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Design and implementation of piezoelectric energy harvesting circuit

Kirubaveni Savarimuthu, Radha Sankararajan, Sudha Murugesan,
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Kirubaveni Savarimuthu, Radha Sankararajan, Sudha Murugesan, (2017) "Design and implementation of piezoelectric
energy harvesting circuit", Circuit World, Vol. 43 Issue: 2, doi: 10.1108/CW-12-2016-0065
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 Design and implementation of piezoelectric energy
harvesting circuit
Abstract— This paper presents the design of a piezoelectric
vibration energy generator with power conditioning circuit to
power wireless sensor node.Frequency and voltage
characterization of piezoelectric energy harvester is performed. A
single stage AC-DC power converter which integrates the
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rectification and boosting circuit is designed, simulated and
implemented in hardware. The designed power conditioning
circuit incorporates bridgeless boost rectification, Lithium ion
battery as energy storage unit and voltage regulation in order to
extract maximum power from PZT-5H and to attain higher
efficiency.Sensor node is modelled in active and sleep state based
on the power consumption. Dynamic modelling of the Lithium ion
battery with its state of charging and discharging is analysed. The
test result shows that the energy harvester produces a
maximumpower of 65.9 mW at the resonant frequency of 21.4
Hz. The designed circuit will operate even at a minimum input
voltage of 0.5 V. The output from the harvester is rectified,
boosted to 7 VDC output and regulated to 3.3V to power C-Mote
Wireless sensor node.The conversion efficiency of the circuit is
improved to70.03% with reduced loss of 19.76 mW.
Keywords—Piezoelectric; Vibration Energy Harvesting; Resonant
Frequency; Buck-Boost; Low Voltage Rectification; AC/DC
Conversion.
I. INTRODUCTION
Research on energy harvesting has been increasing
progressively over the last few decades, relating to design and
fabrication of self-powered microelectronic devices. Wireless
sensor networks find extensive applications in various areas
including automation, structure health monitoring, military
applications and robotics swarm. However, the major
drawback in powering these wireless sensors is the constant
replacement of batteries. Self powered devices mean the
ultimate solution for overcoming this drawback. The available
form of energy sources includes wind, solar, pressure, thermal,
human vibrations etc. The vibrations are available in our
surrounding environment in an abundant way.Various methods
are used to convert kinetic energy into electrical energy they
are piezoelectric, electromagnetic and electrostatic. [2]. The
piezoelectric energy harvesting is of great importance due to
its low cost, simple structure and high power density [3].
Power interfacing circuits plays wider role in low voltage
energy harvesting applications.The traditional AC to
DCconverters reported in [4] generally have two stages viz.
front end diode rectifier followed by a boost or buck converter.
They have several disadvantages like front end diode
rectification, forward voltage drop of the diodes and high input
current whichcauses significant loss [5,6]. A dual polarity
boost converter is reported in[7] has two larger capacitor and
inductors. Continuousdischarge of the capacitors causes larger
voltage drop and slowdowntheconverter response[8].
Liang [9] has reported the synchronized switch harvester
(SSH) method. In this method harvested output is increased to
61% compared to standard energy harvester. But the SSH
circuit is based on the assumption that periodic excitation and
speed of mass are in phase. So, frequency deviation leads to
reduction in the output power. Low voltage drop is
investigated in bridge rectifiers for overcoming this drawback.
Such methods include diode connected passive MOSFET [10],
which uses voltage cancellation techniques and active
MOSFET [11] controlled by a comparator, but these
techniques require external comparators which again increases
circuit complexity and power loss in the circuit.Another
approach to increase the conversion efficiency in a single stage
converter is reported in [12].It uses secondary diode [13] and
split capacitor topology [14]with 65% conversion efficiency.
In this method four diodes are used in the conduction
paththatincreasesthepower loss andmakesthe circuit inefficient
for very low voltage applications.D. Dondi proposed a method
to harvests energy from vibration to power WSN system with
output power of 845 µW and 70% of conversion efficiency at
112Hz [15].
This paper investigates the necessary condition to improve the
output power from the harvester.It focuses on the hardware
implementation of the designed power conditioning circuit
with improved conversion efficiency.The paper is coordinated
1
 as follows: Section II deals with the principle of operation of
the proposed system. Section III describes a novel power
conditioning circuit design and simulation results. Section IV
discusses the experimental set up and testing results of the
harvester with the power condition circuit; while the last
section concludes the results.
II. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
The block diagram of the proposed system is indicated in
Fig1.The power generated from thepiezoelecticvibrationenergy
harvester(PVEH) is given to the power conditioning circuit.
First the bridgeless boost rectifier is incorporated with a boost
and buck boost converter which rectifies and boosts the low
output from the harvester. The DC output from the rectifier
circuit is stored in to the Lithium Ion battery.
Power Conditioning Circuit
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Bridgele
S1 S2
Vibration WSNn
EnergyHar ss ac/dc Battery Regulator
ode
vester Boost
Rectifier
Battery
Control
Fig.1. Block Diagram of Proposed System
The charging and discharging of the battery is controlled by
the battery control unit to avoid battery damage. The energy
efficient, low noise LTC1761nano power regulator is used for
providing regulated voltage to the load. The output power from
the conditioning circuit is used to power wireless sensor node
C_Mote.
III. POWER CONDITIONING CIRCUIT
The power conditioning circuit needsefficient transfer and
accumulation of energy between the harvester and the
electrical load.Fig 2 shows the schematic features of the
proposed power interfacing circuit. Different parts of the
power interfacing circuit are examined with detailed
information.
A. AC-DC Bridgeless boost Rectifier
The vibration energy harvester output is an alternating
voltage signal which should be rectified for supplying power to
the wireless sensor mote load. Bridgeless AC-DC boost
rectifier is a unique integration of boost and buck-boost
converters. When the input signal is positive, switch S1 is
turned ON and diode D1 is also reverse biased, the circuitry
works in the boost mode. As soon as the input signal becomes
negative, the buck-boost mode begins with turning ON switch
S2 and reverses biasing diode D2.MOSFET switches work as
two quadrant switch to ensure the total circuit functionality in
both directions.
B. Modes of Operation
Mode I: This mode starts at t0 switch S2 is turned ON. Initially
at t0 the inductor current is zero. The turn on of switch S2 is
attained through the zero current switching method to reduce
switching loss. Inductor Lis energized by the input voltage
when both switches in ON condition as shown in Fig 3(a).The
load electronics is powered by the energy stored in the output
filter capacitor C when both diodes are reverse biased.
Mode II: During this mode at t1 switchS2 is turned OFF, where
t1 to t0 = d1Ts, d1 is the boost operation duty cycle and Ts the
switching period as shown in Fig 3(b).The inductor is
energized during mode I and the power is delivered to the load.
A linear decrease in induction current is seen. The on condition
of the diode D2 leads to swithchingloss.The load is powered
by the capacitor. The converter would return to Mode I as soon
as switch S2 is turned ON, if the input is positive.
Mode III: The diode D2 is automatically turned OFF when the
inductor current becomes zero at t2 (t2− t1 = d2*Ts).The reverse
recovery loss caused by the rectifier can be kept off in this
mode as shown in Fig 3(c).
Mode IV: This mode starts at the negative input cycle of input
signal as shown in Fig 3(d)while switch S1 is turned ON at t0.
The energy is transferred to the inductor again, while the load
is powered by the output filter capacitor.
Mode V: During this mode as in Fig 3(e), at t1, switch S1 is
turned OFF, where t1− t0 = d1*Ts, d1 is called the duty cycle of
the buck-boost converter.
2
 Fig .2.Schematic of Proposed Power Management Circuit
The stored energy in the inductor in mode IV is transferred to
the load. There is a linear decrease in the current in the
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inductor.Turning on of the diode D1 leads to switching loss in
the circuitry.
Mode VI: As shown in Fig 3(f),when the inductor current
reduces to zero at t2 (t2− t1 = d2Ts), diode D1 is turned OFF at
zero current while the load is consecutively powered by the
charge stored in the output capacitor. When switch S1 is turned
ON the convertor would return to mode IV, if still the input
signal is negative.
C. Design Procedures
Several assumption are taken into account in one switching
cycle for designing a proposed circuit[4]. Input to the
conditioning circuit is considered as a sinusoidal voltage
source.The switching frequency of the converter is taken as
much higher than the input signal frequency. The input signal
is expressed as in equation (1)
2Πt
V m (t ) = Vm sin( ) (1)
Ti
Where Ti is the time period of input signal
During boost operation,voltage across the switch is expressed
as in equation (2)
V1 (t ) = (1 − d1 − d 2 )Vin (t ) + d 2Vo (t )
V1 is the voltage across the switch,Vin is the input voltage,Vois
the output voltage,d1,d2 are the duty cycles of switch S1 and S2
respectively
d 2 T sV in (t )
iin (t ) = 1
2L
hereiinis the current flow through the inductor in equation (3)
Discontinuous operation d2 < 1-d1.Assume d1=0.8 and d2=0.2
.The inductor valueis expressed as in equation (4)
0 . 2 T s ( V o − V in )
L = (4)
i in
wherefs is the switching frequency,Ts is the switching cycle.
The voltage rating of the of diode and MOSFET are choosen
higher than the output voltage for ensuring
safeoperation.Diode loss is the major one which affects
efficiency. Thecapacitance value is calculated [4] using
equation (5),
d * iin * t
C= (5)
∆V
where duty cycle d=0.5, ∆Vis the output ripple voltage.
D. Energy storage and low voltage monitoring
The low voltage monitoring unit is composed of an ultra-
low power voltage comparator LTC1540 with hysteresis, the
switches S3 and S4. The comparator monitors the battery
voltage and controls the battery charging and discharging
process. The battery state of charge is controlled using the
switches S3, S4 and a control algorithm providing series
charge regulation of the system. If the battery voltage reaches
higher than the upper threshold limit (80% State of Charge)
the switch S3 in Fig.2 is opened and prevents the
overcharging of the battery and increases its lifetime.If the
battery voltage is less than the lower threshold limit (20%
(2)
State of Charge) and there is no power available fromthe
PVEH system, the switch S4 in Fig. 2 is opened to avoid the
deep discharge of the battery[16]. Otherwise, an absolute
shutdown with output disconnection inhibits any additional
power consumption, reducing the charging time of the
(3) battery and boosting the overall efficiency. To overcome this
problem in future Super capacitor will be added as an
additional parallel storage unit. Whenever the battery voltage
is low, the super capacitor supply power to the load until the
battery gets charged to the required level.
3
 (a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

Fig.3. Operating Modes of Bridgeless Bosst Rectifier (a) Mode I(b) Mode II(c) mode III(d) mode IV (e) mode V(f) mode VI
Lithium ion battery is chosen by considering advantages like The average power consumption Pavgof the C_Moteis given by
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long battery life, low battery cost, self discharge is very low, the equation (8)
light weight, high energy density of 3.7 V, 150 mAh. Dynamic   

 1   1  1  
 (8)
modelling of the lithium ion battery is performed in MATLAB
with (6) and (7) by considering the charging and discharging where the input voltage to the mote is Vsupply.
conditions [17] The active and sleep state energy consumption is modelled
Charge:Vbatt= E0-R*i-K Q .(it+i*)+Aexp(-B.it) (6) based on its voltage of operation and current consumption [18].
Q − it Fig 4 shows the schematic of the dynamic model of the battery
Discharge:Vbatt = E0-R*i -K.i* Q -K Q Aexp(-B.i) (7) with equivelent resistive load. The C_Motecurrent
it − 0.1Q Q − it consumption is taken from the datasheet as shown in Table I
WhereVbatt is the battery voltage(V) ,E0 is the battery and the power consumption is calculated.
voltage(V) ,K is the polarisation resistance(Ah), Q is the TABLE I. Current Consumption of C_Mote

battery capacity(Ah), i* is the filtered current(A).

C_Mote,MS Processor State Radio State
E. Voltage Regulation P430F2618-
Active Sleep Transmit Receive Sleep
The LTC1761buck regulator is used for providing a EP,CC2520
Current <1
regulated voltage of 3.3V. It draws a supply current of only 20 Consumption
365µA 0.1 µA 25.8mA 18.5mA
µA
µA during the operation and less than 0.1 µAunderthe
shutdown mode. If the input voltage from the voltage regulator The current consumption of the C_Motein sleep state is less
is lower than the defined start-up voltage, the voltage regulator than 1.1 µA and the active state is 26.165 mA. The supply and
depletesexcess power due to its inability to boost the output voltage range of the mote is 1.8 V to 3.3 V. The simple relation
voltage. Thus, to overcome this, a supervisory unit that between power, voltage and resistance is given by (9).
continuously checks the battery voltage and enablesthevoltage 
  
(9)
regulator output only when the corresponding input is present.
Otherwise, an absolute shutdown with output disconnection
Using (9) and the data listed in Table I the C_Moteis modelled
inhibits any additional power consumption, reducing the
as resistor depending on its power consumption and the
charging time of the battery and boosting the overall
corresponding values are calculated and listed in Table II.
efficiency.
F.Modelingof WSNC_Mote TABLE II.Resistance Modeling of C_Mote
The power consumption of the WSN C_Motedepend upon the
Power Consumption Load Resistance
duty cycle (d1) of mote, active mode current (Iactive) and sleep Mote Name Active Sleep Active Sleep
mode current (Isleep) which is determined based on the (mW) (µW) (Ω) (KΩ)
application. C_Mote,MSP430F2
47.097 1.98 68.79 1.63
618-EP,CC2520

4
 Fig.4Dynamic modelling of Battery and C_MOTE
Vibration
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Sensor equivalent model has two resistors in parallel; one is Exciter with Accelerometer
PVEH
for active state and the other represents the mote in sleep state.
Mounted
These parallel resistors are controlled by a switch in series Power
having the input as the step response based on the duty cycle Amplifier
(d1) of the mote. For the time T1= (d1× period of simulation), Voltage
Output Measured
Signal
active state resistor is included and for the remaining time T2= from Acceleration
source
((1-d1) ×period of simulation), sleep state resistor is included PVEH
in the system. Data Acquisition
Function Oscilloscope
software& PC
IV. TESTING AND ANALYSIS Generator

A. Experimental Test Setup
A vibration testing system is engaged for evaluating the output
characteristics of the PVEH. A sculpture drawing of the
experimental setupfor the harvester system is shown in Fig 5.
It consists of a vibration exciter, a power amplifier, an
accelerometer, an oscilloscope, a signal generator, harvester
modulevolture V21B from MIDE solution with the dimensions
of 6.90 cm × 1.44 cm × 0.1mm .An accelerometer is
Fig.5.Schematic Drawing of the Experimental Setup for PVEH System
B.Resonant Frequency
Volture m21b tungsten tuning mass with the dimension of 1.2
cm × 1cm × 0.2 mmis added at the tip of the piezo patch as
shown in Fig 6(a).The natural frequency of the cantilever is
determined using equation (8),
c

assembled on the vibration exciter together with a harvester ω n = 3.57

1
m + mtip ∑EL I b b
3
b
(10)
module volture V21B device to measure the acceleration.The b =1

vibration input signal is generated from the signal generator;

amplified using the power amplifier. This signal is used to
control the vibration amplitude and frequency of the shaker
unit. Accordingly, the piezoelectric harvester experience
excitations and generate output voltage signal which is
recorded and analysed using Dewesoft 7.1 data acquistion test
and measurement software.
Where ωn=2πfn, ‘fn’ refers to nth mode resonant frequency, ‘c’
implies number of layers and ‘m’ denotes mass of the
cantilever, mtip denotes the added mass value. The output
response of the harvester under different acceleration range
from 0.1 to 2 g is observed and plotedin Fig 7. The resonant
frequency of the harvester is 21.5 Hz and the output AC
voltage is measured as 3.65 V at 1.52g acceleration. The
output power from the PVEH is 65.9 mW.

5
 state, current consumption increases. Hence after 0.5 s the rate
of change in SOC decreases.

(a) (b)

(a)
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(b)

(c)
Fig .6 Photograph of (a) Energy harvester (b) Mass (c) Output Response of
Harvester

3.7
Output Voltage (V)

3.6

3.5

3.4
(c)
3.3

3.2
3.1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Acceleration (g)

Fig.7. Output Response of Energy Harvester

C. Simulation Results of Dynamic Battery Modeling

The system is tested with WSN C_Mote.For first half of the
duration Mote is assumed to be in sleep state and the next half (d)

it is in active state. Battery initial state of charge is taken as 50 Fig. 8. Power Consumption of the Mote (a) Active State (b) Sleep State (c)
%. For first 0.5 s the mote is in sleep state consumes nearly State of Charge of the Battery (d) Battery Current

(1.98) µW and in active state consumes nearly 47 mW. Circuit components are choosen based on thedesign equations
Similarly the mote current consumption in active state is 27 (1)-(5). The switching frequency of the converter is 50 kHz
mA and in sleep state is 0.1 µA. Fig. 8(a) and 8(b) shows the and inductor value is 4.7uH. SI9936DY,
power consumption of the mote at active and sleep state. MOSFETs,IN5817schottky diodes are chosen for converter.
Fig.8(c) shows the battery State of Charge (SOC) of the Experimental results of the converter for 500 mV AC input
battery and battery current. It shows that during the first half with rectifier output of 7V DC are shown in Fig 9(a). The
ofthe duty cycle the rate of change in SOC increases because experimental gate pulse waveforms for switches S1,S2 are
of mote is in sleep state.As soon as when the mote turns active

6
 shown in Fig 9(b).Fig 9(c) shows the regulated output carried out by varying the inductance value from 1 uH to 10
waveform.of 3.3 V. uH. Fig 11(b) shows the possibility of obtaining the
maximum output voltage of 7V DC with the use of 4.7 uH
inductor. The performance of the power conditioning circuit
is analysed by varying the load resistance value from 100 Ω
to 1 kΩ. This is shown in Fig11(c). The estimated
conversion efficiency is about 70.03% .

(a)
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(a)

(b)

(b)

Fig.10. Integration of Power Conditioning Circuit (a) with WSN node

C_Mote(b) with PVEH and C_Mote

12
Output Voltage (V)

10
8
6
(c)
4
Fig.9. (a) Snapshot of the input voltage and bridgeless boost rectifier output
2
(b) Snapshot of the gate pulses for switches S1,S2 (c) Snapshot of the input
voltage and regulator output. 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Experimental setup of the PVEH system with power
conditioning circuit is shown in Fig 10(a) and 10(b) . The Input Voltage (V)
output response of the bridgeless rectifier with various input
(a)
condition is analysed in Fig 11(a). The optimal
inductancevalue is determined on the basis of ripple current,
duty cycle and input voltage. Therefore, the analysis is

7
 Output Voltage (V) Where POUT is the output power,PIN is the input power,PLOSS is
8
7
the total loss. Conduction loss and switching loss of active
6 and passive components used in proposed circuit are
5 calculated using experimental output and parasitic parameters
4 values given in the respective datasheet. The total loss value
3
estimatedis reported in TableIII. Table III shows the
2
1
comparision of conversion efficiency and total loss of the
0 proposed circuit with the existing techniques.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
TABLE IV
Inductance (µH)
Loss calculation of proposed circuit

(b) Calculated
Component Parameter Loss
(mW)
60
4.7
Output Power (mw)

50
Power inductor 5.7
µH,3.34A,25.4meg
40
MOSFETS 20V,8A,22meg@2.5V 5.6
30
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Scottky Diodes 20V,0.36 V@1A 6.3

20

10 Capacitor 100 µF,6.3V 0.06

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 Other
IC 2.1
Loss(LTC1540,LT1761)
Load Resistance (Ω)

(c) V. CONCLUSION
Fig.11. Response of Bridgeless AC/DC Boost Rectifier with (a) VarryingInput In this paper, piezoelectric vibration energy generator with
(b) Varrying Inductor (c) varying External Load power conditioning circuit is designed and experimental
TABLE III results are demonstrated. The energy harvester produces a
Performance comparison of the proposed circuit maximum output voltage as 3.62V AC at its resonant
frequency of 21.4 Hz with tip mass of 1g. Novel power
Input Output Total loss Conversion conditioning circuit with the function of bridgeless boost
Methods power power calculated efficiency rectification, energy storage and voltage regulation in order to
(mw) (mW) (mW) (%)
extract the maximum power from PZT-5H energy
Standard
Energy 83.40 42.8 40.5 51.43 harvester.The circuit is compared with the existing power
Conversion[10] conditioning circuits in terms of power loss, complexity of the
Secondary design and conversion efficiency. Dynamic modelling of the
diode 83.40 47.99 35.5 57.43
conversion[13] battery with WSN mote modelling is discussed. The
Split capacitor experimental result shows that the designed circuit will operate
conversion[14] 83.40 56.5 26.9 60.3 even at a minimum input voltage of 0.5 V. The proposed power
Rectification, conditioning circuit providing a complete power solution for
Boosting, 66.75µW 43.35 µW 23.34 µW 64.95 wireless sensor node C_Mote and low power devices.
Regulation[15]
Full Wave
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