ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance and assistance
from many people and we are extremely fortunate to have got this all along the
completion of our project work. Whatever we have done are only due to such guidance
and assistance and we would not forget to thank them.

We respect and thank to our director Mr.N.K.A Roopasinghe, for giving us an

opportunity to do the project work in Fly ash brick and providing us all support and
guidance which made us complete the project on time. We are extremely grateful to him
for providing such a nice support and guidance though he had busy lecture schedule.

We owe our profound gratitude to our project guide Mr. Ilyas Mujibar (BIO ENERGY
SOLUTION (PRIVATE) LIMITED) who took keen interest on our project work and
guided us all along, till the completion of our project work by providing all the necessary
information and main material Fly ash for free of charge as soon as possible.

We would not forget to remember Mrs. Shihani and Mr. Ranjith Nishantha , for their
unlisted encouragement and more over for their timely support and guidance till the
completion of our project work.

We are thankful to and fortunate enough to get constant encouragement, support and
guidance from all academic & non-academic staffs of Department of Engineering which
helped us in successfully completing our project work.

Our team was together as a family, sharing all the happiness, hardships and even the
personal matters, during the last months. Each member contributed maximum to make
this a success. We would like to thank all other colleagues that were not mentioned here
for their great support provided.

1
 IDENTIFICATION

PROJECT NAME : FLY ASH BRICKS

SUBJECT : PROJECT

COURSE : HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN CIVIL

ENGINEERING

NAME & REG NO

1. S.P.G RANDIKA HNDE/F/E/2012/041

2. M.I GHOUSE HNDE/F/E/2012/029

3. U.C SIRIWARDANA HNDE/F/E/2012/043

4. P.A.L MILAN HNDE/F/E/2012/044

5. R.M.M.S RAMANAYAKA HNDE/F/E/2012/036

2
 ABSTRACT

Fly Ash bricks can be extensively used in all building constructional activities
Similar to that of common burnt clay bricks. The fly ash bricks are
comparatively lighter in weight and stronger than common clay bricks. Since
fly ash is being accumulated as waste material in large quantity near thermal
power plants and creating serious environmental pollution problems, its
utilization as main raw material in the manufacture of bricks will not only
create ample opportunities for its proper and useful disposal but also help in
environmental pollution control to a greater extent in the surrounding areas of
power plants.

Also 180 billion tones of common burnt clay bricks are consumed annually
Approximately 340 billion tones of clay- about 5000 acres of top layer of soil dug
Out for bricks manufacture, soil erosion, emission from coal burning or fire woods
Which causes deforestation are the serious problems posed by brick industry. The
above problems can be reduced some extent by using fly ash bricks.

The object of this project is to represent the information regarding Fly Ash bricks
and plant, properties and their uses in a most concise, compact and to the point
manner. And also in this project various laboratory experiments were carried out
on fly ash bricks samples. Some of them are Compressive strength study, water
absorption study etc.

3
 PREFACE

Higher National Diploma in engineering which has three years academic works and six
months in-plant training, producing students with innovative technical-know-how. The
available departments of the institute are Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering,
and Mechanical Engineering further been specialized as options.

This report presents an overview of our project integrated assignment. It covers the
back ground of project and information relevant to our project. This report consists of 05
Numbers of chapters.

The first chapter presents an overall view of the project introduction. Then, the other
chapters are illustrates clearly about project procedures as well as an aspects, which we
have to obtain.

4
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgement 1

Identification 2

Abstract 3

Preface 4

Table of Content 5

List of Tables 7

List of Figures 8

1. Introduction 9

1.1. Fly Ash: An Overview 10

1.2. Chemical composition of fly ash 11

1.3. Physical properties of fly ash 11

1.4 Amount of fly ash generated in Sri Lanka 12

1.5 Environmental Impacts of Fly Ash 13

1.5.1 Disaster in East Tennessee 13

2. Fly Ash Bricks 14

2.1. Introduction 15

2.2. Types of Fly Ash Bricks 17

2.3. Raw materials and Sources 17

2.4. Dimensions of Fly Ash Brick 18

2.5. Advantages of fly ash bricks 18

2.6. Disadvantages of Clay bricks 20

5
3. Manufacturing Process 21

3.1. Manufacturing process of fly ash bricks 22

3.2. How the project carried out 24

3.2.1. Determine the Mix proportion ratio for different types

24
Of Fly Ash bricks
3.2.2. Casting of Fly ash bricks 25

4. Testing of fly ash bricks 30

4.1. Determination of water absorption 31

4.2. Determination of compressive strength of fly ash bricks 32

5. Discussion, Conclusion & References 34

5.1 Discussion 35
5.2 Conclusion 36
5.3 Reference 38

6
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Table Description Page No.

Chemical properties of fly ash 11

Table 1

Physical properties of fly ash 11

Table 2
18
Table 3 Dimensions of the Fly Ash Brick
24
Mix proportion for brick No 01
Table 4
24
Table 5
Mix proportion for brick No 02
25
Table 6 Mix proportion for brick No 03

Table 7 Water absorption test results 31

Compressive strength test results 33

Table 8

Table 9 Comparison of Fly ash bricks and ordinary red clay

37
Bricks

7
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. No Figure Description Page No.

Figure 01 Fly Ash 10

Figure 02 Emory River after disaster 13

Figure 03 Fly ash bricks V/s Clay Bricks 15

Figure 04 Damaged brick wall 20

Figure 05 Fly ash brick making procedure 22

Figure 06 Flow Sheet for the manufacture of Fly ash bricks 23

Figure 07 Cement 25

Figure 08 Sand + Fly Ash 25

Figure 09 Fly Ash Sand Mixture 25

Figure 10 After adding Cement 26

Figure 11 Adding Water 26

Figure 12 Checking the water amount 26

Figure 13 Brick making Machine 27

Figure 14 Set the base plate 27

Figure 15 Put the mixture into the mould 27

Figure 16 Fill up to top level 27

Figure 17 Manual compression 28

Figure 18 Pick the Brick with care 28

Figure 19 Left to Air dry 28

Figure 20 Curing 29

Figure 21 Fly Ash Brick 29

8
 CHAPTER 01
INTRODUCTION

9
1.1 FLY ASH: AN OVERVIEW:

Fly ash is the by-product of coal combustion collected by the mechanical or electrostatic

Precipitator before the flue gases reaches the chimneys of thermal power
stations in very large volumes. All fly ash contain significant amounts of
silicon dioxide (SiO 2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), iron oxide (Fe2O3), calcium
oxide (CaO), and magnesium oxide (MgO) however, the actual composition
varies from plant to plant depending on the coal burned and the type of burner
employed. Fly ash also contains trace elements such as mercury, arsenic,
antimony, chromium, selenium, lead, cadmium, nickel, and zinc.

Figure 1: Fly ash

They are Class F and Class C which are categorized depending upon chemical properties
Of fly ash. Class F fly ash, is available in larger quantities, which is generally low in
Lime, less than 15%, and contains greater combination of silica, alumina and iron
(More than 70%) compared to Class C fly ash. Class F is a solution to a wide range of
Summer concreting problems and it is often recommended for using where concrete
May be exposed to sulphate ions in soil and ground water. Class C fly ash normally
Comes from coal which produces an ash with higher lime content, generally more
Than 15%, often as high as 30%. Also, high Calcium Oxide (CaO) gives Class C
Self hardening characteristics. Class C is mostly used in situations where higher early
Strengths are important.

10
1.2 Chemical composition of fly ash

The chemical composition of the sample has been obtained with the help an X-ray
Fluorescence.

compound Content %

SiO2 59.0

Al2O3 21.0

Fe2O3 3.7

CaO 6.9

MgO 1.4

SO3 1.0

K2O 0.9

Table 01: Chemical properties of fly ash

1.3 Physical properties of the Fly ash

colour whitish gray / black

Bulk density (g/cm3) 0.994

Specific gravity 2.288

Moisture (%) 3.14

Average particle size (m) 6.92

Table 02: Physical properties of fly ash

11
1.4 AMOUNT OF FLY ASH GENERATED IN SRILANKA:

Sri Lanka's state-owned power generator plans to fly ash produced from the coal power
Plants at Norochcholai to domestic firms for cement manufacturing.
The 300 MW coal power units at the Lakvijaya Power Station in Norochcholai
Continuously produces fly ash during power generation and the by product, which has to
Be disposed, can be used for the cement manufacturing process and other industrial
Activities in the industrial sector, the government said.

The second 300 MW units commenced its operations in April 2014 and the Unit 3 will be
Operational in September 2014.

Fly ash production per unit annually is 75,000 tons and a total of 150,000 tons per
Year will be produced from these two units. [http://www.colombopage.com]

12
1.5 Environmental Impacts of Fly Ash

Fly ash is generally considered as a waste material, that is produced as a bypr oduct
of coal combustion process. Fly ash production has increased up to 900 million tons per
year by 2014 and it is anticipated to increase up to about 2000 million tons in year 2020.
In Sri Lanka alone, about 150,000 tones of fly ash are produced annually.

About 30 percent of this ash is re-used for various applications while the rest
is being dumped as waste Disposal of fly ash in open dumps cause massive
environmental problems such as ground water contamination, spills of bulk storage and
ground pollution by heavy metals. It may create various health problems. Therefore
utilization of fly ash as a useful product is essential in today’s world for a sustainable coal
industry.

Since coal contains trace levels of trace elements (like e.g. arsenic, barium,
beryllium, boron, cadmium, chromium, thallium, selenium, molybdenum and mercury),
fly ash obtained after combustion of this coal contains enhanced concentrations of these
elements, and therefore the potential of the ash to cause groundwater pollution needs to
be evaluated.

1.5.1 Disaster in East Tennessee

In December, 2008 coal ash spill in Tennessee - America's largest environmental disaster
- is providing new insights, and renewed investigation, into this unsightly and dangerous
byproduct of coal-fired power plants. The coal ash that spilled from a failed
impoundment at Kingston plant in eastern Tennessee filled the Emory River, creating
huge mounds of toxic waste that locals called "ashbergs."

Figure 02: Emory River after disaster

13
 CHAPTER 0 2
FLY ASH BRICK

14
2.1 INTRODUCTION:
Production of burnt clay bricks requires consumption of coal leading to green house
gas emissions. The primary raw material used for bricks is the soil, which is often taken
from prime agricultural land, causing land degradation as well as economic loss
due to diversion of agricultural land. Use of traditional technologies in firing the bricks
results in significant local air pollution.
The burnt clay brick industry in Sri Lanka produces over millions of
clay bricks annually with a strong impact on soil erosion and unprocessed
emissions. At the same time, the thermal power plants continue to produce a huge
amount of fly ash, disposal of which poses significant challenges for the power plants.
Production of building materials, particularly bricks using fly ash is considered to be
one of the solutions to the ever-increasing fly ash disposal problem in the country.
Although there exist several technologies for producing fly ash bricks.

Figure 03: Clay brick vs. Fly ash brick

15
 Fly Ash bricks can be extensively used in all building constructional activities
similar to that of common burnt clay bricks. The fly ash bricks are comparatively lighter
in weight and stronger than common clay bricks.

Since fly ash is being accumulated as waste material in large

quantity near thermal power plants and creating serious environmental pollution
problems, its utilization as main raw material in the manufacture of bricks will not only
create ample opportunities for its proper and useful disposal but also help in
environmental pollution control to a greater extent in the surrounding areas of power
plants.

Fly-Ash Bricks can largely used in various constructions, such as load

bearing and pillar structure Buildings, Boundary walls, Roads, Culverts, Pavements,
and wherever conventional bricks can be used. These fly ash bricks can attain very
regular and uniform shapes. As no burning is involved, so the shape also remains
unchanged.

As a result, the final Brick work with these fly ash bricks consumes
less mortar to build, less mortar to plaster. Not only this, even exposed brickwork
(without plastering) is a good durable structure. So people prefer to leave the fly
ash Bricks Brickworks in garages, boundary walls etc. un-plastered.

16
2.2 TYPES OF FLY ASH BRICKS

1. Fly ash Lime Brick

2. Fly ash Cement Brick

2.3 RAW MATERIALS AND SOURCES

For Fly ash Lime Brick : Fly Ash + Lime + Gypsum + Sand

For Fly ash Cement Brick : Fly Ash + OPC Cement + Sand

In our project we used to work with the Fly ash Cement Brick.

1. Fly-Ash:
This is main material of the brick. This Raw material is freely available
in Thermal Power plants. There are no taxes on this item whatsoever. Transportation
charges are only to be attended by the entrepreneur.

2. OPC Cement:
It will give faster strength to the bricks, besides giving improved
consistent quality. It also ensures a better cost effectiveness for the same. Using OPC
will be a standardized practice compared to Lime, as, unlike OPC, Lime quality changes
widely across suppliers and across seasons. The other prime advantages of using
OPC (compared to Lime) are its easy availability locally through nationwide Retail
Network of Cement Companies.

3. Sand
Sand is used as an economizer and to increase the strength of bricks to
some extent. Sand is procured locally. Crusher dust can also be successfully used in
place of sand.

17
2.4 Dimensions of the Fly Ash Brick

Length (L) Width (W) Height (H)

mm mm mm
230 110 65

Table 03: Dimensions of the Fly Ash Brick

2.5 Advantages of Fly Ash Bricks

1. Environmental friendly: Consumes Fly ash

Saves invaluable top soil
Needs no burning
2. Uniform Shape: Easier and faster Brick working.

Less Mortar in Brick work.

Less Mortar in Plaster.

3. Better heat & sound insulation compared to red Bricks

4. Far Lesser brakeage during handling & transportation.

5. Better Vibration resistance compared to red Bricks

6. Light weight

7. Economical

8. High strength

9. High compressive strength

10. Moisture resistance

 Applicability:

The blocks being available in several load bearing grades are suitable for use:-

 Non - load bearing internal walls in low and medium size structures.
 Non - load bearing internal or external walls in high-rise buildings.

18
 Appearance:

These bricks have a pleasing colour like cement, are uniform in shape and smooth in

Finish, also, they require no plastering for building work. The bricks are of dense

Composition, uniformly shaped with/without a frog, free from visible cracks, warp-

Age, organic matter, pebbles and nodules of free lime. They are lighter in weight than

Ordinary clay bricks and less porous too. The colour of fly ash bricks can be altered

With the addition of admixtures during the process of brick making.

 Structural Capability:

These bricks can provide advantages being available in several load-bearing grades,

savings in mortar plastering, and giving smart looking brickwork. High compressive

strength eliminates breakages/wastages during transport and handling, the cracking of

plaster is reduced due to lower thickness of joints and plaster and basic material of the

bricks, which is more compatible with cement mortar.

 Thermal properties:

Thermal conductivity is less than those of concrete blocks. These bricks do not absorb

heat; they reflect heat and gives maximum light reflection without glare.

 Fire and vermin resistance:

Fly ash bricks have a good fire rating. It has no problems of vermin attacks or

Infestation.

19
2.6 Disadvantages of using Clay Bricks

In view of superior quality and eco-friendly nature, and government support the
demand for Fly Ash Bricks has picked up. Also 180 billion tones of common
burnt clay bricks are consumed annually approximately 340 billion tones of clay-
about 50000 acres of top layer of soil dug out for bricks manufacture, soil erosion,
emission from coal burning or fire woods which causes deforestation are the serious
problems posed by brick industry. The above problems can be reduced some extent by
using fly ash bricks.

 Since bricks absorb water easily, therefore, it causes fluorescence when not exposed
to air
 Bricks required lots of mortar to build a wall
 Easily can damaged

Figure 04: damaged brick wall

20
 CHAPTER 3

MANUFACTURING PROCESS

21
3.1 MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF FLY ASH BRICKS:

Fly ash, sand and cement are manually fed into a pan mixer where water is added in
the required proportion for intimate mixing. The proportion of the raw material is as
per the calculations. The materials are mixed in pan mixture.

After mixing, the mixture is conveyed through Belt conveyor to the

hydraulic/mechanical presses. The homogenized mortar taken out of Roller mixer is put
into the mould boxes. Depending on the type of machine, the product is compacted
under vibration / hydraulic compression etc.

The bricks are dried up under sun from 24 to 48 hours the dried up bricks are
stacked and subjected for water spray curing once or twice a day, for 7-14 days,
depending on ambience. The bricks are tested and sorted before dispatch.

Figure 05: Fly ash brick making procedure

22
Figure 06: Flow Sheet for the manufacture of Fly ash bricks

23
3.2 How the Project carried out

3.2.1 Determine the Mix proportion ratio for different types of Fly Ash bricks
For this project we have been instructed by the head of the department to make fly ash
brick in different types of ratios. So we design the fly ash brick with three [3] different
mix proportions.
We used 20%, 40%, 60% of fly ash to design this brick. And we kept 30% of constant
value for sand for each fly ash brick. To make brick we need to add these materials with
known weights. For that we assumed weight of one fly ash brick as 1.9 kg, it helps to mix
materials as per the mix proportions.
Also we have been instructed to check the compressive of each brick only for 28 days
and check water absorption of the fly bricks. So to check these two we needed 2 fly ash
bricks. For different 3 ratios we made total 6 bricks.

BRICK NO: 01
MATERIAL PERSENTAGE [%] WEIGHT [ kg ]
FLY ASH 20 0.6
SAND 30 0.9
CEMENT 50 1.6

Table 04: Mix proportion for brick No 01

BRICK NO: 02

MATERIAL PERSENTAGE [%] WEIGHT [ kg ]

FLY ASH 40 1.2
SAND 30 0.9
CEMENT 30 0.9

Table 05: Mix proportion for brick No 02

24
 BRICK NO: 03
MATERIAL PERSENTAGE [%] WEIGHT [ kg ]
FLY ASH 60 1.9
SAND 30 0.9
CEMENT 10 0.3

Table 06 : : Mix proportion for brick No 03

3.2.2 Casting of Fly ash Bricks

STEP 01
We measured the weights of each material that we needed with an electrical scale

Figure 07: Cement Figure 08: Sand + Fly Ash

STEP 02
First and foremost we mixed sand with fly ash well.

Figure 09 : Fly Ash Sand Mixture

25
STEP 03
Next we added cement to the mixture.

Figures 10 : After adding Cement

STEP 04

After mixing all the materials well we added small amount of water and checked the
weather water is enough or not.

Figure 11: Adding Water Figure 12 : Checking the water amount

26
STEP 05

Prepare the brick making machine with applying of mould oil and placed the base plate

Figure 13: Brick making Machine

Figure 14: Set the base plate

STEP 06

Put the mixture in the mould

Figure 15: Put the mixture into the mould Figure 16 : Fill up to top level
27
STEP 07

Next manually compress is applied.

Figure 17: Manual compression

STEP 08

Took the brick safely and kept it for 24 hours for air dry.

Figure 18: Pick the Brick with care Figure 19: Left to Air dry

28
STEP 09

After 24 hours we started curing.

Figure 20: Curing

STEP 10

We did the curing for 5 minutes twice a day for a one week.
After that we kept it until completion of 28 days to start the tests that need to carry out.

Figure 21: Fly Ash Brick

29
 CHAPTER 04
TESTING FOR FLY ASH BRICKS

30
4.1 DETERMINATION OF WATER ABSORPTION:

(24-hour Immersion Cold Water Test)

 APPARATUS:

A sensitive balance capable of weighing within 0.1 percent of the mass of

the Specimen and a ventilated oven.

 CONDITIONING:

Dry the specimen in a ventilated oven at a temperature of 105 to 115 °C till it

attains substantially constant mass. Cool the specimen to room temperature and
obtain its weight (M1). Specimen warm to touch shall not be used for the purpose.

 PROCEDURE:

Immerse completely dried specimen in clean water at a temperature of for 24 hours.

Remove the specimen and wipe out any traces of water with a damp cloth and
weigh the specimen. Complete the weighing 3 minutes after the specimen has been
removed from water (M2). Water absorption, percent by mass, after 24-hour
immersion in cold water is given by the following formula:

Weight
Weight % of water
Sample (wet, after 24 hr)
(dry) g absorption
g
A 2120 2494 17.6
B 1950 2245 15.1
C 1784 2025 13.5

Table 07: Water absorption test results

31
4.2 DETERMINATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF FLY
ASH BRICKS:

 APPARATUS:

Compressive Testing Machine, Fly Ash Brick Sample




 PROCEDURE:

i. Remove unevenness observed in the bed faces to provide two

Smooth and parallel faces by grinding.

ii. Take the sample of brick measure the dimensions.

iii. With the help of dimensions calculate the cross-section.

iv. Place the sample of brick between jaws of the machine.

v. Applied the load gradually on the brick till cracks appears.

vi. When the crack are observed on the brick stop the machine and
Measure the applied load and note down it.


 PRECORSIONS:

 There should not be any crack on the brick before testing.

 Reading should be taken without any mistake.

32
 CALCULATION:

Compressive Strength (N/mm2) =


 OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sample Dimension of Fly ash Bricks Avg. Max Compressiv

Area of load at e strength
Length Width Height bed failure (N/mm2)
(mm) (mm) (mm) surface (KN)
(mm2)

A 230 110 65 14950 70 4.68

2
B 230 110 65 14950 55 3.67

C 230 110 65 14950 45 3.01

Table 08: Compressive strength test results

33
 CHAPTER 5
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION &
REFERENCES

34
5.1 DISCUSSION

Getting a house built is a long term plan and it is always wise to choose the correct
materials while building the house. Bricks are one of the most important components of
the house. Let’s take a look as to which brick should be used to build a good solid house.
Given below is a brief discussion about fly ash brick and red brick:

• The fly ash brick is basically self cementing bricks which makes them cost effective.
While the red bricks are made from a particular material and that is why the cost is a bit
more than fly ash bricks. Fly ash bricks help to save water as they are not required to be
soaked in water for a long time. But in case of red bricks they have to soak in water for
long hours to make them strong enough.
• Fly ash bricks are made in such a way so that there is no breakage or wastage. Lime
gypsum, stone dust, fly ash and cement are the main ingredients of fly ash bricks.
However for red bricks there is no such guarantee that they will not break. You must
have seen red bricks break down if they fall from some height. This is not the case with
fly ash bricks.
• Due to the perfect mixture of the ingredients and the overall system, fly ash bricks are
of the same size. They will not vary even a millimeter. But with red bricks the sizes may
vary. Although it will not vary to a great extent but you will be able to see the difference.
Another thing is the durability of the two bricks. Fly ash bricks are more durable than the
red bricks.

Quality of a Fly Ash Brick depends on:

1. Quality of raw materials

2. Proportioning of raw material
3. Handling and mixing of raw materials
4. Handling and pressing of the mix
5. Curing

35
5.2 CONCLUSION:

Fly ash utilization in the country has remained less than 30% during the past years and
It might take several years to reach the final goal of cent percent utilization. It is
estimated at present nearly 150,000 ton fly ash is produced every year in Sri Lanka, out
of which hardly 40-50 % is used in all possible applications.

To utilize such a huge quantity of ash, we have to take necessary actions

from Government side and from nongovernment side for utilization point of view.
Based on the results for the experiments done on Fly ash brick,

For 20% of fly ash brick wet Values as below,

Compressive strength = 4.68 N/mm2

% Water absorption = 17.6 %

For 40% of fly ash brick wet Values as below,

Compressive strength = 3.67 N/mm2

% Water absorption = 15.1 %

For 60% of fly ash brick wet Values as below,

Compressive strength = 3.01 N/mm2

% Water absorption = 13.5 %

36
The results shows the fly ash bricks are more safe, economical and having higher
strength compare to clay bricks. Comparison of Fly ash bricks and ordinary red
clay bricks are shown in below table.

Properties Clay Bricks Fly Ash Bricks Remarks

[40%]
Colour Very Uniform Good Appearance
Higher Load
Density 1600 – 1750 kg/m3 1090 kg/m3
Bearing
Compressive Higher Load
3.0 – 3.5 N/mm2 3.67 N/mm2
Strength Bearing
Water Absorption 15 – 25 % 16.4 % Less Dampness
Wastage During -
High Law
Transit
Thickness Vary on
Even on Both Sides Saving in Plaster
Plastering the Both Sides of
of Walls Up to 15 %
Walls

Table 09: Comparison of Fly ash bricks and ordinary red clay bricks

Further Fly ash bricks have much advantage like

Light weight
Economical
Environmental friendly
Saving of fertile land, water
More compressive strength
Use of wastage etc.

For economy, the fly ash and content should be kept as high as possible. The minimum
Average crushing strength prescribed for burnt clay bricks is 3.5 MPa. As the
Compressive strength at 28 days for 60% is 3.01 MPa it can be said that the material is
having adequate strength to produce bricks from it. As per the water absorption of
ordinary burnt clay bricks should not be more than 20% by weight. Clearly the water
absorption for some proportions is more compared to that of traditional burnt clay bricks

37
5.3 REFERENCES:

1. http://www.flyashbricksinfo.com
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/flyash
3. http://www.flyash.info
4. http://www.fal-g.com/technology

38