CT-134 Surveying

HANDOUT # 5 Tunnel Surveying, GIS:

TUNNEL SURVEYING:
Tunnel Surveying is that branch of survey that is concern with the surveying in a
tunnel. This type of survey is required in mining works, deep tunnel sewerage
works and underground railway works.

The techniques used in this type of survey is different from those used on ground.
GPS cannot be used in tunnel survey because satellite signals cannot penetrate
through land.

Surveying Steps in Tunnels:

Surface Survey
Transferring the alignment under ground
Transferring levels under ground

GYRO-THEODOLITE
In surveying, a gyro-theodolite (also known as surveying gyro) is an instrument
composed of a gyroscope mounted to a theodolite. It is used to determine the
orientation of true north. It is the main instrument for orientation in mine surveying
and in tunnel engineering, where astronomical star sights are not visible
and GPS does not work.

BSc Engg. Tech. (Civil) Prepared by: Engr. S M Azeem Shahab

Handout # 5
 CT-134 Surveying

GLOBAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS):

GIS Global Information System is a computer-based information system that
performs the activities of capturing, storing, manipulating,
analyzing and displaying both spatial and non-spatial data in order to solve
complex research, planning and management problems. It is a system of hardware
and software that performs the above-mentioned activities on the information
about the areas of the earth.

Purpose of the Global Information System (GIS)

The four main purposes of GIS modern survey is:
1. Support for General Research
2. Collection, manipulation, and utilization of spatial data in database
management
3. Standardization and Customization of cartographic production
4. Supports the decision-making process based on spatial data.

The fourth purpose can be explained by an example, where the engineering

geologist evaluates the slope stability conditions of the area through GIS in order
to decide a new and best route.

Applications of GIS:
The important applications of GIS are:
 Applied in Remote sensing, surveying, geodesy, civil engineering, artificial
intelligence, operation research.
 Mapping is a central function of Geographic Information System, which
provides a visual interpretation of data. Google map, Bing map, Yahoo map
are the best example for web based GIS mapping solution
 GIS technology is used to analyze the urban growth and its direction of
expansion, and to find suitable sites for further urban development.

BSc Engg. Tech. (Civil) Prepared by: Engr. S M Azeem Shahab

Handout # 5
 CT-134 Surveying

 The role of GIS technology in land use and land cover applications is that
we can determine land use/land cover changes in the different areas. Also
it can detect and estimate the changes in the land use/ land cover pattern
within time.
 An increasing number of national and governments and regional
organizations are using GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System)
measurements. GNSS is used for topographic surveys where a centimeter
level accuracy is provided. These data can be incorporated in the GIS
system. GIS tools can be used to estimate area and also, digital maps can
be prepared.
 GIS is used to find a suitable site for the dam. GIS tries to find best location
that respect to natural hazards like earthquake and volcanic eruption.
 GIS is an effective tool in geological mapping. It becomes easy for surveyors
to create 3D maps of any area with precise and desired scaling. The results
provide accurate measurements, which helps in several field where
geological map is required. This is cost effective and offers more accurate
data, there by easing the scaling process when studying geologic mapping.

BSc Engg. Tech. (Civil) Prepared by: Engr. S M Azeem Shahab

Handout # 5
 CT-134 Surveying

DIGITIZING:
Digitizing in GIS is the process of converting geographic data either from a
hardcopy or a scanned image into vector data by tracing the features. During the
digitizing process, features from the traced map or image are captured as
coordinates in either point, line, or polygon format.

Types of Digitizing in GIS

There are two types of digitizing methods.
Manual digitizing is the human guided capture of features from a map image or
source. There are two methods of manual digitizing: on-screen digitizing, and
hardcopy digitizing.
On-screen digitizing is probably the most common form of digitizing today and is
where a source is scanned, or downloaded into the computer’s memory and
loaded into digitizing software. The mouse and keyboard are used to digitize
features.
Hardcopy digitizing is where the original source is taped to a digitizing table which
is connected to a computer. The digitizing puck, which is similar to a mouse, is
used to digitize features from the hardcopy source into the computer. The purpose
of the digitizing puck is to feed coordinates into the computer, based on its location
on the digitizing table, which would be the source’s coordinate system.
Automated digitizing involves using image processing software that contains
pattern recognition technology to generated vectors.

BSc Engg. Tech. (Civil) Prepared by: Engr. S M Azeem Shahab

Handout # 5