y£e)\ CACC error please mentioned it by contacting us or follow our facebook page Latest Jobs & Free Education Notes Subject: Chemistry — Chapter # 16 Metals & Their Extraction > METALS & THEIR EXTRACTION Chapt] 16.1 INTRODUCTION 1: Define metal and non metal? i: METAL: It is an element which ionizes by the loss of electrons to form positiveion easily NON Merat; Itis an element which ionizes by the gain of electrons to form negative ion easily. Write physical differences between metal and non metals? 3: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN METAL AND NON METALS: Metals Non-Metals Metals are solids except mercury, with figh melting points arid boiling points. About half of the non-metals are gases. They have low melting and boiling points. Metals have characteristic lusture, known a metallic lusture and ean be polished. Non-metals do not have lusture like metals and can not be polished. ‘They on hitting with hamner give off notes i.e, they are sonorous. They are not sonorous and break on hitting. They are rralleable and ductile that is they can be‘Gonverted into sheets and wires. ‘They are nelther malleable nor ductile. They have relatively high densities. Metals have great tensile strength and can Withstand stress and strain. ‘They are good conductors electricity. of heat (Cu), aluminium (Al) and Chromium (Cr) ‘They have relatively low densities They are usually brittle and break easily when subjected to stress or strain. They are generally bad conductors of heat and electricity. ‘Some common metals are iron (Fe), Copper | Sorne common examples of non- met are sulphur(s) carbon (C) Oxygen (02) Nitrogen (N2) and Chlorine (Ch).y£e)\ (CC a) error please mentioned it by contacting us or follow our facebook page Latest Jobs & Free Education Notes Subject: Chemistry Chapter # 16 Metals & Their Extraction Chapt Q.2: Write chemical differences between metal and non metals? Ans: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN IMETAL AND NON METALS: Metals ‘The oxides of metals are basi I Non-Metals The oxides of non-metals are acidic in character character. ‘When dissolved in water form alkaline solution, When dissolved in watergform acidic solution Metals ionize by the loss of electrons to form +ve ion. ‘They orize by the gain of electrans to form ve ion, Metals have few electrons in their valence shells so have greater tendency to lose electrons during chemical reactions to form electrovalent or ionic compounds and form +ve ions. Nor-metals have more electrons in their valence shells;'s0 they have the tendency to accept elettrons in chemical reactions to form ioriic or eleetrovalent compounds and formave ios. Write down the chemical properties of metals and non-metals? CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS: Reactions With Acid Metals which are more electropositive tain hydrogen react with dilute acids to produce salts and hydrogen gas by the lassif eldetrons. nig ZHI Zn€ laraqy + He Gis) #2HNO, ——+ MgCNOs)a093 + He ZAKis) + BH,5O4¢aq) —— Ala(S0s)s(aq) + $f Reducing Agents: Métals ere generally reducing agents because they greater tendency to donate their lectrons readily during chemical reactions. 2Na® + Cig 2Na*tor i° + 352 —— Aij*ss? smatal Nowmetal Nature Of Chlorides: Metallic chloride are electrovalent i.e. ionic compounds. They are nonvolatile crystalline solids. They are good electrolytes. They have high melting points and are generally soluble in water,y£e)\ (CC a) error please mentioned it by contacting us or follow our facebook page Latest Jobs & Free Education Notes Subject: Chemistry Chapter # 16 Metals & Their Extraction Chapt Na“lcr! |Wa + Nature Of Hycirides: Metals form very few compounds with hydrogen. However very electropositive metals like Na, K, Ca etc, combine with hydrogen ta form ionic hrydrides, For example: Na* Hy, | Nays) += Has These metallic hydrides are sait like ionic solids. They are good electrolytes, soluble in water, but they react with water to liberate H, gas. This reaction is known as hydrolysis. Ca*tH, + 24,0) + CaCOH) agi h2He CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NON METALS: Reactions With Acids: Non-metals do not react with dilute acids, but semeof non-metals get oxidized into their oxides or some oxy-acids, with ho oy +2HN p+ AND, + 220, 5g) + 5HNO a ¢pney n> Hy SO (aq) + BNO, + 2,0 Ses) + 2H,S0 conc) —-—* 3802 + 24.0, Oxidizing Agents: Now-metals afte generally oxidizing agents. They have the tendency to accept electrons easity during chemieal reactions. Cly + 2Na® ——> 2Na" Cr" Non metal Nature‘Of Chlorides: Non-metals form covalent chlorides by the sharing of electrons which are usually volatile liquids, easily hydrolyzed in water in most of the cases,y£e)\ (CC a) error please mentioned it by contacting us or follow our facebook page Latest Jobs & Free Education Notes Chapter # 16 Metals & Their Extraction Chap Natio? [x +lfoch rer] Nature Of Hydrides: Metals form very few compounds with hydrogen, However very electropositive metals like Na, K, Ca etc, combine with hydrogen to form ionic hydrides, For example: 1 Na Hy |Naysy +H) — Ne” Ho] These metallic hydrides are sait like ionic solids. They are good electrolytes, soluble in water, but they react with water to likerate H, gas, This reaction is known as hydrolysis Ca? Hy + 2H, 0) —— Ca(OH) aq) P2H2 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NON METALS: Reactions With Acids: Non-metals do not react with dilute acids, but someof non-metals get oxidized into their oxides or some oxy-acids, with hot concentrated acids, Hes E15) + ZHMOs4e:c3) 9 O02 + AND, + 2H) + GHNOs ope) = HySOa(q) + BNO» + BHO (5) + 2H, SOx conc) "> 3502 + 240, Oxidizing Agents: Now-metals ae generally oxidiaing agents. They have the tendency to accept electrons easily durifig chemical reactions. Cly + 2Na® —— 2Na" cr Non meta Meco Nature! Of Chlorides: Nonemetals form covalent chlorides by the sharing of electrons which are usually volatile itquids, casily hydrolyzed in water in most of the cases. PCE; |2Pg) + 3Clz —— 2PClyi5) PCI, is hydrolyzed in water to forrn phosphorous acid and HC PC lye) + 3H20¢¢) ——* HgPOx(qqy + 3HCHagy Subject: Chemistry — Chapter # 16 Metals & Their Extraction Nature Of Hydrides: Non-metals combine with hydrogen to form stable covalent hydrides by the im) Chapterwise ring oferror please mentioned it by contacting us or follow our facebook page Latest Jobs & Free Education Notes Subject: Chemistry — Chapter # 16 Metals & Their Extraction Chaptf Nature Of Hydrides: Non-metals combine with hydrogen to form stable covalent hydrides by the shoring of electrons, such as NHs, H:8, HEI etc, they are mostly gases and are generally non- electrolytes, 16.2 MINERALS AND ORES Define the following terms? > Minerals > Ores > Metallurgy MINERAL The combined form of metals with less definite chemical Impurities is known as minerals”. Ones: Minerals when mixed with earthy materials arefnown.as “Ores”. An ore is mostly consists af a miature of minerals with worthless rocky Materials, These rocky materials present in ates are called “gangue particles, For Example: ~ Hoematite (Fe;0,), Iron pyrite (FeS)G)aiFe the common ores of iron. ~ Cuperite (Cu,0}, Copper pyrite (Cut@S,) are the common ores of Copper. METALLURGY: The extraction of rétal frartnits ore is called “metallurgy”, tt is the science and technology extracting metals from their natural sources i.e. ores and making than for practical use. 16.3 METALLURGY Write down the preliminary operations or preparations involved in the metallurgy of metals form their ores? PRELIMINARY PREPARATIONS: {An ore is usually cashed and grinded for the preliminary preparations Concentration Of The Ore: Concentration of the ore is preformed only for sulphide ore. “Froth Floatation process” is a very sophisticated technique of the concentration of the ore. This process involves the mixing of finely divided ore with impurities with water and oil, especially pine oll or reosote oil, Air is blown in the mixture and the oil forrning froth which floats on the surface and then the froth is skimmed off that contains the sulphide ore, while the gangs Chemistry Chapterwise Chapter # 16 Metals & Their Extraction particles present in the ore sink at the bottom. The froth is washed and dried, and is callederror please mentioned it by contacting us or follow our facebook page Latest Jobs & Free Education Notes Chapter # 16 Metals & Their Extraction Chapq particles present in the ore sink at the bottom, The froth is washed and dried, a| ‘Concentrated Ore Roasting Of The Concentrated Ore The Concentrated ore Is roasted in @ furnace in alr to remove the sulpher, carbon and ather impurities from the ore, § and C are removed as $0; and CO; gases respectively, leaving behind the oxides of metals, Arsenic and antimony present are also buntieff inithe process of roasting. The oxides are easier to deal with as compared to. sulphides and carbonat ACuleSa¢5) + 2CigS + 2MEO + 2KeS,5) + 4803 Smelting Of The Ore: In this pr the roasted ore is mixed with sand i.e, silica (Si0,)land.Coke (c), The ore is now heated strongly until It melts. The remaining Impuiltiés present react with silica to form "Slag" of molten silicate. The slag is removed from the tap of the molten mass and i discarded, The remaining molten mass left is called matte) Reduction: This process is applied to get free metals, in whieh a reducing agent or electron donor must be present to supply electrons three main methods, depending upon the nature of the particular metal, ~ Chemical reduction > Thermal reduction 7 Electrotytic reduction Chemical Reduction: The less electfopositive metals like Pb, Fe, Sn, Zn ete are usually obtained by reducing their oxides with.coke or CO, which are cheaply available, For example, in case of Zn, its ‘ore Zing blend (2nS) is first oxidized or converted into its oxide in the process of roasting, The oxide of Zinc is then reduced by heating it with coke 2ZnS ys) + 302 ——+ 22nOis) + 250, Zn0¢3) + 0,9) ——+ Znsy + CO Thermal Reduction ‘Some metals are reduced from their ores by direct heating e.g. mercury is obtained by simply heating its ore mercuric sulphide (HgS) in air HgSs) + 0, + Hg +80, Electrolytic Reduction: More electropositive metals like Na, K, Ca, Mg etc. form compounds which are very stable and difficult to reduce chemically, The reduction of these metals occurs b Chapterwise Chapter # 16 Metals & Their Extraction electrolytic veduction process by passing electric current though their molten saltsSubject: Chemistry — Chapter # 16 Metals & Their Extraction Chapterwise electrolytic reduction process by passing electric current though their molten salts specially chloride salts, for example Na metal is obtained by the electrolytic reduction ‘of molten NaCl, when electric current is passed through the molten mixture of NaCl and CaCl, Electrolytic Reduction process is expensive and is applied when chemical method is not applicable. Nat Cl” ——=> 2Nat, + 2C15 At Cathode: 2Na* + 2e- —— 2Nays 16.4 METALLURGY OF IRON What are the chiet ores of iron and the metallurgy af iron? CHIEF Ones OF Ino! Iron is the second most abundant metal after aldminum found in the earth crust. tron has 8 great industrial importance, It \s found In the combined state, Following are some important ores of iron, > Limonite srvatite ‘on Pyrite Fes, Siclerite (or) Spathic FeCOy Magnetite Fei, Iron is also present imclay Soil.as Fron silicate, It is an important part of haemoglobin, EXTRACTION OF IRON: The most jrnpoftant ores from which iron metal is extracted are oxide ores Le, Haematite (Fe,0,)6r Limonite (FeO, 31:0), Biast Furnace MetHon: Reduction Of Oxides: The)ireduction of oxide ores takes place in a blast furnace. This involves the crushing of the oxides ore to produce Jumps, which are then pre-heated using hot gases from the blast fumace. This removes water and other volatile impurities presentin the ore, Roasting Of Iron Ore: The toasted iron ores are charged with coke and lime stone (CaCO,) which are fed from the top of the furnace, while a blast of hot air is introduced into it from the bottom through Subject: Chemistry Chapter # 16 Metals & Their Extraction Chapterwise small pipes known as tayeres, Oxidation Of Coke: The temperature inside the furnace varies from about 2000°C near the bottorn to about 200°C at the top. The blast of hot air oxidizes the coke to CO, with the liberation of Jot of heat. Cy; +0, —— C0, OH =394 KJ/mole The reaction is highly exothermic and raises the temperature of the furndee, CO, gag rises up the furnace and reacts with mare coke, to produce CO gas, COxs) + C3) ———+ 2CO_-AH = +173 Ki/malea) Chemistry Chapter # 16 Metals & Their Extraction Chapterwise small pipes known as tayeres, Oxidation Of Coke: The temperature inside the furnace varies from about 2000°C near the battom to about 200°C at the top. The blast of hot air oxidizes the coke to CO, with the liberation of jot of heat. Cs) +G, — CO, BH = -394 KJ /mole The reaction is highly exothermic and raises the temperature of the furndee, 0, gas rises up the furnace and reacts with more coke, to produce CO ges. COgis + Ci) 4260 BH = +173 Ki/malle Formation Of Free lon: CO ges thus produced then reduced the iron oxide orgtelfree iton metal in the upper parts of the furnace. Here the temperature is between 477°C to 727°C. Fe,Oys) + 3CO ——> 2Peqy +300; Formation Of Calcium Silicate And Calcium Aluminiates: The limestone which has been introduced together with coke, decomposes at high temperature to yield calcium oxide! (CaQ) which then combines with silica (SiQ;) and aluminum oxide {Al,O,) present asimptrities to form Calcium Silicate (CaSiO,} and Calcium aluminates (CaAl,O,). Cal Oxy Cas) + CO; uve stone CaO + Sto, + CaSiOn1 a0 + Al,O; —— Gaal, On Slag Formation: The mixture of CaSiO, and CaAl,0, remains molten at the furnace temperature and is kno as “Slag”. Its # useful bye-product which is used for cement manufacturing making of road material light weight building materials. Flue Gas: The gas leaving the furnace is known as the “tlue gas”. It contains N, CO. CO; and fine solid particles including carbon particles. The emission of flue gas is a source of environmental pollutians, Pig Iron: The molten iron metal obtained from the blast furnace is run into sand mould where it cools down to solid blocks called “Pig iron”. It is hard brittle and melts at 1227°C. It may Subject: Chemistry Chapterwise Chapter # 16 Metals & Their Extraction also be used directly to make steel, It is about 96% iron and 49% carbon, with small amounts of other impurities such as silica, sulphur, phosphorous and manganese. Cast Iron: Pig Iron |s re-melted mixed with scrap steel and then cooled in mould to form "Cast Iron” itis used for making the gates, pipes, lamp posts, engine blocks stoves etc. It is brittle and difficult to weld because of the impurities, Qs: Write down the types af iron and differentiate between wrough Tyres OF IRON: Pig Iron: Pig Iron is quite impure, which is dire impurities lowers the melting point of Pig Iron from 1580°C t.1200°C. It is hard and rattle so it has limited industrial uses. The impurities of the Pig Iron are given below in Ans: ly obtained from the ttagtifurnae® the presence ofSubject: Chemistry Chapter # 16 Metals & Their Extraction Chapterwise also be used directly to make steel, It is about 96% iron and 4% carbon, with small amounts of other impurities such as silica, sulphur, phosphorous and manganese. Cast tron: Pig lon |s re-melted mixed with scrap steel and then cooled in mould to form "Cast Iron” itis used for making the gates, pipes, lamp posts, engine blocks stoves etc. It is brittle and difficult to weld because of the impurities, Write down the types of iron and differentiate between wrought iron and steel? Tyres OF IRON: Pig Iron: Pig ron is quite impure, which is directly obtained from the #lastfurnae® the presence of impurities lowers the melting point of Pig Iron from 1580°C .1200°C. It is hard and prattle so it has limited industrial uses. The impurities of the Pig ron are given below in the form of table. Cast Iron: ts obtained from pig iron which is re-melted with'$me serap steel and cooled In moulds of required shapes. It has slightly a J6Wer percentage of impurities than pig iron, and almost has the same properties as pig ifOn. Its brittle so difficult to weld or forged. It is used for machinery objects which do notyequire greater tensile strength e.g. tools, lamp jnosts, rail rings, gates pipes, base, of Bunsen bumers, engine blocks etc Wrought tron: Itis the purest commerdial Ironjend contains only about 0.1% of carbon. It is obtained by heating the cast iromjn a furnace with hematite (Fe;0,). During this process Cand § are axidited and are removed 35 CO; and SO, respectively 2030.5) + 36 —— 4Fey) + 3CO, 2Fe,04, #35 —— AF eq +350, At the same time P and SI present are converted into phosphate and silicates of iron and aré removed as a slag from the semi-molten mass of Iron. Wrought Iron is aknost pure ivonpTherefore It is sofe but very tough and malleable. tt can be shaped by hammering at @bout 500°C to 100°C before Its melting point. It can easily be welded and forged. It is used for making rails, chains, iron rods, sheets and horse shoes, Steel: Itis an alloy of iron with carbon and other elernents such as nickel, manganese, chrornium, tungsten and vanadium, it is manufactured from Pig Iron, About 90% of Pig Iron is 10 stee!. The main impurities of mild steel are given below in the table chemistry Chapter # 16 Metals & Their Extraction Chapterwise Impurity Percent impurity in Pig iron | Percent Impurity in Steel bon 5 | 0.35 Silicon 42 | 0.03 Sulphur 0:05-0:10 I 0.05 Phosphorous 0.05-15 | 0.05 Manganese 0.50-1.0 | 0.50 There are several methods of making steel. The most important methods are’ 7 The basic oxygen process. ~ Open hearth process. The electric arc process.Chapter # 16 Metals & Their Extraction Chapterwise Impurity Percent impurity in Pig iron | Percent Impurity in Steel Carbon 35 0.15 silicon 1-2 0.03 Sulphur 0:05-0.10 0.05 Phosphorous 0.05-15 0.05 Manganese 0.50-1.0 I 0.50 There are several methods of making steel. The most important methods are! > The basic oxygen process. » Open hearth process. » The electric arc process. owes er, they are all based on the same general principle oftemOving the impurities of C, 5, Pand Mn from the molten Pig Iron and to obtain steeliof desired compositions PROPERTIES OF IRON: Properties of iron depend on its carton contenythe heat treatment it receives, tampering and the presence of other metals. Carbon Content: If Carbon content in steel is greater thaflin iron, then hardness and brittleness increase. For Example > Mild steel contains 0.149125% of Cand is soft, malleable and ductile Medium steel contains 0.6-1:5% C are harder than mild steel Tempering Medium and hard steels €an be heat-treated to produce steels with different degree of hardness afd tlhsile strength for this, steel is heated to red het and cool down suddenly This staél IS\very hatd and brittle to remove brittleness and to Increase tensile stren the steal is r@sheated to certain carefully regulated temperatures and allowed to cool lovely. This process is known as tampering. Composition Ot Steel IAlloy steels differ in their compositions, The properties of stainless stee! depend upon their composition also. For Example: The presence of Ni and Cr in stainless steel increases Its resistance against rusting or corrosion. These steels are used in making cutleries, scissors, surgical instruments and machineries, The presence of cobalt gives highly magnetic steel used for making permanent magnets, Subject: Chemistry Chapter # 16 Metals & Their Extraction Chapterwise > Tungsten gives very hard steel for making c iting, drilling tools. Some COMMON STAINLESS STEEL: Stainless steel containing 13% Cr an 0.2-0.4%C > Stainless stee! containing 17% Cr and 2 94Ni > Stainless steel containing 118% Cr and 6 %Ni Differentiate between wrought iron and ste DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WROUGHT IRON AND STEEL: Wrought IronSubject: Chemistry Chapter # 16 Metals & Their Extraction Chapterwise 7 Tungsten gives very hard steel for making cutting, driling tools Some COMMON STAINLESS STEEL: Stainless stee! containing 13% Cr and 0.2 -0.4%6¢ 7 Stainless steel containing 17% Cr and 2 %Ni 7 Stainless steel containing 118% Cr and 6 96Ni Differentiate between wrought iron and ste DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WROUGHT IRON AND STEEL: Wrought Iron | Steel Wrought Iron is the purest commercial | Steel is an alldy oF iron with C and oi iron. elements Ikis soft, But very tough and malleable, | itis hard, fough and strong, Iron rusts when exposed to moist air. It does not rust. 16.5 COPPER Write down Liz e occurrence of copperH@W is copper extracted from its ara? Occunnence Copper is very useful and.important.mheral. itis relatively un-reactive. It is found generally inthe combined states. The most important ores of copper are. > Copper pyrite Cures, Copper glance: cus Chalcocite cus Cuperite’ uo Malaghite CUCO,,Cu(OH), (green) Aatrite [2CuCO,.Cu{OH,}) (Blue) EXTRACTION OF Copper: Copper metal is usually extracted from its sulphide ores, such as copper pyrite (CuFeS,) Which contains about 6% copper. Extraction of copper from copper pyrite involves the following processes. Concentration Of The Gre Froth Floatation: The pyrite ore is first purified by concentration of the ore by the process of frath floatation. In this process the ore is crushed and is mixed with water and pine oil or creosote oil. Air is blown into the mixture, oll forms froth with sulphide ore, which floats to the surface, the gangue particles in ore, settle down. The sulphide ore particles tend to get coated with oil and are carried to the surface along with the froth. The froth along chemistry — Chapter # 16 Metals & Their Extraction __Chapterwise with the mineral particles is skimmed off and is dried to get concentrated ore. The gangue particles are left behind. aie ground ore, ol water and dete light sulphide particles in heoth suspensionSubject: Chemistry Chapter # 16 Metals & Their Extraction Chapterwise with the mineral particles is skimmed off and is dried to get concentrated ore, The gangue particles are left behind, ground ore, ol, ‘water and detergent I le light sulphide partic enhanced gangue ane detergent solution socycled Roasting This enriched concentrated oreiis then rGiiéted in an open-hearth furnace in air, port of rand other furnace in atsenic and antimony are burnt off and are removed as their ALUP Says) + 505ig) > 20S) + 2FEO,s) + 2PESis) + 480 Smelting: The roasted(Gre is then changed into a blast Furnace together with a litle coke and silica (SiO). Inthe process of smelting sulphide ore 's oxidized to oxide of iron, which combines with sillea t0.form slag as iron silicate (FeSiO,). The slag is removed which floats on the surface at regular intervals and is discarded. 2FeSis) + 302 + 2Fe0 + 250ai9) FeO + SiO, 9 FeSiOa The molten mass below the slag cornprises of cuperous sulphide (CurS) mixed with some ferrous sulphide (FeS) known as “matte”. Reduction: The molten copper matte Cu,S with some unreacted FeS is carried out to a converter called “Bessemer Converted” where it is treated with some silica by blowing hot air. Subject: Chemistry Chapter # 16 Metals & Their Extraction Chapterwise The iron sulphide that escapes during smelting is oxidized to FeO, forming a slag with silica by blowing hot air, The blast of hot air converts CusS partially to CuzO which then reacts with remaining CuS to give met copper on reduction in the molten state. waste gases exacted large rotating ——>j drum, wits refractory heing alrangior oxygen door—>Subject: Chemistry Chapter # 16 Metals & Their Extraction Chapterwise The iron sulphide that escapes during smelting is oxidized to FeO, forming a slag with silica by blowing hot air. The blast of hot air converts CusS partially to CuzO which then reacts with remaining CuS to give metallic copper on reduction in the molten state. waste gases exlacted large rotating ——>j drum, wits refractory lining air andor 00.—$> oxygen —_ molten lead Chemical Reactions 2FeS + 30, 55 2Fe0 + 25025) FeO #5109 FeS104¢7 2CuSq) +80, —+ 2Cu, 0, + 280245) 2C Dy + CUS iy 6Cuqy + $0264) Buster Copper: The inoltén copper is poured into sand moulds. On cooling, thus solidified in sand moulds and is known as blister copper. It is produced during solidification on cooling due to the escapesof dissolved SO, gas. It is about 98% pure copper. Blister copper contains impurities of iron, zinc, lead, silver, gold etc. Due to the presence of impurities, blister Copper is not suitable for electrical work. Refining Of Blister Copper: Blister copper is refined by the electrolytic process. In this process blocks of impure copper are used as anode and very thin sheets of pure copper act as cathodes. These electrodes are suspended in copper sulphate (CuSO,)} solution, acidified with little amount of dilute sulphuric acid (H,S0.). Subject: Chemistry Chapter # 16 Metals & Their Extraction Chapterwise The electrolysis is carried out at SO°C by passing current of 1.3 volt, which helps to deposit pure copper metal at cathode by dissolving blister copper anodes forming Cu, fons. The impurities of less active metal like Zn, Ag, Au, etc are left over un-dissolved and fall at bottom of the cell as “anode mud.” Reaction: At anodes: Cus, Cuz, + 2e mses copoee At Cathode: {2 + 2e- ——+ Cu Cug2,, +2 CusSubject: Chemistry Chapter # 16 Metals & Their Extraction Chapterwise The electrolysis is carried out at 50°C by passing current of 1.3 volt, which helps to deposit pure copper metal at cathode by dissolving blister copper anodes forming Cu, ions. The impurities of less active metal like Zn, Ag, Au, ete are left over un-dissolved and fall at bottom of the cell as "anode mud.” Reaction: At anode: C145) — Cugd, + 2e~ sce Copper At Cathode: Cutz, + 20° —— Crys rate copper mera The electrically refined copper is 100% pure. Blister copper is\refined because it has impurities of Fe, Zn, Pb, Ag, Au etc, Which reduce the conductivity of copper. 16.6 ALUMINIUM Q.11;,Giveiin detail the extraction of Aluminum and its occurrence? Ans: OCCURRENCE: Aluminum is the third most abundant metal found in the earth crust. It is present upto 7.6% in the earth’s crust. It is less reactive than alkali and alkaline earth metals. tt is found In combined states as silicates in rocks and days the important. Ores of Aluminum are: Silicate Ores: > Kaolin: Al{O4.25i0,.2H;0 > Potash Felspar: —_K30.41,0;.65i0 > Potash mica K0.3Al:0,.65I0;2H,0 Subject: Chemistry Chapter # 16 Metals & Their Extraction Chapterwise Fluoride Ores: » Cryolite: Nay Sulphate Ores Alunite: KzS04Aln(S04); 4AKOH)s Oxide Ores: ~ Bauxite Al;O3.nH,0 (oF Al0,.2H,0) Diaspore: Al,Oa.H,0 ~ Cortundum: ALLOs Q.22; Describe the extraction of aluminum?Subject: Chemistry Chapter # 16 Metals & Their Extraction Chapterwise Fluoride Ores: ~ Cryalite NayAlFs Sulphate Ores: Alunite: 804A (504), 4AKOH), Oxide Ores: Bauxite Al;0,.nH,0 (oF Al;0,.2H,0) > Diaspore Al,0y.H,0 > Cortundum: ALLOy Q.22: Describe the extraction of aluminum? Ans: EXTRACTION OF ALUMINUM: Aluminum is extracted form its Bauxite ore, The industhial protess Used for the extraction of Aluminum is known as “Hall - Heroult process”. This process is invented in 1886 by C.M Hall and LT Heroult, In this process Al metal Is extracted ln two stages. 7 Crude bauxite is treated and purified yield gure anhydrous alumina (Al,0y) 7 This Al,Os is then electrolyzed to getAlimetel Purification Of Bauxite: The Bauxite ore containssimpurlties of (Fe:0s) Ferric oxide and silica (SiO;). These impurities are removed inthe following steps. © Bauxite ore is grinded and erushed finely. ~ It is then heated with concentrated caustic soda (NaOH) solution under pressure to form sodium alliminates (NaAIO;) or NBAKOH)s Since theifhipurities of Fe,0, and SiO, do not react with or dissolve in alkali, they can be removédeasity by flteration and is known as “Sludge” Alg(0g 2Mg0;g) + 2NAOK yy) + 34,0 + 2NaAI(OH), + Impurities oR Al, 0, 2H40,s) + 2NaOH, 2NGAIOg qq) + 34,0.) + Impurities Koay NaAlO, which is the filterate, is hydrosed with excess of water to precipitate aluminum hydroxide or aluminum oxide trihydrate (Al,0,.34,0}, which is fitered, washed and dried. 2NaAl,0 + 4H,0 —— Al,0s, 34,0 + 2NaOH oR 2NaAl(OH), ——+ 2Al(OH), + 2NaOH Chapter # 16 Metals & Their Extraction Chapterwise ‘Al;03.3H,0 or AKGH)ss) obtained is strongly heated upto 1500°C to yield pure alumina (AlO,) on dehydration. ZAI(OH) xs) + Al; Oysy + 3H20 oR AL,0g.3H,0,3) ——+ AlzOys) + 340 Electrolysis Of Pure Alumina: The electrolysis of pure alumina is carried in a steel tank lined inside with graphite which acts as cathode, while anodes arc the graphite rods dipped in thé molten mixture of pureChapter # 16 Metals & Their Extraction Chapterwise Al,05.3H,0 or AI(OH)s;s) obtained |s strongly heated upto 1500°C to yield pure alumina {Al,0,) on dehydration. 2AI(OH)a¢s) + AizOrs) + 3H20 Pure alumina oR AL 05.3420) AljOys) + 340 Electrolysis Of Pure Alumina: The electrolysis of pure alumina is carried in a steel tank lined inside with graphite which acts as cathode, while anodes arc the graphite rods dipped in thé molten fixture of pure alumina dissolved in molten cryolite (NayAlF,} with some fluofpar (Cay). Cryolite lowers the melting point of pure alumina upto 950°C and maintains the temperature throughout the electrolysis, while fluorspar increases the fiuidity ofmolten Al-metal Al"? ions would be discharged at cathode. Carbon anode Copper clany row | ‘Carbon lining fen ALLO3 + Nay AlF fg) (eathoctey -Ouilet for aluminium Ionization Reaction: 2Al,0;5———=*4Al*5 + 60% 950°C 4A0?? + 120” ———+ 4A 60-2 ——+ 30, + 12e~ Molten aluminum metal is produced at cathode which flows down the cell and is tapped aff form the outlet at the bottom of the cell periodically. O; gas is liberated at anode which interacts with the carbon of anode to form oxides of carbon. As a result the anodes are gradually burnt away and must be replaced from time to time Subject: Chemistry © Chapter # 16 Metals & Their Extraction Q.13: Write a note on Alloys? Chapterwise Ans: ALLOYS: Definition: ‘An alloy is a substance prepared by adding other metals or non-metals to a baser metal, so as to obtain certain desirable qualities. Explanation: ‘An alloy can be considered as a uniform mixture of two or more metallic’elements or non- metallic elements like carbon or silicon. The component elements do not undergo any chemical changes during the process of alloying. The percentagecomposition of the component elements may vary according to the quality desiredSubject: Chemistry — Chapter # 16 Metals & Their Extraction ee Q.13: Write a note on Alloys? Ans: ALOYS: Definition: An alloy is a substance prepared by adding other metals or non-metals to a baser metal, so as to obtain certain desirable qualities. Explanation: An alloy can be considered as a uniform mixture of two or more metallic’elements or non- metallic elements like carbon or silicon. The component elements do not undergo any chemical changes during the process of alloying. The percentag@ composition of the component elements may vary according to the quality desired. Metals readily form alloys since metallic bond is nonSpetifie. The presence of small quantities of a second element in the metal frequently increases its strength. The uses of particular metal are governed by its chemical andyphvsicall properties. In most cases, a pure metal does not possess all the desired propertiesinecessary. These short comings of the metal are usually eliminated by allowing the metal with one or more other substances usually metals or carbon e.g. pure iron is soft and is useless for many purposes. If however itis alloyed with Si, C, Mn, Cr, Nior V ete, theresuitant alloys are very useful SOME COMMON ALLOYS: Bronze: This is a very common alloy of baser metal copper. Bronze contains 90-95% copper and 5+ 110% Tin. It is strong enough to resist chemical attacks. t is an attractive alloy and used for making coins, medals, sculptures and also for general metallic work. Brass: Brass is afalloy of baser metal copper. It contains 60-80% copper and 20-24% Zn. It is, more Stronger and malleable than copper. It is of yellow colour and has low melting point ismore attractive in appearance, and used for making moving parts of clocks and watches, futs’and bolts, rods, tubes, musical instruments, ornaments, household, furniture and for general metal work, Nichrome: It is an alloy that contains 60% nickel, 25% iron and 15% chromium. Nichrome is heat resistant and electrical resistant it is used in making of wires. You may also like