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Experiment 7 DSSS Technique For CDMA
Experiment 7 DSSS Technique For CDMA
CDMA-DSSS TECHNIQUE
Soumyaditya Kar
111407073 | Mobile Communications | BTech | EnTC | CoEP
AIM
To study Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) technique in mobile communication and
observe:
Types of PN Sequences
Constellation diagrams of modulation schemes with varying signal, noise gains and
carrier offsets
APPARATUS
CDMA-DSSS Modulator Kit Scientech 2131B
CDMA-DSSS Demodulator Kit with BER Scientech 2131B
Ribbon cable to connect Modulator and Demodulator
Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO)
Power Supplies for Scientech 2131B with Mains Cord
THEORY
In telecommunications, DSSS is a modulation technique. As with other spread spectrum
technologies, the transmitted signal requires more bandwidth than the information signal that
modulates the carrier. The name 'spread spectrum' comes from the fact that the carrier signals
occur over the spectrum of a device's transmitting frequency.
Benefits:
• Resistance to intended or unintended jamming
• Sharing of a single channel among multiple users
• Reduced signal/background-noise level hampers interception
• Determination of relative timing between transmitter and receiver
Features of DSSS modulator kit
1. Direct sequence spread-spectrum (DS-SS) modulator.
2. Programmable chip rates up to 10 Mchip/s.
3. Spreading codes:
a. Gold sequences (up to 2A23-1 chips)
b. Maximal length sequences, (max length 2A23-1 chips)
c. Barker codes (length 11, 13)
4. Code modulation: BPSK/QPSK/OQPSK with output spectral shaping filter: raised cosine
square root filter with 20%, 25%, or 40% roll-off.
5. Internal generation of pseudo-random bit stream and unmodulated carrier for test
purposes.
6. Built-in channel impairments generation:
a. Additive white Gaussian noise
b. Frequency offset (Doppler)
3. Code selection
01 = Gold code
10 = Maximal length sequences
11 = Barker code REG 6 bits 2-0
We set values
REG 6 02
REG 6 03
4. Gold sequence / Maximal Length Sequence generator polynomial G1
24-bit. Describes the taps in the linear feedback shift register 1: Bit 0 is the leftmost tap
(2° in the polynomial).
The largest non-zero bit is the polynomial order n. n determines the code period 2n-1.
Example:
G1 = 1 +x3+x6+x7+x9+x10+ x14 +x16 +x17 is represented as 0x01 A3 64.
REG7 = bits 7 - 0 REG8 = bits 15 - 8
REG9 = bits 23 - 16
24-bit. Describes the taps in the linear feedback shift register 2: Bit 0 is the leftmost tap
(2° in the polynomial). The largest non-zero bit is the polynomial order n. n determines
the code period 2n -1.
Example:
G2 = 1 + x9 + x13 + x14 + x17 is represented as 0x01 31 00.
REG 10 = bit 7 - 0 REG 11 = bit 15 - 8
REG 12 = bit 23-16
10. AGC gain Digital AGC gain settings 8 bit unsigned REG21 bit 7-0.
Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access method used by various radio
communication technologies.
CDMA is an example of multiple access, where several transmitters can send information
simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows several users to share a band
of frequencies. To permit this without undue interference between the users, CDMA employs
spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a
PN code).
CDMA is used as the access method in many mobile phone standards. IS-95, also called
"cdmaOne", and its 3G evolution CDMA2000, are often simply referred to as "CDMA"', but
UMTS, the 3G standard used by GSM carriers, also uses "wideband CDMA", or W-CDMA, as well
as TD-CDMA and TD-SCDMA, as its radio technologies.
Spread spectrum technique spreads the information ‘Di’ having information bandwidth BWdata
over a much larger bandwidth BWsig. The resultant spread spectrum signal acts like white noise.
The signal is generated by multiplying the data with a unique PN sequence. The same PN
sequence can be used at the receiver to recover our data. The PN sequence used in this case is
pseudorandom in nature.
CDMA
Each user has a unique private code. This code is embedded with data so any user can transmit their
data at any frequency and at any time. This eliminates the need for tight synchronization among many
users and need for expensive analog filters. It also provides high channel capacity.
Working of CDMA
Call Processing Stages
CDMA uses codes to convert between analog voice signals and digital signals. It uses same codes to
separate voice from control data by placing them into data streams called channels.
It achieved compression by using a variable voice vocoder thus taking advantage of pauses between
syllables and words during normal speech.
Spread Spectrum
Spread spectrum modulation refers to any modulation scheme that produces a spectrum for the
transmitted signal much wider than the bandwidth of the information being transmitted independently
from the information bearing signal. It spreads the signal over a range of frequencies in the spectrum.
CONCLUSION
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and Spread Spectrum Techniques are studied.