Classification:

A. Attraction type
B. Repulsion type

Mr.P.Krishna, EE Department, IIITN 23 January 2020 2

A piece of an un magnetized soft iron is brought up near a

current carrying coil

It would be attracted into the coil

The coil is flat and has a narrow slot like opening

The moving iron is a flat disc or oval shaped eccentrically

mounted

Mr.P.Krishna, EE Department, IIITN 23 January 2020 3

When the current flows through the coil, Moving iron moves
from weaker field outside the coil to the stronger field inside
The passage of current through the coil will cause the pointer
to deflect
The amount of deflection produced would be greater when the
current passing is greater

Mr.P.Krishna, EE Department, IIITN 23 January 2020 4

 Pointer Air chamber

Balance Weight
Moving Iron

Control weight

Coil winding

Mr.P.Krishna, EE Department, IIITN 23 January 2020 5

Deflecting torque Td α I2

Controlling torque Tc α θ

At steady position of deflection

Td = Tc

I2 α θ

Or I α root θ

Mr.P.Krishna, EE Department, IIITN 23 January 2020 6

 Basically it consists of

1) A fixed coil which consists of two soft iron rods

2) A moving iron

When current is passed through the fixed coil

It sets up own magnetic field

Mr.P.Krishna, EE Department, IIITN 23 January 2020 7

Which magnetizes the two rods similarly

The adjacent points on the length of the rods will have the

same magnetic polarity

Hence they repel each other

The pointer is deflected against the controlling torque of the

spring

Mr.P.Krishna, EE Department, IIITN 23 January 2020 8

 Pointer Coil

Fixed Iron

Moving Iron

Air chamber

Mr.P.Krishna, EE Department, IIITN 23 January 2020 9

The force of repulsion is approximately proportional to the
square of the current
Deflecting torque α square of the current
Controlling torque Tc α θ
At steady position of deflection
Td = Tc
I2 α θ
Or I α root θ

Mr.P.Krishna, EE Department, IIITN 23 January 2020 10

This type of instruments can be used for

D.C. supply

As well as A.C. supply

Mr.P.Krishna, EE Department, IIITN 23 January 2020 11

 Comparison between M.C & M.I Instruments

Moving Coil meter Moving Iron meter

How is construction ?
Delicate Simple and rugged

What is the Scale on display ?

Uniform Cramped at beginning
and at the end

What are the Moving parts ?

Coil Soft iron sheet

Mr.P.Krishna, EE Department, IIITN 23 January 2020 12

 Comparison between M.C & M.I Instruments

Moving Coil meter Moving Iron meter

Deflection is proportional to ?
Current Square of the current

Type of Damping ?
Eddy current Air

Controlling Torque is by ?
Spring Gravity or Spring

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 Comparison between M.C & M.I Instruments
Moving Coil meter Moving Iron meter
Sensitivity ?
High Low
Cost ?
High Low

Power consumption ?
Low High
Type of supply on which it can be used ?
DC AC or DC

Mr.P.Krishna, EE Department, IIITN 23 January 2020 14

 It basically consists of two coils

1) Fixed coil

2) Moving coil

These coils are connected in different circuits for measurement

of power

Fixed coils are connected in series with the load

Mr.P.Krishna, EE Department, IIITN 23 January 2020 15

The fixed coils are also called as current coils or simply c.c. of

the wattmeter

They are wound with heavy wire with few turns

Moving coil is connected across the load

It carries current proportional to voltage

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The moving coil is also called as the pressure coil or voltage
coil or simply p.c. of the wattmeter

Both the coils are air-cored

air cored

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 Pointer

Moving coils

Fixed field
coils

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When current is passes through the fixed coil it produce
magnetic flux in the air gap
The flux produced by current coil and pressure coil
interact producing a torque proportional to the power
The power indicating in scale reading is the mean power
Most of the watt meters provide a multiple range

Mr.P.Krishna, EE Department, IIITN 23 January 2020 19

Pressure coil range and current coil range

The reading have to be made with reference to multiplying

factor

Multiplying factor=(Selected voltage range x selected current

range)/Full scale reading of the wattmeter

Mr.P.Krishna, EE Department, IIITN 23 January 2020 20

 I2

F M F

I1 I1

I1
I2 l
supply High o
a
Resistance d

Mr.P.Krishna, EE Department, IIITN 23 January 2020 21

The fixed coil carries a current I1

The moving coil carries a current I2

Which is proportional to the voltage V

Since the two coils are air-cored, the flux produced is directly

proportional to the current I1

Mr.P.Krishna, EE Department, IIITN 23 January 2020 22

Torque produced is proportional to the power

Deflecting torque ά power

Td άVI1 cosΦ

The spindle carries two hair springs which acts as controlling

torque

Controlling torque ά angle of deflection

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Tc ά θ

At final deflected position

Td = Tc

Power ά angle of deflection

VI1 cosΦ ά θ

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Mr.P.Krishna, EE Department, IIITN 23 January 2020 25
Dynamometer type watt meters can be used to measure
power in

D.C.circuits

A.C. circuits

The watt meters can also be used as Ammeter and Voltmeter

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• It consists of two electromagnets placed between a light
aluminum disc
• The disc is fixed to spindle and free to rotate
• The spindle at one end carries a worm wheel to which a
cyclometer is geared
• Braking magnets are placed in both sides of the aluminum disc

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The E-shaped electromagnetic core carries a winding α

Voltage

shaped magnet carries a coil α current in the circuit

The U-shaped

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Mr.P.Krishna, EE Department, IIITN 23 January 2020 30
When current passing through

Both pressure coil and current coil

Produces a flux which has phase difference of 90 0

These flux produce a rotating field on the aluminum disc

The deflecting torque is given by

Td α W ø1m ø2m Sin α N

Mr.P.Krishna, EE Department, IIITN 23 January 2020 31

Where

ø1m and ø2m are Max .fluxes produced by two electromagnets

α –angle between these fluxes

W –speed of the aluminum disc

N—total number of revolutions

Mr.P.Krishna, EE Department, IIITN 23 January 2020 32

Speed of the aluminum disc is α power of the load

The time is registered by the cyclometer

Energy is the product of power and time

The combination of cyclometer and revolution of the disc

gives the energy of the circuit

Total number of revolutions

0∫ N dt α 0∫t W dt
t I.e. electric energy

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A gear train is provided to count the revolution of the disc

The Induction type energy meter is used to measure the energy

consumed by the given circuit

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 Is an electronic measuring instrument that
combines several measurement functions in
one unit.
A typical multimeter can measure voltage,
current and resistance.
Also known as VOM(Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter)

Types:
1) Analog multimeters
2) Digital multimeters

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Mr.P.Krishna, EE Department, IIITN 23 January 2020 36
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1. Have high input impedance, so there is no
loading effect.
2. Higher accuracy.
3. Available in small size.
4. Display so easy and accurate reading.
5. Automatic range adjustment.
6. Easy to carry

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1. Needs battery for operation
2. Internal circuit is complex
3. Costlier than the analog multimeter.

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