Natural Gas Engineering

Review: Concluding Remarks

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GDr Pankaj Tiwari
IIT

IIT Guwahati
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 Natural Gas Engineering

GOR Gas in pipeline

ᵒAPI  Btu content
 Dew point temperature

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Colour  Foreign components
 No particulates

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 Sufficiently dehydrated

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IIT
 Recoverable hydrocarbon
 Condensable water vapor
 Undesirable compounds
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 Natural Gas Engineering
Production system performance  Number of flowing fluids in the reservoir- Gas
 Types of fluids in the reservoir - Compressible
IPR  Flow regimes- Transient/pseduosteady state

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𝑘ℎ[𝑚 𝑝ҧ − 𝑚 𝑝𝑤𝑓 ]  Reservoir Geometry- Radial
𝑞=

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0.472𝑟𝑒
1424𝑇 𝑙𝑛 + 𝑠 + 𝐷𝑞
𝑟𝑤

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𝑘ℎ
𝑆= ∆𝑝
TPR 141.2𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝑠

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ത2
2 𝑧ҧ 2 𝑇
6.67 × 10−4 𝐸𝑥𝑝 𝑠 − 1 𝑓𝑞𝑠𝑐
2 2
𝑝𝑤𝑓 = 𝐸𝑥𝑝 𝑠 𝑝ℎ𝑓 +
𝑑𝑖5 cos 𝜃 𝑠=
0.0375𝛾𝑔 𝐿 cos 𝜃
ҧത
𝑧𝑇

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IIT
CPR 2 𝑘+1 𝑘
𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 2 𝑘−1
𝑘 𝑝𝑑𝑛 𝑘 𝑝𝑑𝑛 𝑘 =
q = 1248𝐶𝐴𝑝𝑢𝑝 − 𝑝𝑢𝑝 𝑘+1
(𝑘−1)𝛾𝑔 𝑇𝑢𝑝 𝑝𝑢𝑝 𝑝𝑢𝑝 𝑐

𝑑 0.3167
𝐶= + + 0.025[log 𝑁𝑅𝑒 − 4]
𝐷 𝑑 0.6
𝐷
IIT Guwahati
Gas Well Performance: IPR

Horizontal
System Performance
Effective wellbore radius

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𝐿
 Predicting the performance under existing condition
𝑟𝑒ℎ 0.5
2 4
 Identifying the bottle neck in the system

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𝑟′𝑤 = ℎ 𝐿 2𝑟𝑒ℎ
𝐿 𝑎= 0.5 + 0.25 +
2 2 𝐿
𝐿 ℎ  Optimizing the performance by conducting sensitivity study

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𝑎 1+ 1−
2𝑎 2𝑟𝑤

Radial Flow of gas in parallel beds

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707.8 𝑝𝑒2 − 𝑝𝑤
𝑞1 + 𝑞2 + 𝑞3 = 𝑟 𝑘1 ℎ1 + 𝑘2 ℎ2 + 𝑘3 ℎ3 Decline Curve Analysis:
𝜇𝑧𝑇𝑓 ln 𝑒
𝑟𝑤
A traditional means of identifying well production
𝑛 𝑟𝑒 problems and predicting well performance and life based
𝑞𝑔 = ෍ 𝑞𝑔𝑖
𝑖−1 𝑟𝑤G in real production data
IIT
ℎ1 𝑘1 𝑞1
 Exponential decline
ℎ2 𝑘2 𝑞2 𝑝𝑒
𝑝𝑤𝑓  Harmonic decline
ℎ3 𝑘3 𝑞3
 Hyperbolic decline
IIT Guwahati
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 Natural Gas Processing

Natural Gas Processing and Transportation

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 Separator design

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 Dehydration and sweetening

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 Compressor stations 𝑑𝑝 𝑔 𝑓𝜌𝑢2 𝜌𝑢𝑑𝑢
= 𝜌𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + +

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𝑑𝐿 𝑔𝑐 2𝑔𝑐 𝐷 𝑔𝑐 𝑑𝐿
 Volumetric measurement

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 Transportation: pipeline design 18.062𝑇𝑏 (𝑝12 − 𝑝22 )𝐷16/3
𝑞ℎ =
𝑝𝑏 𝛾𝑔 𝑇ത 𝑧𝐿
ҧ
 LNG, CNG, GTL,

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IIT

IIT Guwahati
 Natural Gas Processing

Special Problems
Chemically solution:
oil & gas production operations

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Typical Flow Assurance Tasks

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1. Slug flow (liquid loading) Problem Treatment Chemical

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2. Hydrates Hydrate Formation Hydrate Inhibitor
3. Wax Mineral Deposits Scale Inhibitor

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4. Asphaltene Chemical Corrosion Corrosion Inhibitor
5. Scale

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Bacterial Corrosion Bactericide
6. Corrosion
Emulsions (Normal or Emulsion Breakers, Coagulants,
7. Erosion
Reverse) Flocculants

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Paraffin
Defoamer
Paraffin inhibitor, solvent
IIT

 All natural gas downstream from the separators still contains water vapor to some degree

IIT Guwahati
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 Natural Gas Processing

PIG: Pipeline Inspection Gauge or

Pipeline Intervention Gadget

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 Utility pigs- to perform cleaning, separation and dewatering
IIT
 Inline inspection tools- to monitor pipeline, extent and location of any problem

 Gel pigs- used in conjunction with conventional pigs to optimize pipeline

dewatering, cleaning etc.

IIT Guwahati
 Natural Gas Engineering

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Thank You

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!! Good luck !! For the Exam

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Dr Pankaj Tiwari
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Pankaj.Tiwari@iitg.ac.in
IIT
+91-361-258-2263

IIT Guwahati
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