CONTENTS Message to readers «<9 °°: <5» ose SSAC eMRONINETERERETRKANSTERET a8 HANDLING ROPES I Fiber Rope» 1 Stracture : 1.2 Rope Type Determined by Ly and Structure 12 1.8 Handling and Stowing Ropes B 2 Wire Rope ~ 16 241 Structure : 16 22 Treatment of Wire Bud 19 23 Handling, : a 3 Tie of Rope « ry 3H Basic Methods 4 32 Applied Methods 29 33 Making Knots «+++ ++ a wianedtaie BB 3-4 Usefull Knots - el — st — 33 % aS 35 oa 37 3-7 Serving : 39 3:8 Knitting Yarng-+10 00s e reenter 3 40 39 Block and Tackle «+++ Z wae 2 ee 4 Splice for 3-Strand Ropes Mt 441 Bye Splice 4 42 Bye Splice with a Thimble 45 43 Short Splice 46 ‘4 Long Splice 47 5 Splice for 8-Strand one” + 4 5 Eye Splice-1 De semunes voces aie coves Jae 5.2 Bye Splice2-+++- : a : SIPSES BL 5.3 Short Splice 5A 6 Splice for Double Braided Rages ar a * 58 6-1 Eye splice « : . wees . oe 58 62 Short Spliced = +--+ a z an oss ge 63 Short Splice-2 : : spss a 7 Splice of Wire «- 76 7-1 4:2 Method et 7% 7-2 Thimble-Eye Splicing with 3:3 Method» ---*- vee sees BO 7.3 Short Splice with 5:1 Method «++ serena ” 8CONTENTS 7-4 Basketwork insertion by 5:1 method «+++ 010085002 05200ererreseees sees 88 7-5 2Strand Winding with 4:2 Method a 7-6 Beget Splice with One Strand 92 7-7 Beget Splice with Different Size of Ropes 9 Eye Splice by Flemish Method 95 79 Long Splice «+++ 1siseerriseeserereeeeeeeteeecereeeees 96 CANVAS WORKS LToolaesssnnisers eau 100 44 Canvas 100 1.2 Needles : ‘ 100 1-3 Threads, Seaming Twine 00000500 seri aseiee niet trina 100 1-4 Other Tools =» 100 2 Measuring and Cutting » 101 3 Sewing -~ 102 3 Stitch ” 102 32 Beginning with Making a Overhand Knot 102 33 Connecting Twine <++++0+00050 500s Au 34 Ending with Making a Overhand Knot or Sew Twice the Same Point 102 Ob Gewiligaacnzerienmanuceanconecncm Msernastencesesay ag CHIPPING & PAINTING 1 Safety Equipments + 1-1 Chipping Goggles -- 106 12 Dust Mask 107 13 Ear Plug ~~ 107 14 Vibration proofing G Gloves 2 Chipping 241 Chipping Tools 2.2 Procedures of Chipping 3 Painting 341 Paint 108 109 110 - 10 32 Preparation for Painting 412 33 Brush Painting iid 344 Air Spray Painting - 47 3.5 Airless Spray Painting - 118 3-6 Non-slip Paint 120 3-7 Stowing Paint «++ ++++++++ inane sctinccanarar aie ee eT121 3-8 Precautions for Mixing Type Paint MOORING & UNMOORING 1 Mooring Line- 141 Purpose of Mooring Line 1-2 Handling of Mooring Rope 13 Deck Wateh-keeper 1-4 Holdling of Mooring Line 1.5 Tonsberg and Mandal Shackles 1-6 Tug Line Handling 2 Anchor Work - 241 Procedure of Anchoring (By Hydraulic Oil Driven Windlass) 22 Procedure of Heaving in Chain and Anchor « 23 How to Correct Twisted Chains » 244 Painting Shackle Mark of Anchor Chain 3 Mooring to Conventional Buoy 34 Tools / Equipments «+ : 32 Preparation for Mooring to Buoy « 33 Implementation of Buoy Mooring 344 Releasing Buoy Chain « 35 Connect Anchor - 4 Mooring to SBM. 41 Tools and Equipments Needed 4-2 Preparation 4-3 Making SBM Rope Fast - 4-4 Unmooring from SBM = -- 5 Accommodation Ladder 54 Preparation «-- 6 Greasing Deck Machinery 6-1 Grease Gun and Hose ++ WORKING ALOFT 1 Safety Measurers © =++++ +++ “148 14 Precautions on Working Aloft --- wees 18 1-2 Check Items «++ a - anseehta 148, 1-3 Safety Belt and Life Line 2 Boatswain's Chair -» 241 Setting “150 150CONTENTS 22 Descending » 150 3 Stage Board 151 31 Setting «--- e * 151 3-2 Hanging = 152 PILOT LADDER 1 Required Boarding Arrangements for Pilot 158 2 Emergent Repair of Pilot Caalier 160 2:1 Emergent Step Board - 160 2.2 Replacement of Step Board 160 23 Replacement of Side Rove + 160 3 Making a Pilot Ladder -- 161 3-1 Preparation © -~ seen 161 POARenbling Herc aca cue SSE 162 REPAIR WORKS 1 Cargo and Ballast Valve - 166 1-1 Valve/Valve Shaft Stick - - 166 4-2 Gland Packing 167 13 Seat Ring of Butterfly Valve 168 2 Emergency Repair of Pipe eh 241 Dresser Packing : s sores OTL 2.2. Emergency Repair of Pipe Hole + ++++++++57+++ 172 3 Air Motor aves 341 Instructions by Manufacture «= ++ +++ +++ ++++ = 175, 32 Disassembling and Assembling ~------ a 175 4 Faucet 16 441 Type ofa Faucet --~ 176 42 Structure 176 443 Repair 176 44 Size Ww 178 179 ceed 181 445 Washbasin :- - sae 446 Flush valve for Sanitary System » 4-7 Repair of the Shower Tools 5 Door Lock - TOOLS Regularly Used on Deck Bt1-1 Structure (1) Lay of rope A fiber rope consists of strands made up of from fiber yarns twisted and layed into rope form. A strand is made by twisting yarns and a rope is made by twisting strands. There are two types of lay dependant on the right side Z direction of twist, Z-lay and S-lay. Righer AZ When you see a rope and you can see "Z" CB on the rope as shown in, the rope is called 4 Z-lay rope. On the contrary, when you can Z Z see "S" on the rope, it is called a S-lay rope. Zlay (2) Length of one lay: Pitch ‘To measure length between top and top of the same strand. ‘Three-stranded rope Eight-rope(Cross-rope) SRN eee | (3) Diameter (measuring a diameter) To measure length between top and top of the same strand, Wire rope Fiber ropeiz ms When mm is used, it indicates the diameter of a rope. When inch is used, it indicates the circumference of a rope. Circumference in inches x 8 + diameter in mm @Diameter (mm) / 8 + circumference in inches Usually when measuring the diameter of a new rope, itis larger than the said standard, (Permissible range is + 7%.) if you take a standard 18 mm new rope and measure the diameter, it will show about 19mm. Generally the width of thumbnail of adult is 16mm. @Length of rope: The standard length of a coil of rope is 200 m. (®) Weight of rope Weight of a coil of rope with a diameter of d mm. (formulae for rough calculations) @Manila rope dx 0.15 (kg) @Wirerope — d*x 0.7 (Kg) (5) Strength There are 3 methods of indicating strength; breaking strength, safe working load, testing load. Breaking strength (Metric tons) @Manila rope (D/8)*x 1/3 or C*x 1/3 @Wire rope (0 /8)*x 2.0 (or 2.5) or C*x 2.0 (or 2.5) D: Diameter, C: Circumference Coefficient of wire rope (2.0 - 2.5) varies with regulations and/or structure of strand. Safe working load is 1/6 of breaking strength. Safe working load shall be 1/10 and less of breaking strength when using it to hoist a person. (6) Characteristics Friction causes deterioration consequently and reduces the strength. @Different materials. (20mm in Diameter) Manila rope 2.08 0.34 Nylon rope 5.20 0.86 KUREMONA rope 2.70 0.45 Pylon rope 3.10 | 0.51 Wire rope 15.60 2.60PIPE el ela=s) Manila | 100% |About 16-20%) 1.45 Nylon rope | 250% |About 40-50 | 1.14 | Poly amid | Large expansion Good restoration KUREMONA | 130% |About 25-30 | 1.26 | Poly vinyl | Less tensil rope alcohol _| Heavy Hyzex rope | 130% |About 25-30 | 0.95 | Poly Light and floats in water ethylene Pylen rope | 150% |About 35 0.91 | Poly Lightest, muiti-pylon has propylene | 170% of strength ratio Tetron rope | 180% |About 25-30 | 1.38 | Poly ester | Heavy Synthetic ropes deteriorate less than Manila ropes, they are stronger in comparison, lighter, more elastic, easier to handle, less slippery and resist flat friction more so. But | strength is reduced if acute angles are introduced. 122 Rope Type Determined by Lay and Structure @3-stranded rope. Z-lay is mainly used on board. This type is no longer used aboard large merchant vessels. Arope is easily kinked when twisted. @8-rope/Cross rope in comparison with 3-stranded rope, this rope is | ‘more supple and kinks less and also more flexible. Its strength is comparable to a 3-stranded rope. Different from 3-stranded rope, each strand of ctoss-rope is differentiated by its twist as S-Lay, Z~ WOE + QOQ, 2 000,@Double braided rope Outer brade This rope is easy-handled, good flexibility and less-deformation. Breaking strength is remarkably improved. It is called ‘Tafle Rope' or ‘Doubler Rope' by each manufacturer. Tet Strength Almost Same 1.3 times of 3-strands Elastics Almost Same 2/3 of 3-strands Kink Yes Free Free Handling ‘Suppler and easy to handle @Characteristics of 3-stranded rope ‘Once twisted or loosened, it should be removed or reformed, otherwise it will e-e& WKSSK LL When coiling a rope down, do so with its natural form to avoid twisting and /or stress. Zlay is to be coiled clockwise. C00 S-lay is to be coiled anti-clockwise. QQd, 1-3 Handling and Stowing Ropes (1) Selection of rope The safe working load of any rope should always be observed, bearing in mind the more it is used, the more it deteriorates. Ropes used for Bosun's chair, where the safety of life is involved, shall be used exclusively and kept with a tag to avoid being used for other jobs. Proper ropes for the job. Avoid multi-purpose usage. Rope ends should be either whipped with a twine or plastic tape temporarily. Chapter 1 @(2) Stowage Regularly check the condition of the rope when stowed under canvas. Be aware of a humid locations when stowing ropes. Ropes kept on deck for a long time will deteriorate. Keep ropes away from chemicals. (3) How to uncoil new rope There might be many methods to uncoil ropes. But you have to select the correct way to do the job safely and to avoid kinks. For example, it will be a large scale job when we uncoil mooring ropes and wires. And we need to remove twists from 3-strand ropes or wires that are always likely to be twisted. @Coil with a wooden reel This is suitable for uncoiling mooring ropes wound around a wooden reel. Insert a steel pipe and keep it on a stands, or hoist by crane. @Non wooden reel @Other than big mooring ropes Cross timbers and hoist it with a This method is applied when an ordinary wire sling. size of fiber rope is uncoiled. (Do not use Steel bands binding the coil should this for wire rope.) be cut after hoisting it. Place the coil so as to put the rope end at the center of the coil at the bottom. Draw the end through the center top.@Pulling by forming knots, bends, hitches. 59 (Pulled by doubling each rope) 65 (Pulled by doubling each rope) A knot reduces the strength to half. Chapter 1 @NPE chia=3 2 2-1 Structure (1) Name of each part Hemp core (2) Lay The “ordinary lay" has the lay of the rope opposite to that of the strand. The most standard ropes found on board vessels are those of "ordinary Z-lay" ‘The Lang's lay rope has the same lay of the rope as that of the strand and has the tendency to unlay and is liable to kink. It is used in places where both rope ends are unlikely to rotate freely or the rope is kept tensioned at all times. It should not be used for general slinging. Ordinary Z-lay @Cross section Gore of each strand as well as the core of the wire rope is a fiber core mostly on a ship. - QO cruvier1 Ordinary S-lay There is no fiber core in a strand. This is used for standing wire. (EE py) NUS NN \ W A N \ B There is no fiber core in a strand. Wire core is used in the center of mooring wires as this is more suitable for the tension placed ‘on mooring wires. — If, i, io y Y; i Ly] el i YL q Lang's S-lay A strand is used as the core of rope (homo- centric). Used as the wire for suspension bridge.@Structure of cross section Of JIS (Japanese Industrial Standard), No.1 to No.23 wire ropes, the following figure shows No.1 to No.6 wire ropes. No.4 wire rope is mostly used for general and marine purposes. 7- stranded wire, No.1 6x7 6 stranded rope with Standing wire fiber core 12- stranded wire with a No.2 6x12 fiber core, 6 stranded | Running wire rope with fiber core 19- stranded wire, watt. No.3 6x19 6 stranded rope with oe . Running wire fiber core 24- stranded wire Now exo4 fiber core, ; Standing wire 6 stranded rope with a | Running wire fiber core 30- stranded wire with a fiber core, Standing wire No.5 6x3 ° eo 6 stranded rope with a | Running wire fiber core 37- stranded -wire Noe 6x37 6 stranded rope with a | Running wire fiber coreMild wire A S-lay strand consisted of several steel wires and a hemp core. 6 stranded rope with a hemp core. The finer of many steel wires are used for a strand, the easier to handle it becomes. This is used for a running wire. Non-mild wire A strand consisted of wire only. The core of the rope is hemp. It is not easy to handle but enough strength, used as standing rope. Seizing wire This is a small wire with 7-12 pieces of mild low-carbon wire galvanized. Its diameter is usually up to 5.5mm. (3) Strength @strength by experiment Although wire ropes are very strong when they are kept straight and gradually pulled, if they are pulled with sharp bends, the strength reduces to half of its original one. Strength in a bent conditi =e % 100% = Strength Rath Strength in a straight condition '°0% eis @Pulling test Pulling rope around a bend 2 53 6 70 10 79 14 86 Pulling rope around a sharp bent 45 53 60" 60 3 , 90" 65 / 120° 70 Pulling when kinked | When kinked, it reduces the ratio by more than half. When a rope is kinked, it should not be used. i @ ciavier 1@Causes of damage ‘®The sheave does not rotate. @The groove of sheave has worn out. @The diameter of sheave is too small. @When a kink is formed. ‘@When a rope is bent at sharp angles. ‘@When load exceeds than that specified for the rope. Above careless handlings and insufficient daily check worsen the condition of ropes, and that lead to serious accidents/injuries. 22 Treatment of Wire End (1) Strength by experiment Strength of the treated part . aie x 100% = Strength Ratio (2) Methods of treatment Socket metal 100 End of the rope being untwisted is with lead and tin fixed by a socket. Wedge treatment 65 to 70 Pulling load tightens the wedge. Clipping 80 to 85 Treated by pieces of clip. Sy C SIN Ss SSS Eye splicing 75 to 90 Most common and traditional method on board. The eye spliced portion should be made properly so that each strand may fit comfortably with each other, without any raised part. Rough eye splicing may drastically decrease the breaking strength es ES Press-ring 100 ‘Squeezed with aluminum alloy sleeve.HANDLING ROPES (3) Clip treatment @Clips should be correctly fitted and secured sufficiently tightening the nuts. (@They should be tightened again after the rope is tensioned. @Arrange and fit U-bolts on the end side of the rope with same intervals. Tighten U-bolt equally. @Gare should be taken so that the number of clips fit may be sufficient. A rule of thumb is about 4 units for 10 to 16mmwire, and 5 units for 20mm wire. @lf the U-bolts are fit in the opposite direction, the rope is pressed by the U-bolts, reducing its breaking strength. ‘@This method is seldom applied for slings. Correct fitting method Wrong fitting method Aaa Lo wr ) A SSSI SIRAYRATROASSS oe SSeS ( CSS SIIB SS SS y Drei YING « &CS SSS SSE eS” (4) Press-ring There are 2 methods. Single press ring Double press ring Press ring is applied on a splicing part. Squeezed with a press ring only onto Round shape. Sufficient strength. the rope and its end. Oval shape. o ®2-3 Handling (1) Tension imposed on wire sling The tension applied to a sling greatly varies, depending on the angle of hosting; the hoisting angle should be less than 60". att u u ee ia (2) Winding on a wire drum Tension on a wire rope will make it twist in its natural direction. This tendency should be used when stowing on a drum in order to maintain the evenness on it. If it is allowed to twist in the opposite direction it may allow gaps in the drum stowage and cause gaps and crushing, thus reducing its useful life. The first layer serves as the base and guides the following layers to wind on correctly. The winding direction on a mooring winch is decided by the mechanism of its break system. Winding Z-lay rope on a wire drum Winding Z-lay rope on a warping end Direction of wire moving Direction of wire moving {oretom the tet {oretorm tha tetA pap OTe (3) Criteria of prohibition of using and replacement Wire ropes gradually reduce in strength whilst in use. The same location is likely to be ‘damaged by the drum or heave and they need to be partially cut or turned end for end. Although it is difficult to set a standard guide to replacement of wires, according to fractured wires, excessive wear, deformation or rot, a rule of thumb is said to be as follows; @Broken wires Referring to the following table, decide whether usable or not, according to the situation of broken wires, i.e., whether concentrated or distributed among all strands of the rope. 6x19 12 wires 5 wires: 6x24 15 wires 6 wires 6x37 23 wires 9 wires @Wear Down When wear down is easily observed visually, you should not use it. If the measured value of the diameter has reduced to below 93% of the nominal one, it should not be put to use again. Measure the diameter from 8 directions at a portion where the diameter has reduced; and the diameter is represented by their arithmetical average. @Deformation Wire ropes which have shown such symptoms as follows should be taken out of use. Wire rope which has kinked. Wire rope whose core has protruded. Wire rope whose strands have loosen and been raised.Prohibition of use of unsuitable wire ropes by safety regulations for cranes, etc. ‘@Wire ropes whose yams have been broken to 10% of the total number within a pitch. @Wire ropes whose diameter has reduced by 7% or more of nominal one. @Wire ropes which are conspicuously deformed or corroded. @Corrosion When corroded, wire ropes become fragile, their strength dramatically reduces. If only the surface is rusty in red, the rope may be all right; however, if the corrosion has progressed like vermin, such condition requires extreme caution. Even if the wire rope does not have broken yarns or wear out excessively, if strands have dried up, or fiber cores have run of grease, such wire rope should not be used. @Part of end Eye Splices : Wire ropes whose strands have started to come out of the eye splice or whose clips have become loosen, should not be used. @Others Date of replacement of wires being used for cranes, mooring lines, lifeboats and so on shall be recorded and inspect periodically, so as to find abnormality in early stage. ®Greasing prolongs the wire ropes life by up to 2 to 3 times compared with no grease. ©The most important thing to prevent kinking is to find signs of kinks and prevent them. ‘lt is rather belated to notice the internal corrosion in the portion of a wire rope where serving is applied. At portions where waterproof covering is provided, corrosion develops more quickly than one may think, when they run out of grease. (The same care should be required for tumbuckles which are provided with waterproof covering.) Wire ropes sometimes part instantaneously. But in many cases, wire ropes spring back while some of the strands parting and unlayed.BION ealg=} While there are many kinds of knots, it is not necessary to learn many of them. It is wise to Jeam several types of knots which serve actual purposes and to gain a full knowledge of their advantages and disadvantages through familiarizing with those knots. 3-1 Basie Methods There are 3 categories by name. @A hitch is named when a rope is used to tie it to something. @A knot is named when a rope is used for tying itself or a ring by rope Bend is named when 2 ropes are connected. (Some of them are called hitch or knot depending on) @Half hitch It is used as a basis of knots and used along with other knots. Itis rarely used alone, @Two-half hitch It is often used because it is secure and simple, but when taut difficult to open. @Round tum and two half hiteh Since the rope under tension can be tied without loosening, It is employed to hang an object from a hand rail, etc. The hitch will not shift when another tum is added. e Chapter@Clove hitch It is extensively used to bind a rope around an object. It is particularly effective when both ends are under even stress. It should be finished with another half hitch when only ‘one end is under load. @Timber hitch This will never work loose when the rope is under tension. When safety is the primary concer as it is not infallible it should not be used. It is important to leave the rope end sufficiently out of the hitch. @Timber and half hitch (log hitch) It is used to hoist a slender and long object. It is convenient to pay out a mooring line to the opposite side of the ship. @Mariine hitch It is used to secure the parceling around the eye of a hawser. If one point is cut, all of that comes apart. So, it is important to contrive the direction of the hitch or the hitch itself.@Midshipman hitch It is used when a middle of the rope is tied on a hook. It is not slip as far as the rope is loaded steadily, but it is not secure. @Overhand knot || This is basis of a knot. Once it is | | tightened, it is difficult to open. It is rare to use it alone. @Figure of eight knot It looks Overhand Knot. It is easier to open than overhand knot because of additional one turn. @Harness hitch It is used to pull a middle of a rope, in case of lashing and so on, with making this hitch on the place. @ cavers@Bowline knot Called the king of knots, it is known as the most popular knot on board ships. You should master this knot in order to be able use it easily. Bowline is highly reliable and safe and there is no worry about it working loose or slipping. ‘@Even if itis worked taut, it is easy to untie it. @lthas many varieties and you can use it extensively. Basics 1 Basics 2© & 4S 22, ® @@Manrope knot ‘A Crown knot is tied above the ‘Wall knot. and each strand is led along the Walll knot first then the ‘crown knot. 7 V It is used for the end of man- rope for a pilot ladder. 3-4 Useful Knots @Monkey fist This is used for a head of sounding lead. This illustration shows the procedure for 3 rounds. The more turns, the larger size is and materials inside shall be larger. Put materials inside for weight, @Running Turk's head (for decoration, fenders) Itis made by tuming a rope around a round material to make a fender. After tying a knot through, tighten it are by one in sequence.@Standing turk's head This is a method to tie a knot on a rope. ‘The beginning of the knot is penetrating between strands of the rope. Then make a Wall Knot, Crown Knot accordingly. YER. @Overhand knot It is used for a lifeline for a lifeboat. EEE ERED EESEHES3.5 Treatment of Rope End Method of treating a rope end is decided dependant whether or not the end has been treated. @Temporary whipping with twine This is used not only for a fiber rope but also for a wire rope. Plastic tape can not be used if the surface of rope is stained with oily material. Sees - Cor - CUT @Temporary treatement with a plastic tape @Fusion of ends by heat Cut off after binding both sides of cutting (Synthetic Rope ) position with plastic tape our ASSWMS Whipping All of ends of ropes used for Bosun's chair, painting stage, and so on, shall be treated with this method instead of temporary methods or back splice. Whipped at 2 points is preferable. Ifa rope is small, it is better to be done by single twine to make the knot small. For a synthetic rope, whipping and fusion by heat is best. al. B-HANDLING ROPES @Whipping end of flag line Conneeting flag line & end treatment. For connecting a flag line and a hook, after piercing the hook, make a hitch and keep the end 5 cm. Apply whipping at 2 points. @Replacing a flag line When renewing a flag line, connect the old rope to a new one with twine and cover the joining part with plastic tape. Pull the end of old line so that the new one can pass the mast block. This enables the renewal of a flag line without climbing the mast or working aloft. Pee Material of a shackle to connect an eye on the mast yard and the flag shackle shall be softer than the one of the eye on the yard to minimize the eye wear down. During navigation and/or a flag line being not used for long time, in order to prevent the middle of flag line worn out, it is a good idea to keep the part of the flag block on the top of the mast. Be sure to check the whole of line before entering port. When hoisting flags or signals, tie each end of the flag line to different place and keep lines separately to prevent entwining. The shackle used as a flag block for a mast yard should be of bronze to prevent abrasion to the eye bolt fitted on the yard. ‘Take care while at sea to prevent the flag line from being chafed by metal fitting. Never forget to check flag lines before entering ports.36 Seizing It is used to bind 2 ropes with a small string such as marine, to attach a thimble on the rope, etc. It is applied for a pilot ladder. @Fiat seizing This is used for relatively light work. = ~” @Round seizing Flat seizing is applied as inside lay and the same with one turn less on outside lay is applie. -> @Racking seizing To tum twine around 2 ropes with 8-shape several times. Hold the load on one rope and tum on them.@Seizing for wire rope To split seizing wire into 4:3 so that the finished appearance is better. To separate at both start and finish of a seizing, the seizing wire should be passed through strands. The length of seizing is about twice - three times of size of diameter of the wire rope. Reference > ; @Lashing tripod Tripod can be set up with 3 strong timbers and Flat Seizing or Raking Seizing. The top is bound with Flat Seizing or Raking Seizing. Each bottom part is fixed in three direction. When lashed taut, the legs will not open, and when lashed loosely, it will not serve the purpose. There are two lashing methods. By Racking Seizing fi. By Flat Seizing3-7 Serving Purpose of serving is to protect surface of a rope from being damaged by friction, humidity, etc. It is useful for big wires such as mooring wires. Usually direction of winding is opposite twine of the wire rope. @Beginning of Serving Loosen marline and separate 1:2. After one turn with the marline, on the rope, insert it into strands of the wire. Make the second turn and tun upside and down side, then haul the strands. Make the third turn and haul the marline to bind strands tightly The remaining marline is to be wound on the wire tightening strands without any gap by mallet. @End of Serving When the length is about 5 turns, wind it loosely as shown in the illustration. Insert the end inside the rings and then tighten . Tighten the marline and loosen strands gy of the marline, then make a Crown Knot. @Serving for mooring line parceling, serving and worming To wom gaps between tops and bottoms of 3-strand rope with small string. Apply canvas sheet as parceling. Serving with mallet to apposite direction of the rope twin.orcs i CANTY clos) @Serving for wire rope When serving is applied after splicing, trim end of strands hitting by a hammer first. Apply grease, wrap with piece of cloth like waste rags, then bind by twine before serving applied, Since a part of splicing is tapered., serving shall be started from the end of splicing ar apply toward the eye. (If the direction is. opposite, it will be loosened when it is halted.) Kt is important to check the wire even if grease is applied. Ra —_— Stay wire covered by plastic wrapping of antenna mast is also to be checked from time to time. Marline is a kind of hemp rope some having tar applied. Diameter is usually 3mm-4mrr being used on board. 3.8 Knitting Yarns {f you prepare pieces of small string by knitting yams of old rope, they will be useful for various occasions such as binding, lashing, etc. There are flat knit, round knit, square knit and so on, Number of yams is various from 3 pieces to 10 pieces. ‘Old manila rope is not available on board, it can be supplied by supplier. @Flat knit with 3 yarns Twin yarns from outside to the center alternatively. @Flat knit with 4 yarns Start with @ inserting the center, then pick @ and insert the center passing under ® pushing @. Insert the most outside one into the center accordingly. Knit with 5 yarns, 7 yarns can be done with the same method inserting the most outside ‘one into the center accordingly.@Round knit with 4 yarns Insert @ into the center passing under to right and pushing ®. Insert @ into the center passing under to left and pushing ©. 00 090 a®@ @@ @Square knit with 8 yarns Separate 4 and 4 yarns. Place ® into the center passing under ta right, between © and @. Place ® into the center passing under to left, between @ and ©. Accordingly, most outside one is placed in the center one by ong. = canter @pier HANDLING ROPES @Round knit with 6 yarns Separate 3 and 3 yarns. Place © in the center passing under, between ® and ®, then under ®. Place ® in the center passing under, between ® and ®, then under ®, Place ® with the same way of ®.3-9 Block and Tackle Tackle is usually called a combination of blocks and ropes. @Type of block Common block (with a rope strap). Steel band block: A steel band is attached inside or outside of the shell. hinge with a cramp is mounted on the top of the shell to open and shut. is called Cargo block, since being used for cargo gears. Others: Sister block, Violin type block, Swivel hook block, etc. @ Tackle Stationary block changes direction of force and travelli leverage explains. Load on the travelling block is divided by 3 ropes and required force to pull” is 1/3 of the load on travelling block in the illustration. Resistance by friction is estimated at about 10 per cent of load per sheave. xx ~ When small size of tackle is stowed, make "to" between two blocks and fix then by a hitch, then remaining rope is coiled and bound by a Clove Hitch. block changes force itself as Shell Sheave Head —_ e Saors Cheek swatow Breech —* \ \ en Sete x Prorate @ Stationery block @ Haulimg part @ Standing part @ Running part © Traveling block canter @Sr ag OSI Cle) 41 Eye Splice (1) Loosen strands. insert a spike from right ‘toward left at place of the end of eye. Insert strand @. (Do not tighten it) (2) From the place of © coming out, insert spike into the next strand to insert ®. {Do not tighten it.) (3) Turn over all. From the place of @. coming out insert spike into the next strand to insert ®. It is correct when each strand comes out from different ditch. Then, insert ®@@© and tighten accordingly. (4) From the second insert, any of strands can be inserted next order. Insert a strand beyond the next strand.(5 tucks are preferable.) QO ciaveeri42 Eye Splice with a Thimble (1) Method is the same as making eye splice. Measure length of circumference of the thimble. Insert spike from right to left at the point of length of the circumference from the point of loosening strands. Insert ©, (2) From the place of ® coming out, insert spike into the next strand to @ insert ®. (Do not tighten it.) (8) After 5 times inserting and cutting rest of strands, apply serving or taping. Chapter 1 @®HANDLING ROPES 43 Short Splice (1) Combine strands each other. (Left-in, : 8 Right-cut) ® 2 © 1 (2) Closer each pair. Working end O@ : ® © are to be taped together with main rope in order to avoid loosening. i 1 ® (3) Insert 1 into next strand holding it by 3 @ its pair strand @. (Do not tighten before all of 3 strands first tuck finished. 1 @ 2 © (4) Insert strand 2 holding by strand @. 1 S : ® (5) Insert strand 3 holding by strand ®. Itis correct when each strand comes out form different ditch. After inserting all of 3 strands, tighten up and apply tape all together with main rope. (6) Remove the first taping and do the same. Tighten both sides. Make insertion more than 3 times for each strand and adjust and smoothen splice.14 Long Splice This splice is used when the part of splice can not be as large as short splice. The length of the part of splice is longer than short splice. For a small size diameter rope, the length of strands needed is about 1.5m - 2m. Larger size diameter rope will need more than 3m. (4) Combine strands each other. (Left-in, Right-out), Untie @ rightward and wind ©” toward the place of untied ©. fo ® B o @Grommet Length of strands to make this is to be about 3 times as long as the circumference ot grommet plus length for eye splice. ‘Wind along the rope lay Panky coat long splice caper @ae HANDLING ROPES 5-1 Eye Splice-1 (1) Measure a length of the rope from the working end and tape the same. Open the rope by way of strand pairs i.e. S-lay and Z- lay strand pairs up to the point where tape had been applied up strands pai Culminate by placing S-lay pairs ‘ight i in left out' and tape along working end. (2) Decide the size of the eye splice. (Inserting orderis O@@®,)(3) Insert the spike under S-lay strands to open and insert ® from right to left. Try to take out the twist tendency when inserting. Before finishing 4 strands, do not tighten ‘them. (4) Insert the spike under the S-lay that is next to © inserted. Insert @ from right to left. (5) Remove tapes that are binding S-lay strands. Keeping S-lay ® on Z-lay ® from left to right and S-lay @ being kept under the main rope, turn all over. S-lay ® is to run on Z-lay strand between ® & ®. (6) Insert S-lay strand ® from left to right.Cam QTE Viola =) i (7) Take @ to left to right, then that comes to next to ®, Same as this, insert @ from left to right. This is the end of first tuck of each strand, Each strand (0~@) should be tightend equally. (8) Second round of inserting. The order is © @®@ in order to work easily. Hitting with hammer the spike, when a large rope hawser is applied. (9) 3 tucks should be used. Cut the rest of the strands. Third round of tucks can be done by each strand separately instead of the pair. If you want to make the end smooth, insert fourth round with inserting one strand only of each pair.5-2 Eye Splice-2 (1) Measure a length of the rope from the working end and tape the same. Open the rope by way of strand pairs ie, S-lay and Z- lay strand pairs up to the point where tape had been applied up strands pair-wise. (2) Make it round anti-clockwise. Insert 2 pairs of Z-lay strands. (3) Strand © is inserted.Chapter HANDLING ROPES (4) Tur all over. Insert @ from left to right. (5) Tum all over again. Remove tapes that bind Stlay strands. (6) Insert S-lay ® from right to left. (7) Insert S-lay ® under the Z-lay ©, The first inserting of 4 strands is finished. Z-lay ® vsS-lay ® Z-lay ® vs S-lay @ are seen crossing.(8) Tighten it. (9) Insert the second round. At least three tucks are required. Eye Splice - 3 This is similar to 5-2. But order of tucks are different; that is S-lay ®, Z-tay ©, S- lay ®, and Z-lay ®. @Eye Splice - 4 This is similar to 5-2. But it begins with all of 8 strands untied. 4Z-lay strands and 2 S-lay strands are inserted. Three rounds of splice are finished. canier 1 @HANDLING ROPES 5-3 Short Splice This is same as 5-1, Do not make a mistake when setting the first tuck. All of strands are set firstly same as 3-strand short splice. (1) Untie strands. S+lays are crossed and taped. It is favorable if color of each tape can be different in order to differentiate each strand. Z- lays are opened and S-lays are taped.(2) Cross each Z-lay. Right strand in, left strand out situation. (D - ©", ®-@are crossing). After crossing, Z-lays are also taped. (4) Insert Z-lay @ along ® from in to out.f “ae EEN (5) Z-tay are inserted. (6) Insert Z-lay @". (7) Fix S-lays by tape. Insert S-lay © from left-out to in along S-lay ©”, after picking the spike under the Z-lay.(8) Insert S-lay ®. (9) Insert S-lay @'along S-lay ® right-in to out after picking the spike under Z-lay. (11) Insert 3 times. The last round can be inserted by each strand separately.HANDLING ROPES 6-1 Eye splice (1) Stretch the rope on deck (in case of mooring rope, it needs to be stretched up to 10 m) Mark 5 places as shown. Tie point X with a small string to avoid sliding the inner core and the outer cover on point C and D. ei a oe GP SE | ' ' 4 \<— 226 —>«— Length required —>« 54>! foreyespice, <1 259 — en a Figure shows multiple number. 22 : 22times of rope diameter (2) Untie outer braided cover about 20-30 em from the working end and extract inner braided core. Insert a lead rope into innermost part of inner braided core and the tape extracted part about 15cm. The lead rope needs to be longer than the distance from the end to point B. Topping with teadrope” \\ Uni to outer braided cover eat At a Lead rope Outer braided cover Inner braided core (3) Extract the inner braided core from point B. Once the lead rope is extracted from B. Outer braided cover Lead rope B x Z fea i “Inner braided core(4) Take off the tape securing the same to inner braided core. Ensure that the other side of the lead rope remains outside the outer braided cover. Outer braided cover <> Inner braided core (5) Lay outer braided cover and inner braided core parallel to each other. Mark pints A and B on inner braided core as shown. Untie the small string on point X. Pull out inner braided core to about 8 times of the rope diameter. Mark A’ and B' on the inner braided core as shown. Loosen outer cover between B and D equally in order to make following inserting easier. AMIE Over Brees covers c chumer 1Chapter EPP Nelaos = (6) Extract the lead rope fying outside the outer braided cover from point A. Fix the end of the lead rope to the end of the inner braided core tightly with tape and extract the one from point B. A B __ Otter braided cover (7) Form an eye and extract inner braided core through outer braided cover until point B aligns with point B. Adjust the shape of the eye. Outer braided cover i Inner braided coreInner braided core (9) Thread inner braided core from point B to D with the help of a lead rod. (The lead rod. made with steel or copper wire is quite useful to pull the lead rope. Thread the guide from point D to B and tie the end of the lead rope, then extract the lead rope.) Thread outer braided cover from point B to C with the help of the lead rod. Ensure that ‘the lead rope of the core and the cover do not cross each other.eater GNen hag (10) Extract the inner braided core and outer braided cover one at a time from point D and C respectively. Adjust the same with a wooden mallet if required. Cut the rest of the ends and conceal the ends after making the splice smooth. Test the eye splice with some tension by mooring winch holding the end on a bit. Seize the spliced part from the eye to the base of the splice. The method begins with 8- figure with twine tightening it by a spike. Then, apply seizing from the end.6.2. Short Splice-1 (1) Stretch enough length of rope on deck. Mark A and B as shown on the end of both ropes. Point A is 22 times the diameter of the rope from the working end. B is 6 times the diameter from point A. B A End ab 6 at 22) End A B | 29,) |e) (2) Open the outer cover of B and mark the inner braid as point (D. Extract the part of working end of inner braided core from point B.Se emma cela (3) Mark point @ and @ on the extracted inner braided core. @) is marked at 6 times the diameter from (1) and @ is marked at 28 times the diameter from 2), Mark point C on outer cover. The point is the seventh knitting (one knitting is 97), from point A. Then mark 6 point every other knitting from point C toward the working end. In order to make a conical shape, cut these 6 point of outer cover and extract some yarns of the working end. Connect lead rope each end as acute as possible. B A 8B(4) Insert a lead rope into innermost part of inner braided core using a lead rod. Insert outer cover of between the end and point C into inside of inner braided core of the counterpart from point ‘2) toward point (3). Bind the point (2) of inner braided core and C of outer cover with tape so that the points do not slip. Take off the lead rope and flatten the surface. Lead rope Lead rod compe @(5) Insert inner braided core into outer cover of the counterpart. Thread the guide rod from point B toward C and tie the lead rope to pull the lead rope inserting the inner braided core.insert outer cover of between the end and point C into inside of inner braided core of the counterpart from point 2) toward point @). Bind the point 2) of inner braided core and C of outer cover with tape so that the points do not slip.(6) Pulling the lead rope together with inner braided core. Take off the lead rope and flatten the surface.Som QTE lel) (8) Insert it more. If rope is old, and difficulty is found, then apply liquid soap to help. Continuously insert inner braided core under outer cover of counterpart until each point A meets point B of counterpart.(10) Thread a guide rod from a point of distance of 10 times the diameter of rope. To point B in order to insert and pull the inner braided core. off poinnt B 106 off point B (11) After inserting all of the inner braided core, flatten the splice. Pull by a winch to shape up the splice. (It does not matter if the inner braided core goes deeper into the outer cover.)HANDLING ROPES (12) Cut outside of inner braided core and hide the remaining under the cover. Seize the splice with a small rope about 10-15cm long. Begin with penetrating the rope with a spike to insert the small rope. Seize toward the middle of the splice as shown. The ends of seizing are inserted into the rope. ‘Small rope ‘Small rope6-3 Short Splice-2 (1) Stretch enough length of rope on deck. Mark A, B, C, D as shown on the end of both ropes. Bind a point X of distance of 5 times the diameter from B. End (2) Open the outer braided cover of B and mark the inner braid as point B Extract the part of working end of inner braided core from point B. Mark point B’on the extracted inner braided core. Take off the rope binding point X. Extract length of 8times of diameter of the rope more from B. Mark B’. Loosen the part between B and D. Connect a lead rope with the extracted inner braded core with tape.CM NPE ag} (3) Insert inner braided core under outer braided cover of the counterpart from point A to D. Start with threading a guide rod and connect the end of the lead rope. Pull a lead rod, then the lead rope.(5) Insert it from point B to C using a guide rod. Pulling a lead rope to insert the outer braided cover. (6) If it seems to be difficult to insert the outer braided cover, it is a good idea to divide the outer braided cover into 2 and insert.Chapter HANDLING ROPES (7) Pull by a winch to shape up the splice. (It does not matter if the inner braided core goes deeper into the outer cover.) (8) Cut outside of inner braided core and hide the remaining under the cover. Seize the splice with a small rope about 10-15cm long. Begin with penetrating the rope with a spike to insert the small rope. Seize toward the middle of the splice asMaking splices for a mooring rope in use is carried out in case of emergency. ‘The methods of some splices are described in this chapter but this splice is usually more difficult than doing for a new rope. Because the rope has been become harder. We need at least 3 members and a wider space to accomplish the job effectively.( Diameter of and eye ‘shall be larger than 2.5 meters.) @Splice for mooring hawser (1) Threading a spike is tough. Using various spikes from small to large is recommended to open the compressed strands. Threading becomes tougher as the splicing goes on. (2) As a spike is so slippery against steel deck plate, it is better to prepare a sheet of plywood. (3) After making a splice, pull the rope using a ship's winch and hammer the splicing spot for shape up.Splice 5 tucks at least. Lay a sheet of plywood for splicing job to avoid slipping of a spike on a steel plate. 7-1 4:2 Method Cross section is a view from arrow side as shown. Cross section (1) Measure a distance" af approximately 45- 50 cm (for 16mm wire) from the working end of the wire rope and tightly seize the same. Open the rope so as to separate the individual strands. Clean each strand with a cotton rag. Seize the end of each strand with twine “differ depending on diamiter of wire @ ciavier 1(2) Make an eye twisting anti-clockwise. The innermost strand of the working end is called © Lift 2 strands of standing end closest to strand © of working end with spike and insert ©, (3) Lift 3 strands of standing end with spike and insert strand @ of working end, using ‘same insertion point. (4) Turn the complete splice over in order to insert a spike from the back side because it becomes very hard to insert a spike from the top side. (5) Insert the spike from the back side and lift 2 strands of standing end and insert strand ® of working end, using same insertion point, Lift 1 strand of standing end and insert strand @ of working end, using same insertion point. Holding all 6 strands and the core, hit the standing end with a spike, so that. ‘An eye begins to form.Chapter’ HANDLING ROPES (6) Before the eye is completed, release the core | and hit the standing end till the seized point of ‘the working end touches the standing end. Wind strand @ on to the standing part and tuck the same 5 times. (Note : Wind the | strand normally for the 1st tuck, but give the strand a twist for the remaining 4 | tucks, This holds good for all 6 strands) (7) Wind strand @ on to the standing part and tuck the same 5 times. Wind strand @ on to the standing part and tuck the same 5 times. (8) Lifting strand © and of the working end, insert the core into the standing end. (9) Wind strand © on to the standing part and tuck the same 5 times. (Be careful not to make a mistake with ©. ® strand is closest to the conjunction part)(10) Wind strand ® on to the standing part and tuck the same 5 times. (1) Hit the spliced with a spike along the eye so as to bring strand @ of the working end parallel to the standing end. Wind strand ® on to the standing part and tuck the same 5 times. (12) Hit the spliced part of the wire away from the eye to ensure a secure fit Bad example:Chapter HANDLING ROPES 7.2 Thimble-Eye Splicing with 3:3 Method Cross section is a view from arrow side as shown. Force of wire returning is quite large because the size of the eye is very small. The bigger the diameter of a rope is, the bigger the force is. A rigger screw is very helpful to control the force during making an eye splice. However, since many ships do not have this tool, using seizing wire is an altemative way. 3-3 method is often employed although both 3-3 and 4-2 methods are available. (1) Measure a distance* of approximately 45 50cm from the working end of the wire rope and tightly seize the same. Open the rope so as to separate the individual strands. Clean each strand with a cotton rag. Seize the end of each strand with twine. Measure the circumference of the thimble and mark its length on the stand part. ‘differ depending on diamiter of wire @ ciover(2) (3) (4) Insert a spike from the marking point to between @ and @. Lift 3 strands of standing end closest to strand ® of working end with spike and insert @. Keep the strand at about a half inserting. First 3 strands are inserted and the other 3 are to be wound. Turn the complete splice over. Lift 2 strands of the standing end with spike and insert strand ® of working end, using same insertion point. Lift 3 strands of standing end and insert strand ® of working end, using same insertion point. Holding all 6 strands and the core, hit the standing end with a spike, so that an eye begins to form. When the eye size nearly matches the thimble, insert the thimble, release the core and hit some more, With the thimble fitted into the eye, seize tightly 3 points; the lower part of the same to the wire and hit the standing end; the left upper part of the thimble and hit the standing end; the right upper part of the thimble and hit the standing end. (If the thimble moves inside the eye, the eye is too loose.)(6) Wind strand ® on to the standing part and tuck the same one time. Hit the standing end. (Note ! Wind the strand normally for the 1st tuck, but give the strands a twist for the remaining 4 tucks. This holds good for all 6 strands of the working and the standing end) (6) Wind strand ® on to the standing part and tuck the same one time to soften its registance. Hit the standing end. (7) Lifting strand © and @ of the working end, insert the core into the standing end properly (about 20cm) ,and then cut it off. (8) Wind strand ® on to the standing part and tuck the same one time. Wind strand ® on to the standing part and tuck the same one time. Wind strand ® on to the standing part and ‘tuck the same one time.(9) Hit the splice with a spike along the eye so as to bring strand ® of the working end parallel to the standing end. Wind strand ® onto the standing part and tuck the same one time. (40) Wind all strands on to the standing part and tuck the same 3 times each. As the last step, separate each stand and tuck the outer half of them into the standing part. (1) Hit the spliced part away from the eye to ensure a secure fit.