ASSIGNMENT 1

Geographical information system

Chandigarh College of Architecture

Santosh Kumar March16/19
1. Define GIS. Also, write names of three GIS software available globally.

--- GIS (geographic information system) is a system designed and used to

capture, store, manipulate, analyze and present spatial or geographic
data. These are software use in GIS,
1. Arch GIS
2. Geomedia
3. global Mapper

2. Discuss different components of GIS .

--- A working GIS integrates five key components: hardware, software,

data, people, and methods.
Hardware
Hardware is the computer on which a GIS operates.
Software
GIS software provides the functions and tools needed to store,
analyze, and display geographic information. Key software
components are: · Tools , A database management system (DBMS) ,A
graphical user interface (GUI).
Data
Possibly the most important component of a GIS is the data.
Geographic data and related tabular data can be collected in-house or
purchased from a commercial data provider.
People
GIS technology is of limited value without the people who manage the
system and develop plans for applying it to real world problems.
Methods
A successful GIS operates according to a well-designed plan and
business rules, which are the models and operating practices unique
to each organization.
3. Write short on the following with reference to GIS (with at least one
case study/research paper)

---- a) Urban Planning

GIS technology is used to analyze the urban growth and its direction of
expansion, and to find suitable sites for further urban development.
These are some of the steps can be develop by the help of GIS.
Resource inventory
Analysis of existing situations
Modeling and projection
Development of planning options
Selection of planning options
Plan implementation

Case Study—Madrid, Spain Madrid Uses GIS to Meet Government

Regulation.
According to Spanish law, every city must have a General Urban
Management Plan. Such a plan defines the rules for expanding a city
and its infrastructure, for building real estate, and for protecting
historical areas.
Once the plan was submitted and approved, it had to be executed. To
meet the legal framework of its scheme, the city needed a GIS that
could update information daily and make it available to more than 20
district offices. A corporate database was created using ESRI’s ArcSDE®
ArcInfo® was selected to convert information contained in hundreds of
computer-aided design (CAD) files, create topology, and verify the
data’s accuracy. The database became a repository of vital information
that was quickly adopted by more than 1,000 users.
The GIS has improved the lives of many of Madrid’s citizenry. For
example, the Public Service office reports that it has vastly improved
its customer services.
b) Land records
Land records consist of various types of information (property maps,
sale deeds) and are maintained across different departments at the
district or village level. These departments work in silos, and the data
across departments is not updated properly. Hence, discrepancies are
often noted in land records.
Survey of India mapping land record with help of GIS
Gaothan, Maharastra.
SoI has undertaken mapping of the Village Gaothan (Aabadi) areas in
the State of Maharashtra covering more than 40,000 villages. SoI has
also initiated LSM mapping for complete state of Haryana using
drone technology.
These village Gaothan areas in Maharashtra have not been surveyed
earlier and no revenue records for these areas are available with the
state government. These village areas will be mapped at 1:500 scale
covering all land parcels in the village for preparing the accurate
revenue maps and GIS database. Orthorectified image base maps at
1:500 scale with an accuracy of ± 10 cm will be prepared first,
followed with GIS data preparation as per state requirements. Drone
survey will be pivotal to fix locations of village boundaries, canals,
canal limits, agriculture field limits and roads in these villages.

In its assigned role as the nation's Principal Mapping Agency, Survey

of India bears a special responsibility to ensure that the country's
domain is explored and mapped suitably, provide base maps for
expeditious and integrated development and ensure that all
resources contribute with their full measure to the progress,
prosperity and security of our country now and for generations to
come. National Map Policy (NMP), 2005 mandates SoI to prepare,
maintain and update the National Topographic database (NTDB) of
the country comprising datasets of National Spatial Reference
Framework (NSRF), National Digital Elevation Model (DEM), National
Topographic Template, Administrative boundaries, Toponymy (Place
names).
c) Conservation and Management plan of Museum/Architectural
bldg.
The integration of GIS, Remote Sensing and modeling technologies
applied to the field of Cultural Heritage Conservation can be an
important tool for management and decision making. This article will
present a study regarding the applicability of GIS in cultural heritage
conservation, documentation and promotion in Bihor County Romania

Wooden Churches in Bihor In the XX-nth century the number of the

wooden churches in Bihor County decreased year by year. If in 1931
were 150 wooden churches, in 1970 were 73 and today only 60
wooden remained. In the basin of Crișul Repede river 15 wooden
churches are declared and classified as monuments.
d) Disaster Management
Disasters are spatial in nature as they strike at a specific location and
influence a particular area. Hence, location intelligence plays a critical
role in disaster management. GIS coupled with remote sensing
provides a basic framework that helps in all the stages of disaster
management starting from preparedness, to response and recovery.
the following step can be achieve with the help of GIS,
Prediction, Prevention, Mitigation, Management and Racovery.

GIS BASED CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR ALLAHABAD DISTRICT

The disaster management is a multi-disciplinary Endeavour, requiring
many types of data with spatial and temporal attributes that should be
available to district administrators in the right format for decision-
making. The volume of information needed for natural disasters far
exceeds the capacity to deal with them manually and thus there is a
need for a GIS based information system. Figure 1 shows the proposed
organogram for Allahabad district. According to DDMA, (District
Disaster Management Authority, Ministry of Home Affairs,
Government of India) disaster management authority is governed by
chairman (District Magistrate) and nominated officers and the co-
chairman is elected member of Zila Panchayat (Adhyaksh Zila
Panchayat). The whole disaster management plan runs through 11
committees. These committees are supported by 26 district level
department which are represented by A-Z alphabet.
e) Climate Change
Skillful expertize is required for the climate change detection through
GIS techniques. Different information, ex pests, plant genetic
resources and crop production and then these data united with the
environmental datasets, such as land cover, weather for measurement
of their current distribution and potential future estimated
distribution under various scenarios of climatic change. Many
environmental analysts using this technology for understanding such
climatic complex issues and offering some important solutions.

GIS application in forest management in Africa In Kenya:

Kenya has a wide range of forests, from coastal forest, through central
high mountain forests to the thick wet rainforests of the West. Forests
are an important source of livelihood, environmental services, and
economic growth in Kenya. Wachiye e pointed out that Kenyan forest
are biologically rich and harbor high concentrations of endemic
species. They are a vital resource that serves the inhabitants of coastal
areas. Mangroves provide wood products for house construction,
firewood and other non-wood forest products such as tannins and
medicine. Arabuko Sokoke Forest, covering 41,600 ha, is the largest
single block of coastal forest remaining in East Africa. It is the only
forest reserve where the Forest Department has invited three partners
to jointly manage the forest. The three partners are the Kenya Wildlife
Service, Kenya Forestry Research Institute and National Museums of
Kenya. This is in recognition of the importance of the forest as a
biodiversity hotspot and its link with neighboring communities.
Arabuko Sokoke Forest needs to be protected and conserved for
present and future generations. Strategies for conservation must
address shortand long-term goals of forest management.
e) Medical science
Geographic information systems are a sophisticated form of mapping
software that enables users to visually display input data associated
with a designated project. Displaying data visually allows users to see
geographical groupings of patient demographic data in a new way.
Furthermore, the program allows users to run statistical tests and
answer ‘what if’ questions that can arise as a result of direct or
indirect changes that take place. Following can be achieve by help of
GIS.
Identifying Health Trends
Tracking the Spread of Infectious Disease
Utilizing Personal Tech
Incorporating Social Media
Improving Services

More modern disease map showing deaths from heart disease

among white males in the US from 2000–2004
4. What are the different challenges faced by the GIS engineers?(Any
four)

---- Integration with traditional maps is difficult:

A GIS system is made up of extremely complex map structures and
information that may be difficult to integrate with the traditional maps
to gain any meaningful information. This means a GIS system only
works with and interprets information that has been collected using
the software from the start.
Some data analysis is impossible to perform:
Because of the complexity of the data structures captured or recorded
in a GIS system, some spatial data may be impossible to analyze hence
leading to incomplete information. Not all information captured in a
GIS system can be analyzed completely.
Difficulty in projection transformation:
Sometimes it may be difficult to perform a projection transformation
using a GIS system thanks to the complexity of the data structures.
Large storage:
GIS data requires extremely large storage space due to the large data
sizes and data types used. This also increases the cost of storage and
the manpower required to manipulate the data to make sense.
5. Who is known as “Father of GIS”? Write short note on the works done
by him.

--- Dr. Roger Tomlinson (1933-2014) is generally recognized as the "father

of GIS.” He is the visionary geographer who conceived and developed
the first GIS for use by the Canada Land Inventory in the early
1960s. This and continuing contributions led the Canadian government
to give him its highest civilian award, the Order of Canada, in
2001. Text for that award reads, “he pioneered its uses worldwide to
collect, manage, and manipulate geographical data, changing the face
of geography as a discipline.”

The Canadian government and Tomlinson began working towards the

development of a national program after a 1962 meeting between
Tomlinson and Lee Pratt, head of the Canada Land Inventory (CLI). Pratt
was charged with creation of maps covering the entire region of
Canada's commercially productive areas by showing agriculture,
forestry, wildlife, and recreation, all with the same classification
schemes. Not only was the development of such maps a formidable
task, but Pratt understood that computer automation may assist in the
analytical processes as well. Tomlinson was the first to produce a
technical feasibility study on whether computer mapping programs
would be viable solution for the land-use inventory and management
programs, such as CLI. He is also given credit for coining the
term geographic information system and is recognized as the 'Modern
Father of GIS' " (Wikipedia article on Canada Geographic Information
System, accessed 12-07-2013).
In 1974 Tomlinson received a PhD from the University College London
after writing a doctoral thesis entitled The application of electronic
computing methods and techniques to the storage, compilation, and
assessment of mapped data. In 1976 with H. W. Calkins and Duane F.
Marble, he issued through UNESCO Press Computer Handling of
Geographical Data: An Examination of Selected Geographic
Information Systems. Natural Resources Research Ser. XIII.