

C) gum forming tendency & thoroughness of refining D) none of these

98- Hydrogen percentage (by weight) in crude petroleum may be

about
A) 5 B) 15

C) 25 D) 35

99- In a refinery petroleum crude is fractionated into gas fraction,

light ends, intermediate distillates, heavy distillates, residues
and by products. The group of products including gas oil,
diesel oil and heavy fuel oil belongs to the fraction
A) heavy distillates B) intermediate distillates

C) light ends D) residues

100- Which of the following is a naphthene

A) Butene B) Butadiene

C) Cyclohexane D) Acetylene

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101- With increase in the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms

in hydrocarbon molecules, the density of petroleum products
A) decreases B) increases

C) remains same D) unpredictable from the data

102- Increase in the specific gravity of petroleum products

indicates
A) decrease in paraffin content

B) increase in thermal energy per unit weight

C) increase in aromatic content D) higher H/C ratio

103- Which of the following processes is used for the production

of petroleum coke
A) Stabilization B) Visbreaking

C) Cracking D) Reforming

104- Quinoline is a/an __________ compound

A) sulphur B) nitrogen

C) oxygen D) none of these

105- Visbreaking
A) uses natural gas as feed

B) is carried out at atmospheric pressure

C) produces fuel oil of lower viscosity

D) produces gasoline only

106- LPG when brought to atmospheric pressure & temperature

will be a
A) liquid lighter than water B) liquid heavier than water

C) gas lighter than air D) gas heavier than air

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107- True vapor pressure of a petroleum fraction __________

Reid vapor pressure
A) is less than B) is less than

C) is same as D) may be either more or less than

108- Hydrocracking employs

A) high pressure & temperature

B) low pressure & temperature

C) high pressure and low temperature

D) high temperature and low pressure

109- Sour crude means the __________ bearing crude

A) asphalt B) sulphur compounds

C) wax D) nitrogen compounds

110- The main aim of cracking is to produce

A) gasoline B) lube oil

C) petrolatum D) coke

111- The general formula of naphthenes is

A) CnH2n + 2 B) CnH2n-6 (where, n ≥ 6)

C) CnHn-4 D) same as that for olefins i.e. CnH2n

112- Which of the following has the highest flash point of all
A) Diesel B) Kerosene

C) Kerosene D) Furnace oil

113- The characterization factor of crude petroleum oil is around

A) 3 B) 11

C) 22 D) 28

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114- Presence of aromatics in

A) diesel increases its cetane number

B) kerosene increases its smoke point

C) petrol increases its octane number

D) all (a), (b) and (c)

115- Crude oil is transported inland from oil field to refineries,

mainly by the
A) road tankers B) rail tankers

C) underground pipelines D) none of these

116- Solvent used for dewaxing of petroleum products are

A) furfural B) methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)

C) propane D) both(b)&(c)

117- Molecular weight of crude petroleum may be around

A) 50 B) 250

C) 1500 D) 5000

118- Catalyst used in catalytic polymerization which produces

polymer gasoline is
A) H2SO4 B) H3PO4

C) both (a) and (b) D) AlCl3

119- Which of the following reactions is undesirable in the

production of catalytically reformed gasoline
A) Dehydrogenation of naphthene

B) Dehydrogenation of lower paraffins

C) Dehydrocyclization of higher paraffins

D) Isomerization of paraffins

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120- Feed for reforming is generally

A) naphtha or straight run gasoline B) reduced crude

C) vacuum gas oil D) atmospheric gas oil

121- Which of the following is the most important property for a

jet fuel
A) Cloud point B) Pour point

C) Color D) Freezing point

122- Higher pressure in the reforming reactor

A) increases coke formation

B) increases the rate of reaction

C) produces high octane number gasoline

D) none of these

123- The main reaction in reforming is the

A) dehydrogenation of naphthenes

B) hydrogenation of naphthenes

C) hydrocracking of paraffins

D) saturation of olefins

124- Carbon percentage (by weight) in crude petroleum may be

about
A) 65 B) 75

C) 85 D) 95

125- Clay treatment is used to remove

A) salt from the crude oil

B) color & dissolved gases from cracked gasoline

C) wax from lube oil D) none of these

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126- Highest quality bitumen is produced from the __________

crude oil
A) paraffinic B) naphthenic

C) intermediate D) mixed

127- Aniline point is a property of the

A) diesel B) LPG

C) naphtha D) gasoline

128- Waxes present in petroleum products

A) can be separated out by distillation

B) are not soluble in them

C) crystallize out at low temperature

D) decrease their viscosity

129- Which of the following has the lowest cetane number

A) Aromatics B) n-paraffins

C) i-paraffins D) Naphthenes

E) Olefins

130- Which of the following is not a sulphur compound present in

petroleum
A) Thiophenes B) Mercaptans

C) Sulphones D) Pyroles

131- One of the following could not be removed in desalting

A) suspended salts B) organic chlorides

C) inorganic salts D) dirts

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132- Crude oil entering desalter should be heated to a

temperature in a range of :
A) 60-100 C B) 100-140C

C) 140-160C D) 160-180C

133- The following processes are examples of conversion :

A) Polymerization,extraction,alkylation

B) Reforming,isomerization, polymerization

C) Extraction, catalytic reforming, isomerization

D) Thermal cracking, catalytic cracking, absorption

134- The simplest tray type used in distillation columns is

A) Bubble cap tray B) Valve tray

C) Sieve tray D) None of these

135- The less active chloride compounds in crude oil:

A) Calcium chloride B)Sodium chloride

C) Magnesium chloride D) none of these

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True or false :

1- Material from which oil is formed is called a trap. ( F )

2- In establishment of source beds , the water content diminishes from

between 70 and 80% to 10% ( T )

3- Hydrocarbons molecules contain only carbon and nitrogen. ( F )

4- Hydrocarbons molecules are grouped into many chemical families

according to their structure. ( T )

5- Boiling point of Alkanes rises with increase in molecular weight.( T )

6- The general formula for cycloparaffins having a single ring is

CnH2n+2 ( F )

7- Sulphur concentrations can range from 0.1 to more than 8 weight

percent. ( T )

8- Sulphur might be present in organic forms in : elemental S,

hydrogen sulfide H2S, carbonyl sulfide COS. ( F )

9- Mercaptans or Thiols, CnH2n+1SH or RSH found in low boiling

fractions. ( T )

10- Oxygen Compounds responsible for petroleum acidity. ( T )

11- Furanes and benzofuranes in which an oxygenated ring is

condensed into one or more aromatic rings. ( T )

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12- Crude oil gravity may range from less than 10 °API to over 70 °API,

but most crudes fall in the range of 20 to 45 °API . ( F )

13- In inorganic theory , when carbonates react with alkali metals the

carbides are formed. ( T )

14- Naphthenes are cyclo parrafins . ( T )

15- Cap rock has lower capillary pressure than reservoir rock. ( F )

16- The distributions of the fluids in reservoir rock depends on the

densities of the fluids only . ( F )

17- Separation process depends on the boiling points of the different

components in the crude oil. ( T )

18- The boiling point for cyclo-parrafins is higher than for iso-parrafins.
( T )
19- SP.GR varies inversely with H/C atomic ratio . ( T )

20- The higher pour point so the higher aromatic content . ( F )

21- The more carbon residue , the more asphaltene content . ( T )

22- The higher characterization factor the higher paraffins content and
lower aromatic content . ( T )
23- High of nitrogen content is desirable in crude oil . ( F )

24- The higher cetan number the higher SP.GR of crude oil . ( F )

25- Desalting process should include applying heat from 110°C to

140°C . ( T )

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26- Desalting process should include applying pressure from 10 to 11

kg/cm^3 to avoid vaporization of light component . ( T )

27- Conversion processes involve a change in structure of

hydrocarbon . ( T )

28- In distillation process , the higher volatility the higher boiling point

of liquid mixture . ( F )

29- The two basic type of jet fuels are naphtha and kerosene . ( T )

30- In desalting process , alkali or acid can be added to adjust the PH

of the water wash . ( T )

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Complete :

1- The higher the correlations index the higher aromatics and

naphthenes in crude oil.

2- Permeability in reservoir rock is far higher than that in cap rock.

3- Reservoir rock must passes the following conditions : porosity (

liquid holding capacity ) and permeability (fluid transmitting

capacity ).

4- Sulfur present in crude oil might be in inorganic forms as free

sulfur and hydrogen sulfide.

5- The general formula of Parrafins or Alkanes is : CnH2n+2

6- For Parrafins or Alkanes the boiling point of a branched chain is

lower than for a straight chain hydrocarbon of the same molecular

weight.

7- The chief advantages of catalytic cracking over thermal cracking

are production of gasoline of higher anti knock value and less

formation of light gases and increased production of useful gases.

8- Sulfides have the general formula R— S — R and Disulfides have

the general formula R— S — S — R.

9- Thiophenes and their derivatives, often present in fractions boiling

over 250°C.

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10- Phenols formed by the substitution of a hydrogen atom by a

hydroxyl group( OH ) in an aromatic ring.

11- In crude oil, nitrogen is found mostly in fractions boiling over

250°C and is particularly concentrated in resins and asphaltenes.

12- The sulfur content is expressed as percent sulfur by weight and

varies from less than 0.1% to greater than 5%.

13- Distillation range is the boiling range of the crude gives an

indication of the quantities of the various products present.

14- Vanadium concentrations above 2 ppm in fuel oils can lead to

severe corrosion to turbine blades and deterioration of refractory

furnace linings and stacks

15- A crude oil assay is the chemical evaluation of crude oil

feedstocks by petroleum testing laboratories.

16- Each crude oil type has unique molecular and chemical

characteristics

17- The desalting process removes much of the water-soluble

minerals, and suspended solids that cause equipment corrosion

and catalyst deactivation.

18- Separation Processes are based on differences in the physical

properties of the hydrocarbons .

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19- Gasolines are complex mixtures of hydrocarbons having typical

boiling ranges from 38 to 205°C as determined by the ASTM

method.

20- Commercial cracking catalysts can be divided into three classes :

(1) acidtreated natural aluminosilicates, (2) amorphous synthetic

silica-alumina combinations, and (3) crystalline synthetic silica-

alumina catalysts called zeolites or molecular sieves.

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