SKILLS M01E Design BuiltUpColumns PDF

SKILLS Project
October 2013
BUILT-UP COLUMNS
LEARNING OUTCOMES
 Special features for the design of built-up columns
 Design procedure
 Design of closely spaced built-up members
3
LIST OF CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Constructional details
 Calculation
 General
 Laced built-up columns
 Battened built-up columns
 Closely spaced built-up members
 General
 Simplified method
 Worked example
 Conclusion
4
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
 2 types of built-up columns:
Laced built-up columns Battened built-up columns
6
INTRODUCTION
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3
1000 1000 1000
1155
2000
HEA 400
8x 1000 L 100x10 20x400
Built-up column Shear stiffness [kN]

Type 1 615000
Type 2 288000
Type 3 73000
7
INTRODUCTION

 Shear stiffness of a panel: Sv  F
L

F
8
INTRODUCTION
 Advantages
 Reduction of mass
 Increasing of flexural stiffness
 Architectural effect
 Disadvantages
 Costs of joints
 Costs of protection against corrosion
9
INTRODUCTION
 Modelling using design software

 One bar-type element using effective section properties
Area A = Area of the chords
Inertia about strong axis = Ieff
Inertia about weak axis = 2 x Iy,chord
Shear stiffness Sv
Advantage: Rapidity of the modelling process
 Sets of elements using common section properties

Advantage: Knowledge of internal forces and moments of the
elements of the built-up column
10
CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS
Field of application
 Pinned at both ends

 Parallel chords
 Equal modules of lacings or battens
 At least 3 modules per member
12
A – Corresponding lacing B – Mutually opposed lacing

system system
1 1 1 1
A B A B
2 2 2 2
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
Treillis sur Treillis sur Treillis sur Treillis sur

face A face B face A face B
13
N-Shape V-Shape X-Shape

14
Types of section
 Chords:
 I-shape
 Channels
 Web members (laced systems)
 Angles
 Web members (battened systems)
 Plates
15
CALCULATION
CALCULATION – GENERAL
 Design steps
 Mechanical properties of the built-up section
 Critical axial force of the built-up column
 Maximum global bending moment
 Maximum axial force
 Maximum transverse force
 Verification of the components
17
 Mechanical properties of the built-up section

 Built-up columns with lacings:
Effective second moment of area:
2
Ieff  0,5h0 Ach EN 1993-1-1 § 6.4.2.1
h0
Ach Area of the chord

Ich Second moment of area of the chord
H0 Distance between the chords
Ich, Ach
18
Shear stiffness Sv: EN 1993-1-1 § 6.4.1
Ad Ad
Ad
System Av
a
a
h0 h0 h0
nEAdah02
nEAdah02 nEAdah02
SV  Ah 
2d 3 d3 d 3 1  d 03 
 AV d 
n is the number of planes of lacings

Ad and Av refer to the cross sectional area of the bracings
19
 Built-up columns with battens:

Effective second moment of area:
Ieff  0,5h0 Ach  2Ich
2
EN 1993-1-1 § 6.4.3.1
Criterion Efficiency factor 
l ≥ 150 0
l
75 < l < 150   2
75
l ≤ 75 1,0
L I1
Where: l i0  2
I1  0,5h0 Ach  2Ich
i0 2Ach
20
 Built-up columns with battens:

Shear stiffness:
24EIch 2π 2EIch
Sv   EN 1993-1-1 § 6.4.3.1
2 2I ch h0  2
a
a 1  
 nI b a  h0
Ib: second moment of area of

the batten
Ib
Ich, Ach
21
 Critical axial force:

π 2EIeff
Ncr 
L2
 Maximum global bending moment
NEde0  MEd
I
M Ed  EN 1993-1-1 § 6.4.1
N N
1  Ed  Ed
Ncr SV
 Maximum compression axial force in a chord
MEdh0 Ach
Nch,Ed  0,5NEd  EN 1993-1-1 § 6.4.1
2I eff
22
 Maximum transverse force

 Compression and imperfection MEd
I
 0
MEd
VEd   EN 1993-1-1 § 6.4.1
L
 Attention: In case of a bending moment caused by external

loads, this formula is not applicable.
Transverse force due to external loads has to
be accounted for.
23
CALCULATION – LACED BUILT-UP COLUMN
 Verification of the components

 Flexural buckling of the chord:
Nch,Ed
1 EN 1993-1-1 § 6.3.1.1
Nb,Rd
Buckling length:
in plane buckling: I or H sections: 0,9 a
other sections : 1,0 a
out of plane buckling: distance between lateral supports
24
 Flexural buckling of the compressed web members (angle

sections):
NEd EN 1993-1-1 § 6.3.1.1
1
Nb,Rd
Buckling length and slenderness ratio:

welded connection/at least 2 bolts per joint
Lcr  L
lmin  leff,v  0,35  0,7lv EN 1993-1-1 BB § 1.2
1 bolt per joint
Lcr  L
lmin  lv
25
u
h v
y y
u v
z
h
26
 Verification of the web members – diagonals in tension:

NEd
1 EN 1993-1-1 § 6.2.3
N t,Rd
Afy
Welded joints: N t,Rd  Npl,Rd 
 M0
Bolted joints: According to connection type

Category A connections: Bearing type
Category B connections: Slip resistant at service limit state
Category C connections: Slip resistant at ultimate limit state
27
Category A, B and C connections:


Nt,Rd  Min Npl,Rd,Nu,Rd  EN 1993-1-1 § 6.2.3
Afy
Npl,Rd  EN 1993-1-1 § 6.2.3
 M0
1 Bolt 2 Bolts 3 Bolts or more
2,0e2  0,5d 0 tfu Nu,Rd 

 2 Anet fu
Nu,Rd 
 3 Anet fu
Nu,Rd   M2  M2
 M2
EN 1993-1-8 § 3.10.3
28
Constants 2 and 3: EN 1993-1-8 § 3.10.3
Pitch p1 ≤ 2,5 d0 ≥ 5,0 d0

2 bolts 2 0,4 0,7
3 bolts or more 3 0,5 0,7
e1
d0 e2
e1 p1 e1 p1 p1
e2
29
Additional verification for category C connections:
Nnet,Rd  NEd
Anet f y
Nnet,Rd  EN 1993-1-1 § 6.2.3
 M0
Anet  Agross tnd0
Where: t: is the thickness of the leg

n: is the number of vertically aligned holes
d0: is the diameter of the hole
30
CALCULATION – BATTENED BUILT-UP COLUMN
 Verification of the chord
• Flexural buckling perpendicular to the battens

Buckling length = distance between lateral supports
Chord subjected to axial force
Nch,Ed EN 1993-1-1 § 6.3.1.1

1
Nb,Rd
31
• Flexural buckling in the plane of the battens:

Buckling length = distance between battens
Chord subjected to axial force and local bending moment
Nch,Ed M Nch,Ed M
 k yy ch,Ed  1  k zy ch,Ed  1
 y NRk MRk  z NRk MRk
 M1  M1  M1  M1
EN 1993-1-1 § 6.3.3
+ Verification of the end sections
32
 Verification of the web members – battens

Transverse force:
Vbatten,Ed
1
Vc,Rd
Vc,Rd  Vpl,Rd 

Av fy 3 
EN 1993-1-1 § 6.2.6
 M0
Bending moment/Lateral Torsional buckling:

Mbatten,Ed
1
Mb,Rd
fy EN 1993-1-1 § 6.3.2.1
Mb,Rd   LTWy
 M1
33
Axial force and moment in the VEd a/2

a/2
chord:
VEd a/4
M h A VEd a/4
Nch,Ed  0,5NEd  Ed 0 ch
2I eff
a a/2
Mch,Ed  VEd VEd a/2
4
h0
Shear force and moment in
the battens: VEd/2 VEd/2
a
Vbatten,Ed  VEd a/2
h0 VEd a/h0
a
Mbatten,Ed  VEd
2 VEd a/h0 a/2
VEd/2 VEd/2
h0
34
CLOSELY SPACED BUILT-UP MEMBERS
CLOSELY SPACED BUILT-UP MEMBERS – GENERAL
 Case 1: Connected through packing plates
 Case 2: Connected by pairs of battens
36
CLOSELY SPACED BUILT-UP MEMBERS – GENERAL
 Calculation EN 1993-1-1 § 6.4.4

 Shear stiffness is set to infinity if maximum spacing for
joints are respected
Case Maximum spacing

1 15i min
2 70i min
 Buckling verification as a single member

 If maximum spacing is not respected
 Shear deformation has to be accounted for
37
CLOSELY SPACED BUILT-UP MEMBERS – SIMPLIFIED METHOD
 Simplified calculation for sections composed of 2 equal

leg angles (Reference [3])
when the spacing is > 15 imin.
h0
z’
y’ y’
z’ a a
tp
38
 Scope of application
Spacing of the packing plates a: 15imin … 50 imin

Number of packing plates: 2…5
Width of the legs b: 50 mm … 200 mm
Thickness of the legs t: 0,1b
Thickness of the packing plates: 0,8t … 2t
Non dimensional slenderness about z’-z’: ≤ 1,80
39
 Procedure
Second moment of area about z’-z’ axis:
I z'  0,5h02 Ach  2Ich
Critical axial force about z’-z’ axis:

 2EIz'
Ncr,z' 
L2
Non dimensional slenderness about z’-z’ axis:

2 Achf y
lz' 
N cr,z'
40
Effective non dimensional slenderness about z’-z’ axis leff :
Number of packing
S235 S355
plates
2 0,18lz'2  0,77lz'  0,39 0,86lz'2  0,18lz'  0,66

3 0,32lz'2  0,52lz'  0,41 0,66lz'2  0,16lz'  0,66
4 0,56lz'2  0,17lz'  0,48 0,65lz'2  0,21lz'  0,67
5 0,69lz'2  0,05lz'  0,53 0,69lz'2  0,31lz'  0,70
41
Second moment of area about y’-y’ axis:

I y'  2Ich
Critical axial force about y’-y’ axis:

 2EI y '
Ncr,y'  2
Lcr,y'
Non dimensional slenderness about y’-y’ axis:

2 Achf y
ly' 
N cr,y'
42
Choice of the determining non dimensional

slenderness:
lmax  Max(leff , ly' )
Determination of the reduction factor with:

  0,34
Resistance criterion:
 (2Ach )f y
NEd 
 M1
43
WORKED EXAMPLE
WORKED EXAMPLE – GEOMETRY
NEd=900 kN
 Height: 10m MEd = 450 kN.m
 Loading:
 Axial force: 900 kN
 Bending moment: 450 kN.m
45
WORKED EXAMPLE – GEOMETRY
800
1250
1
800
2
1250
3
1. Chords: HEA 240

2. Posts: Equal leg angles 80 x 80 x 8
3. Diagonals: Equal leg angles 90 x 90 x 9
46
WORKED EXAMPLE – SECTION PROPERTIES
 Chords HEA 240 – S355

 Ach  76,8 cm2 a  125cm
 i y  10,05 cm i z  6,0 cm
 Posts Equal leg angles L 80 x 80 x 8 – S355

 AV  12,27 cm2 h0  80 cm
 i y  i z  2,43 cm i u  3,06 cm iv  1,56 cm
 Diagonals Equal leg angles L 90 x 90 x 9 – S355

 AD  15,52cm
2
d  148cm
 i y  i z  2,73 cm i u  3,44 cm iv  1,75 cm
47
WORKED EXAMPLE – BUILT-UP COLUMN
 Effective second moment of area of the built-up column

2
I eff  0,5h0 Ach EN 1993-1-1 § 6.4.2.1
I eff  0,5  8002  7680 104  245760cm4
 Critical axial force

 2EIeff
Ncr  2
EN 1993-1-1 § 6.4.1
L
2  210000 245760 104

Ncr   103  50937kN
100002
48
WORKED EXAMPLE – BUILT-UP COLUMN
 Shear stiffness
2
nEAdah0
Sv  EN 1993-1-1 § 6.4.2.1
 A h
3
d 3 1  d 03 
 AV d 
2  210000 1552 1250 8002

Sv   103  134075kN
3 1552 8003 
1480 1  3
 1227 1480 
49
WORKED EXAMPLE – INTERNAL FORCES AND MOMENTS
 Maximum global bending moment:

 Imperfection:
10000
e0   20 mm
500
 Global bending moment:
NEde0  MEd
I
MEd  EN 1993-1-1 § 6.4.1
N N
1  Ed  Ed
Ncr SV
900  20  450  103

MEd   103  479,7 kNm
900 900
1 
50937 134100
50
 Maximum compressive axial force of the chord

 Class of the section:
Class 1 EN 1993-1-1 §5.6 Table 5.2
 Maximum axial force in the chord
N M h A EN 1993-1-1 § 6.4.1
Nch,Ed  Ed  Ed 0 ch
2 2I eff
900 479700 800  7680
Nch,Ed    1049,6 kN
2 2  245760 10 4
51
 Maximum shear force

 Shear force due to axial force and imperfection
MEd N e 1
VEd,1     Ed 0
L L NEd NEd
1 
Ncr SV
 Shear force due to external loading
I
MEd MEd 1
VEd,2  
L L NEd NEd
1 
Ncr SV
 Maximum shear force
VEd  VEd,1  VEd,2
52
 Maximum shear force

 Shear force due to axial force and imperfection
900  20 1
VEd,1    5,80kN
10000 900 900
1 
50937 134100
 Shear force due to external loading
450  103 1
VEd,2   46,12kN
10000 900 900
1 
50937 134100
 Maximum shear force
VEd  5,80  46,12  51,92kN
53
WORKED EXAMPLE – BUCKLING OF THE CHORDS
 Out-of-plane (strong axis) buckling of the chords

 Non dimensional slenderness
Lcr,y 10000
ly    99,5
iy 100,5
l1  93,9  93,9  0,81  76,06
ly 99,5
l y   1,31 EN 1993-1-1 § 6.3.1.3
l1 76,06
 Buckling curve
h/b  1,2
 buckling curve b EN 1993-1-1 § 6.3.1.2
t f  100mm
54
 Reduction factor
1,1
0,9
a0
 y  0,42
0,8
a
0,7
b
0,6 c
0,5
d
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 3
55
 Design buckling resistance
 y Achf y
Nb,y,Rd  EN 1993-1-1 § 6.3.1.1
 M1
0,42  7680 355
Nb,y,Rd   103  1145kN
1,0
 Resistance criterion
Nch,Ed 1049,6
  0,92  1
Nb,y,Rd 1145
56
 In-plane (weak axis) buckling of the chords

 Non dimensional slenderness
Lcr,z 0,9  1250
lz    18,75
iz 60
lz 18,75
lz    0,25 EN 1993-1-1 § 6.3.1.3
l1 76,06
 Buckling curve
h/b  1,2
 buckling curve c EN 1993-1-1 § 6.3.1.2
t f  100mm
 Reduction factor
 z  0,97
57
 z Achf y
Nb,z,Rd 
 M1
0,97  7680 355
Nb,z,Rd   103  2645kN
1,0
Nch,Ed 1049,6
  0,40  1
Nb,z,Rd 2645
58
WORKED EXAMPLE – BUCKLING OF THE WEB MEMBERS
 Buckling of the diagonals

 Class of the section
h bh
 15 et  11,5 EN 1993-1-1 §5.6 Table 5.2
t 2t
90
 10  15  0,81  12,15
9
90  90
 10  11,5  9,3
2  90
 Section is of class 4
59

 Calculation of the effective area
Local buckling coefficient
k  4,0 EN 1993-1-5 §4.4 Table 4.1
Non dimensional slenderness and reduction factor

h/t 90 / 9
lp    0,22  0,748
28,4 k 28,4  0,81 4
  1,0 EN 1993-1-5 §4.4 (4.3)
60

 Maximum compression axial force per diagonal
VEd cos VEdd

Nd,Ed  
n nh0
 Slenderness
51,9  1480
Nd,Ed   48 kN
2  800
d 1480
lv    84,57
iv 17,5
61
 Effective non dimensional slenderness
leff,v  0,35  0,7lv EN 1993-1-1 BB § 1.2
leff,v  0,35  0,7  1,11  1,13
 Reduction factor (buckling curve b)
 v  0,52
0,52  1552 355

Nb,v,Rd   103  286,5 kN
1,0
62
Nd,Ed 48
  0,17  1
Nb,v,Rd 286,5
 Buckling of the posts (class 4,  = 1,0)

Np,Ed  VEd  51,9 kN
leff,v  0,822   v  0,712

Nb,v,Rd  310kN
Np,Ed 190
  0,61  1
Nb,v,Rd 310
63
WORKED EXAMPLE – WEB MEMBERS IN TENSION
 Category A connection
2 M16 6.8
e1  40mm
p1  45mm
e2  40mm
64
 Diagonals in tension
 Axial force
VEd cos
N t,Ed   48 kN
n
 Tension resistance (Category A connection)

Nt,Rd  Min Npl,Rd,Nu,Rd  EN 1993-1-1 § 6.2.3
Resistance of the gross section

Afy
Npl,Rd 
 M0
1552 355
Npl,Rd   103  551kN
1,0
65
Resistance of the net section:

 2 Anet fu
Nu,Rd  EN 1993-1-8 § 3.10.3
 M2
Net section area:

Anet  Agross  td0 n
Anet  1552 102  9  18  1 102  13,9 cm2

Reduction factor:
 2  0,4 EN 1993-1-8 § 3.10.3 Table 3.8
Resistance of the net section:

0,4  1390 490
Nu,Rd   218kN
1,25
66
 Tension resistance (Category A connection)
Nt,Rd  Min551kN, 218kN   218kN
N t,Ed 48
  0,22  1
N t,Rd 218
67
WORKED EXAMPLE – CATEGORY A CONNECTION
 Resistance criteria
Fv,Ed  Fv,Rd EN 1993-1-8 § 3.4.2
Fv,Ed  Fb,Rd
 Shear resistance Fv,Rd per bolt:

 v fub A EN 1993-1-8 § 3.6.1
Fv,Rd 
 M2
0,5  600  157

Fv,Rd   103  37,7 kN
1,25
68
 Shear resistance of the bolt group:

 Consideration of the eccentricity (Reference [4]):
NS,Rd  n1    Fv,Rd
1
 
 6e 
1   
 n1  1p1 
1
   0,69
 6  24,6 
1   
 2  1  45 
 Shear resistance:
NS,Rd  2  0,69  37,7  52,0kN
69
 Bearing resistance Fb,Rd:

k1 b fudt EN 1993-1-8 § 3.6.1
Fb,Rd 
 M2
 Longitudinal direction EN 1993-1-8 § 3.6.1 Table 3.4
k1 : edge bolts: k1  2,8 e2  1,7  2,5

d0
 fub 
 b  Min d , ,1
 fu 
e
end bolts:  d  1
3d 0
inner bolts:  d  p1  1
3 d0 4
70
k1 : edge bolts:
40
k1e  2,8   1,7  4,5  2,5
18
b : end bolt:
40
 de   0,74
3  18
inner bolt:
45 1
 di    0,58
3  18 4
71
Ratio fub/fu:
fub 600
  1,22
fu 490
b :
 
b  Min0,74 ; 0,58 ; 1,22 ; 1  0,58
Bearing resistance Fb,Rd in the longitudinal direction:
2,5  0,58  490  16  9

Fb,lg,Rd   103  81,5 kN
1,25
72
 Transverse direction:
e1
k1 : edge bolts: k1  2,8  1,7  2,5
d0
40
k1e  2,8   1,7  4,5  2,5
18
p1
inner bolts: k1  1,4  1,7  2,5
d0
45
k1i  1,4   1,7  1,8  2,5
18
 fub 
 b  Min d , ,1

 fu 
e2
end bolts: d 
3d 0
40
 de   0,74
3  18
73
Ratio fub/fu:
fub 600
  1,22
fu 490
b :
 
b  Min0,74 ; 1,22 ; 1  0,74
Bearing resistance Fb,Rd in the transverse direction:
1,8  0,74  490  16  9

Fb,tr ,Rd   103  75,19kN
1,25
74
 Bearing resistance of the bolt group (Reference [4]):

n1
N b,Rd 
2 2
 1   
    0 
 Fb,lg,Rd  F 
   b,tr,Rd 
6e
0 
n1  1p1
6  24,6
0   1,09
2  1  45
2
N b,Rd   105,3 kN
2 2
 1   1,09 
    
 81,5   75,19 
75
Fv,Ed  NS,Rd 48kN  52,0 kN
Fv,Ed  N b,Rd 48kN  105,3 kN
76
WORKED EXAMPLE – BLOCK TEARING
 Block tearing resistance

0,5fu Ant f y Anv
Feff,2,Rd   EN 1993-1-8 § 3.10.2
 M2 3 M 0
(2)
NEd
(1)
(1) Shear plane

(2) Tension plane
77
WORKED EXAMPLE – BLOCK TEARING
 Tension Area
1
Ant  40  9  102   18  9  102  2,79 cm2
2
 Shear Area
Anv  40  45  9  102  2,5  18  9  102  3,6 cm2
 Block tearing resistance
0,5  490  279 3 355  360
Feff,2,Rd   10   103  128,5 kN
1,25 3  1,0
48kN  128,5 kN
78
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
 Thebuckling verification of a built-up member is based on a

calculation that takes into account an equivalent geometric
imperfection (L/500) and 2nd order effects.
 Then the resistance of each component has to be checked

(cross-section resistance, buckling resistance, resistance of
connections)
A simplified procedure is proposed for built-up members

with closely spaced chords.
80
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
 EN 1993-1-1 – Eurocode 3 Design of steel structures Part 1-1:
General rules and rules for buildings
 EN 1993-1-8 – Eurocode 3 Design of steel structures – Part 1-8:

Design of joints.
 A.Bureau/P.-L. Chouzenoux. Méthode simplifiée pour la vérification

de barres comprimées composées de deux cornières assemblées
dos-à-dos.
Simplified method for the verification of compressed built-up
members composed of two closely spaced angles.
Revue Construction Métallique n°4/2010. CTICM.
 J.-P. Jaspart, J.-F. Demonceau, S. Renkin, M.L. Guillaume, European

Recommendation for the Design of Simple Joints in Steel Structures,
ECCS, Publication n°126, 2009
82
SKILLS training modules have been developed by a consortium of organisations whose logos appear at the bottom
of this slide. The material is under a creative commons license
The project was funded with support from the European Commission. This module reflects only the views of the
authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information
contained therein.

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 Special features for the design of built-up columns

 Design of closely spaced built-up members

 2 types of built-up columns:

Laced built-up columns Battened built-up columns

Built-up column Shear stiffness [kN]

 Modelling using design software

 Sets of elements using common section properties

 Pinned at both ends

A – Corresponding lacing B – Mutually opposed lacing

Treillis sur Treillis sur Treillis sur Treillis sur

N-Shape V-Shape X-Shape

 Mechanical properties of the built-up section

Ach Area of the chord

Shear stiffness Sv: EN 1993-1-1 § 6.4.1

n is the number of planes of lacings

 Built-up columns with battens:

Criterion Efficiency factor 

 Built-up columns with battens:

Ib: second moment of area of

 Critical axial force:

 Maximum global bending moment

 Maximum compression axial force in a chord

 Maximum transverse force

 Attention: In case of a bending moment caused by external

 Verification of the components

out of plane buckling: distance between lateral supports

 Flexural buckling of the compressed web members (angle

Buckling length and slenderness ratio:

 Verification of the web members – diagonals in tension:

Bolted joints: According to connection type

Category A, B and C connections:

1 Bolt 2 Bolts 3 Bolts or more

2,0e2  0,5d 0 tfu Nu,Rd 

Constants 2 and 3: EN 1993-1-8 § 3.10.3

Pitch p1 ≤ 2,5 d0 ≥ 5,0 d0

Additional verification for category C connections:

Anet  Agross tnd0

Where: t: is the thickness of the leg

 Verification of the chord

• Flexural buckling perpendicular to the battens

Nch,Ed EN 1993-1-1 § 6.3.1.1

• Flexural buckling in the plane of the battens:

+ Verification of the end sections

 Verification of the web members – battens

Bending moment/Lateral Torsional buckling:

Axial force and moment in the VEd a/2

 Case 1: Connected through packing plates

 Case 2: Connected by pairs of battens

 Calculation EN 1993-1-1 § 6.4.4

Case Maximum spacing

 Buckling verification as a single member

 Simplified calculation for sections composed of 2 equal

Spacing of the packing plates a: 15imin … 50 imin

Critical axial force about z’-z’ axis:

Non dimensional slenderness about z’-z’ axis:

Effective non dimensional slenderness about z’-z’ axis leff :

2 0,18lz'2  0,77lz'  0,39 0,86lz'2  0,18lz'  0,66

Second moment of area about y’-y’ axis:

Critical axial force about y’-y’ axis:

Non dimensional slenderness about y’-y’ axis:

Choice of the determining non dimensional