Mathematics 10th - Solved Exercise # 11.1 = FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF GEOMETRY Q.1 Define the following terms and illustrate by drawing figures. (LINE SEGMENT: If A and B are any two points, then the line ségiment AB denoted as AB, is the set of points consisting of (i) Points Aand B and K (il) Allthe points between A and B The points A and B are called the end — points of ine Segment AB. (i) RAY: Ifa line with an arrow at one end Contain'two points P and Q is called a ray itis denoted as AB P Q (iii) OPPOSITE RAYS: Two rays:AB) and AC are said to be opposite rays if (i) theyare collinear (il) they have a common'end point. (iii) their intersection is the only common end point BAC (iv) CONVEXSET: A set of points in a plane is said to be convex if for any of its points A and B, the line segment AB is contained in the set, 8. lines, rays, line segments and planes are convex sets. A few non-convex sets are given below P Q A B INDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF Gi" mjeecoaching blogspot. (v) HALF PLANE ANDITS EDGE; Consider a plane 8 on which a line “¢” is exist. If we take two points Pan Q on it and two convex sets hy and hz on itas, P is in hi and Qis in hz then PQ intersect the line “ ¢*. In this hi Vhe = ;hu €= 8B (plane) aslo hy © he # B So, we can say that hi and hz be half plane and line ¢ is the edge of the half plane, ’ Q P hi he 8 (vi) ANGLE: — An angle is the union of two non-Collinear rays having a common end point is called the vertex and the rays constituting the angle are called the arms (or sides) of the angle, Anangle is denoted by the symbol 2. A SA B (vii) RIGHTANGLE: If two supplementary angles are equal in measures, then each ‘of themis called a “right angle”. It is denoted by the symbol b. In figure ZABC = ZDBC = 90° _| A [UNOAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF GEOMETRYww mjeecoaching blog spc (viii) PERPENDICULAR: If two lines, (rays or segments) are said to be perpendicular. On each other if they form a right angle peipendicular is denoted by In figure €; £ 2 and €21 £1 at point 0. (ix) CONGRUENT ANGLES: Two angles with the same measure are called congruent angles symbol &. Is used for congruence. If figure ZABC = ZPQR because mZABC 30° ZPQR Note: Every angle is congruent to itself. [such a congruence is called Identify Congruence] 30° 30° x) ADJACENTANGLES: Two angles are said to be adjacent angles if: ig q) (2) They hayeone arm common and ey have a common vertex (3) _ Intersection of their interiors in null (or empty) set. In figure. ZAOB’and ZCOB are adjacent angles. INOAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF GEOMETRY(xi) VERTICALLY OPPOSITE ANGLES: therefore ZAOG A ¢ (i) Interior and Exterior of an Angle: mjeecooching.blogspot.con The angles whose arms form two pairs of opposite rays are called vertically opposite angles. (or simply vertical angles).Vertical angles are a pair of nonadjacent angles formed In the adjacent figure, OA , OB is a pair of opposite rays (ie, ABis a line) and OC, OD is another pair of opposite rays (i.e. CD is a line) nd £BOD are vertically opposite angles similarly ZAOD and ZBOC are vertically opposite angles. Differentiate between the following terms and filusftate through figures. Interior of an Angle tersect Cand AB We have two rays at point A. So we get an angle 2BAC. ‘Take a point “P" which is same side of ‘AB «. the setof all the points of the plane which liesin side the angle called interior angle. *P interior B Exterior of an Angle We have two rays AB and AC intersect at point A. Take the points “R” “Q” and “S which are outside the angle BAC. The set of all the points of plane which neither form the interior of angle not the point if angle is called the exterior of the triangle. °R interior FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF GEOMETRY(i) (iii) (iv) Collinear and Non-collinear Points: ollinear Points Between and Beyond “The points that lie on the same line are said to be the collinear points. In the figure A, B and Care collinear points. A B c The points that do not lie on the same line are called non-collinear points, ‘ake a line segment AB and M, N are point which do not lie on the line segment so, we can say:that M and N are non-collinear points Between and Beyond: Between If we have any three point A, B and C lie on a same line. ie, collinear points such that mAB+mBC then we can say that “B" is between that A and C, A B Acute and obtuse Angles: ‘Acute Angle Beyond If we have any thrée points A, B and C lie on | a same line, ie, that collinear points such that mACSimAB+BC then we can say that “C7 iS'Said)to be beyond the point B on AC. obtuse Angle ‘An angle with measute less that 90° si called an acute angles In the figure'ZABC fs less than the 90° is the acute ‘angle. <90° [UNOAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF GEOMETRY ‘An angle with measure greater than 90° is an obtuse angle in the figure ZABC is greater than the 90° is called an obtuse angle. >90°7 imjeecoaching.bl (v) Complementary and Supplementary Angles: ‘Acute Angle obtuse Angle Ifthe sum of the measure of two angles | If the sum of the measure of two angles is is 90° then they are called| 180° then they are called supplementary complementary angles, and each one is | angles and each one is called “Supplément called “Complement of the Other”. of the other”. In the figure me1+m22=90° so, £1] In the figure and 22 are complement of the other. | ZAOB = 120° and ZBOC = 60° then ZAOB + £BOC 120° + 60° = 180° So ZAOB and ZBOCaré the supplement of the other. [Dowaloaded from http: //adamjeecoaching blogspot.com] Q3: What do you understand by deductiyé method of reasoning? Ans. Deductive method of Reasoning: In this method of reasoning we deduce particular results from the general|results. For example, we know that “All men are moftal” From this fact)we may deduce results about particular individuals. Such Saleem isa man so Saleem is mortal Similarly we know that: “Sim of the measures of all the angles of a triangle is 180°.” From this fact we can deduce ults about particular triangles, such as ABCis a triangle, somZA + mzB + mzC = 180 Now, inspire of precaution of the generalized results we deduce a particular result and assign the name of the reasoning is deductive method. “UNOAMENTAL CONCEP F GEOMETRY < = (2) oOQ CH Vv Maine im)eecooching. blogspot.com Q4: Enumerate the four characteristics of a deductive subject such as geometry. (you need not give any examples), > FOR CHARACTERISTICS OF A DEDUCTIVE SUB-GEOMETR Following are characteristic of the deductive subject Geometry. (@ Certain concepts are accepted without definition called undefined terms. In this subject point, line, plane are the undefined terms. (i) Atthe bases of some undefined terms certain statements are accepted without proof called fundamental agreements. These statements are\used to find the characteristics which we want to linked with undefined terms. These are the assumptions and may not be self-evident truths from{these assumptions, we can develop a ructure using logical reasoning, These are the two types, (a) Axioms: Axioms are those fundatiental agreements which are related to numbers eg. “If same number‘isadded to equals their sums are equal”. (b) Postulate: Postulates are those fundamental agreements which are related to geometrical figures eg, “one and only oneline passes through two distinct points”, (iil) With the help of undefined terms and fundamental agreements (i.e. postulates) other concepts: are developed and terms are defined which are called defined terms. e.g. 7A rectangle is a parallelogram having at-least one right angle.” (iv) With the help of undefined terms, postulates and defined terms, other statements are developed and proved by deduction. These statements are called propositions or theorems. eg. “If two sides of a triangle have congruent angles opposite to them, these sides are also congruent” FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF GEOMETRYOQ CG iu Ans, Q6: FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF Gi imjeeconehing bl What are fundamental agreements? What are its kinds? Explain giving examples? FUNDAMENTAL AGREEMENTS: “The Certain statements which can he proved with the help of undefined terms and accepted without proof are called fundamental agreements. These statements determine the characteristics which we want to associate with the undefined terms. Kinds of Fundamentals Agreements: There are two types of fundamental agreement. ) Axioms: The fundamer fal agreements which are reliited to the numbers are called Axioms. e.g. “Every number is equal to itself.” (2) Postulates: “The fundamental agreements which are related to the geometrical figures are called postulates eg. “A rectangle isa parallelogram having at-least one right angle.” State the following postulates. w Distance Postulate: According to this postulate, “If A and B are two distinct points of a plane, then a m ne. Such that mber can be'associated with every pair of points (P, Q) of the pl this number‘is (i) Twhen(P,Q) = (A,B) (ii), “OwhenP=Q (iii) “Positive when P and Q are distinct points. ‘So’we can say that the positive number associated with any pair of points is called the distance from one point to the other. The distance from point P to point Q is denoted as mPQ or [PQ], where m stands for “measure”. It may be noted that distance from Q to P is mQP or [QP| and mQP = m|PQI or [QP| = |PQ|. METRY getmjeecoaching.blogspot.can (i) Partition of a plane postulate: According to this postulate "Ifa line ¢ lies on a plane «, then the line é partitions the plane into two subsets hi and hz such that. (i) hyand hz are convex sets (i) IP is in hy and Qis in ha, then PQ intersects the line €. UE] (iii) Angle Constructions Postulate: According to this postulate “If one arm6f an angle is along the edge of a half plane, one and only one ray can be.drawn in the half plane making an angle of a given measure between 0° and 180% In the figure, ray OA lies along the edge of half plane h, then for every 6°, such that 0<0<180° there is exactly one ray OB inh so that mZAOB = 6° (iv) Angle Addition Postulate: According to this postulate “The sum of the measure of two adjacent angles is equal to. the measure of the angle formed by their non-common arms. In the figure, ZBAD and ZCAD are two adjacent angles $6 mZBAD + mZCAD = mzBAC (or mZCAB). c D A B FUNOAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF GEOMETRYw Q7: Ifapointc Supplement Pastulote: This postulate consist on two points. (1) Iftwo adjacent angles are supplementary, their non- common arms are collinear @) if supplementary. on-common arms of two adjacent angles are collinear, they’are In the above figure, two adjacent angles ZAOC and BOC are supplémentary, therefore, their non-common arms OA and OB are collinear, ie. they lie on a line. (Downloaded from http://adamjeecoaching blogspot.com) 180° Conversely, if OA and OB are ina line, then mZAOC + mzBOC ie, ZAOC and 2BOC are supplementary. This postulate also tells us that if two adjacent angles are supplementary, theif non-common arms are a pair of opposite rays. In the figure OA and OB aré opposite rays. ies Wet Wweerthe points A and B, prove that. (@ ~mABe MAC (ii) mBC << mAB Soluition: (MAB > mAC Consider three points A, B and C such that A c B (i) There are all collinear points (ii) The point C is lies between AB then from figure mAB FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF GEOMETRY riAs m€B is a positive value (an integer) the value of mAC with mB must be higher than the mAB Therefore, we can write as mAB > mac Proved o) ic < mAB Consider three points A, B and C such that the point C lies between Aland)B as shown in figure. So we can write mAB = mAC + mCB from this relation it is clears that mAC isthe distance which is positive and higher than zero ie. mAC>0 So, when this added to mBC then'the restltant becomes mBC < mAB Proved For More'Notes, MCQs & ONLINE Test ADAMJEECOACHING.BLOGSPOT.COM iNOAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF GEOMETRY Mathematics 10th Class Notes. Exercise 11.1 From Unit # 11 < = (2) QO