Measuring instruments

Mr.P.Krishna
Assistant Professor, EE
RGUKT-Nuzvid
 Types
1) Indicating instruments: instantaneous
value of electrical quantity at the time of
measurement only
2) Recording instruments: continuous
record of electrical quantity with respect
to time
3) Integrating instruments: register the
quantity of electricity supplied over a
period of time

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 Electrical measurement:
Quantity Measuring
instrument
Voltage Voltmeter
Current Ammeter
Power Wattmeter
Energy Energy meter
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 Indicating instruments:
Essentially consist of

A pointer

A calibrated scale

A moving system

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 Indicating instruments:
The moving system is subjected to THREE distinct torques

1.Deflecting(or operating) Torque

2.Controlling(or restoring) Torque

3.Damping (or stabilizing) torque

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 Deflecting Torque(Td)
This is responsible to move the pointer

Proportional to the quantity being measured

It acts in the direction of Full Scale Deflection (FSD)

Produced magnetically or electro-statically or thermally

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 Deflecting Torque Td

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 Controlling Torque (Tc)
Which controls the movement of the pointer and Opposes

Deflecting torque.

Equal to Deflecting torque numerically

Increases with the deflection of the pointer

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 Controlling Torque Tc

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 Controlling Torque Tc
Usually obtained by
1) Spring control method
2) Gravity control method

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 Spring control method
Spring of large number turns
Made of phosphor bronze
Attached to moving system, which resting between two
pivots
Td is proportional to current through the instrument
Tc is proportional to deflection

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 Gravity control method

Adjustable weight is fitted to the moving system

Controlling torque is proportional sine of angle of deflection
The instrument using gravity control must be operated in
vertical position only

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 Damping Torque
The pointer will oscillate before coming to rest

Which acts opposite to the oscillations of the pointer bringing it to

rest

Opposes the motion

Vanishes when the pointer attains steady deflection

Should be done in the least possible time

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 Damping Torque
Can be provided by

Air-friction damping

Fluid-friction
Fluid friction damping

Eddy-current damping(most efficient form of damping)

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 Classification of instruments
(based on type of elements)

1) Electrical instrument
2) Electronic instrument
3) Digital instrument

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 Classification of instruments
(based on construction)

1. Moving coil instrument

2. Moving iron instrument

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Permanent magnet moving coil(PMMC) instrument

Construction :
Magnetic system
Moving coil
Controlling springs
Pointer and scale
Damping

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 PMMC instrument

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 PMMC instrument working principle
It works on the principle of a d.c.motor.

When current is passed through the coil,it produces magnetic flux.

This flux interacts with the main flux of the pole.

The magnetic unbalance exerts a force on the conductor in the

direction of least flux density.

As the coil is free to move, it moves making a deflection from its

initial rest position.

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 PMMC instrument working principle

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 PMMC instrument working principle

The magnitude of force exerted on both sides of the coil

is equal to sum of F1 and F2

F=F1+F2

Since the number of turns on both sides of the coil are

equal F1 =F2

The total force on the coil=2F1

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Deflecting torque and controlling torque:
Let,
B=Flux density in the air gap in Weber per Meter square
L=length of the coil in meters
b=breadth of the coil in meters
A=Area of the coil in meter square
N=Number of turns of the coil
I=Current passing through the coil in Amperes

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Deflecting torque and controlling torque contd..

Force on the conductor/turn F1=BIL newtons

For ‘N’ number of turns the force F1=BILN newtons

Deflecting torque = Total force x distance from shaft

Td =2F1 x b/2

Td = F1b

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Deflecting torque and controlling torque contd..

Td = F1b
=BILN b
=BIN Lb
=BIN A
Td =NBAI
Since N,B,A are constants, Td is directly proportional to I
At deflected position
Deflecting Torque =Controlling Torque

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Deflecting torque and controlling torque contd..
Td = Tc
For spring control method Controlling Torque is directly
proportional to angle of deflection, Tc α Ø
From above expression Td α I
Iα Ø
The angle of deflection is proportional to the current in
the coil
Since the deflection is directly proportional to the
magnitude of the current, the scale of the instrument is
uniform
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 Damping Mechanism
In this type of instruments eddy current damping is used.
The aluminum former on which the coil is wound also
moves in the magnetic field.
EMF is induced in the former due to which an eddy current
flows in it.
The magnetic flux sets up by this eddy current acts as
damping force.

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 Applications:
Moving coil instruments are used to measure d.c.voltages and
d.c.currents
Used as ammeter with the help of a parallel low resistance
Used as voltmeter by using a high series resistance

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