Specificity: Helps move away from monolithic view
De-ideologisation: Ideology – presents self as a natural,
Key terms
Maghreb: North Africa, Arabic speaking countries in
Africa, Morocco in Arabic, West – sunset
Marrakech: Morocco
Arab League of Nations: 22 countries
Berber: “Barbarian”, indigenous population of Morocco,
Libya, Algeria
Amazigh: Free people, how ‘Berbers’ identify
Tifinagh: Alphabet of Amazigh
Conscientization: Critical consciousness reasoning
Hegemonic Discourses: Narrative of dominant group
Al Koutubia: Mosque seen on Day 2
Jama Al Fna: The gathering of the people, large
congregation in Marrakech
Western Sahara: Sahawaree people, disputed
territory – Morocco claims, others deny
Three Kings of Morocco: Mohammad V, Hassan II,
Mohammad the VI (first to sign independence treaty,
autonomous nation)
Peoples of the Book (Abrahamic Religions):
Arab v Arabic v Arab World:
Humanist:
Cultural v Political History:
Discourse: Socially constructed set of “truths” (e.g. an
altar differing from a table)
Testament: Covenant or agreement
Mashriq: East – place where sunrises
Mu’minun: Believers
Monolithic: Single view, homogenising, generalising
began a movement of phantom purity – aiming to cleanse
Spain of its non-Christian population
absolute truth
Orthdox religion: Based on belief
Orthoprax religion: Based on practice
Anachronistic: Outside of time in forest of usage of
something outside of time
Mozarab - Christians in Spain who become arabized
Mudejar - Muslim’s who li be in the Christian kingdoms
of Spain and become Christianised
4 BCE: Birth of Jesus
29 CE Death of Jesus
314 CE: Edict of Milan – Document drafted by emperor
Constantine making Roman Empire Catholic. Christianity
becomes institutionalised and Christians not persecuted
325 CE: First Council of Nicaea – decided on the whether
Jesus was considered. Human or divine.
622 CE: Beginning of Islam
711 CE: Tarek Ibenzina (Muslim) entered in Iberian Peninsula
from Gibraltar. They were invited into the area as the
Germanic rulers were known as harsh
718 CE: Reconquest by Christian begins in Astounious
(Corva Donga). This was initiated by Emperor Pallayo who
753 CE: Abdurahman II arrives in Cordoba – came from
Mecca and married governor’s daughter
785 CE: Great Mosque in Cordoba was built – represented
the capital of Islam in the west, Muslims could go to
Cordoba to complete the Hajj thus completing five pillars
1236 CE: Cordoba conquered by Fernando III – as this was
the most important place in Islamic Spain.
1248 CE: Seville taken by Fernando III and Arabs are
offered Granada. Granada becomes the new Islamic hub.
1453 CE: Ottaman Turks sack Constantanopal (one of
biggest cities of the time) which was the seat of Eastern
Christianity. The ruler becomes Mahmet II
1461 CE: Fernand of Aragone and Isabel of Castille marry
to merge biggest families due to believed threat of Muslim
Ottoman empire.
1492 CE: Fall of Granada, Christopher Columbus
711 – 756: Al Andalous period - German tribes:
• Vandals – al Andalous
• Visigoths
756 – 929: Independent Umayyad Emirate
929 – 1031: Caliphate of Cordoba
1031 – 1091: 1st Taifa Kingdoms (waring kings)
1091 – 1145: Al Morauid Rule
1145 – 1151: 2nd Taifa Kingdom
1151 – 1212: Al-Mohad Rule
1212 – 1238: 3rd Taifa Kingdoms
Brief overview:
1238 – 1492: Kingdom of Granada
United States and Morocco: Morocco recognised USA
sovereignty in 1777 and opened ports USA
• Geography: Northern Africa – Western Sahara
territory disputed where Morocco claims the
region but recognised as a separate state under
international law, physical borders with Europe,
illegal immigration into Morocco then into Spain
• Control: Spain and France simultaneously colonised
Morocco – Spanish colonies south and left
o Many empires
o 12th & 13th century Spain was controlled
out of Morocco
• Religions: 2 islamic religious groups, Granougha
(Tabat) groups – African influence
• Key artefacts: La Giralau., Hassan Tower, The
Koutobia – built Abu Yaqu Yusof (Almonah Sultuan)
• Political system: Not entirely demographic but still
mostly ‘free’
o Tunisa first and only full democracy
• Generational clash: Youth sceptical of government
possibly due to higher level of education and
emigration opportunities
o Younger think religion leaders should
have less control of government
• Nationality: Suni Islam (majority) Amazigh (minority)
• Barber states: Based on the notion a group held
the Mediterranean Sea
o Travellers would pay or be attacked
o Morocco was in group of Barber states
• Barber states attacked USA boats thus
triggering establishment and funding of US Navy
• USA priority to France as important relationship
Colonialism: Officially colonised in 1912 based on the notion
of a requirement to ‘protect’
• Protection based on notion a coloniser has the
ability help colonised mature then be independent
• Morocco involved in conquest of Italy
Independence Manifest: Occurred on 11th of January 1944
• Basis of Morocco
• Established a sovereign King
• Religion established as Islam
Alawite Dynasty: Took place from 1664 to present
Mohammed V: leader of independence movement
• Very loved by people
• Gave jewels to France under Nazi control
• Protected religious minorities recognised by Islam
(e.g. Judaism & Christianity)
• Leader of the Faithful
Hassan II: One of longest reigning kings
• Very popular in Israel
• 38 year reign
• Son is Mohammed VI – current king
Disputed territories: Western Sahara
 • Moroccan army topples with West/South Sahara
leaders
• 9/11: Morocco & Syria tortured for USA benefit
Religion in Morocco: Islam is religion for main population but
Judaism is quite prevalent
• Peace protests in Main met with leader and PM
of Israel
• Morocco only Islamic & Arabic country to have
Judaism museum
• Morocco has biggest Jewish population in the
Middle East – after reconstruction of temple and
Jewish expulsion from Spain
• Muslim King has hosted the Pope
• King is believed to be descendant of the prophet
(religious & executive role)
Economy: Large degree of inequality
• Low GDP per capita, HDI (8 from lowest)
• Serious problems with education and health
• Demographic revolutions: fertility rates declining
– result of urtication
• Well structured/distributed age pyramid
• Literacy rates rising – sign of origination
• Youth unemployment is a large issue leading to
emigration
• Hashish biggest export
Orientalism: Anyone who teaches, writes about, or
researches the Orient and this applies whether the
person is an anthropologist, sociologist, historian or
philogynist – either in its specific or general aspects is an
orientalist and what or she does is orientalism when it is
used in a negative way
• Orient – used to describe the “east”
• Developed by Edward Saighee – focus on the
Middle East and North Africa (“Meena”)
• Based on way in which people are represented
in art literature, cinema, media
• Other: when representing a certain group in a
different light (e.g. not belonging to the
majority’s world) – used to justify colonialism
• Orient = east, Occident = west
• Near Orient = Middle East, Far Orient = Asia
Orientalism Images: Negative theme, Painted images of
Arabs they had read about, none had first hand
witnessed the people they represented
Arab World: In reality fails to exist, each of the individual
countries are different however there is a tendency for
the Western world to group these countries together
• Arab League of Nations – consists of 22
countries, however this designation is only as
helpful to recognise Arabic is the main language
• Arab people: Arabic speaking, born into an
Arabic speaking country
• Arab counties: Muslims can be a non-Arab,
Christians and Jewish people can be Arabs
o Turkey not Arab country - Turkish
o Iran not Arab country - Farcie/Persian
o Indonesia is not an Arab country
o Arab Israelis exist
Institutionalised Orientalism: Institutionalised in France,
England and Spain via academic appointments, creation of
departments and study of language
• First academics: Sylverstre de Sacy, Ernest
Renan, Ryhard Dozy, Jseph Styhur Comte de
Hobineau, Francisco Codera, Julian de Ribera
French Orientalists:
• Silvestre de Stacy – was respected but
described Arab world in a way that allowed the
government to justify colonialism
• Ernest Renan – credited with taking the work
of Sacy even further to galvanise the legitimacy
of colonialism in North Africa
American Orientalists:
• Bernard Lewis: Often wrote about Islam in
negative light (e.g. Roots of Muslim Rate (1990))
Humanism v O for purposes of coexistence and
humanistic enlargement of horizons and the will to
dominate for the purposes of control and external
dominance
• E.g. US depiction of China – “they are a threat”
Consequences of Orientalism
• Without organised and institutionalised orientalism
there would not be a justification for war
• Demonisation and negative representations of
the “other” for the purposes of dominance,
imperialism and colonisation
• Example: After 9/11, none of the attackers
were Iraqi, most were Saudi Arabia – however
they had a good relationship with Saudi Arabia so
they demonised Iraq to justify the war
Empire: A set of nations, people or groups under the
control of a single
• Done with the intention of economic benefit,
spreading their belief system
Waves of French Colonialism: Consists of two waves
• First wave: North America and Caribbean –
sugar plantations slavery
• Second wave: 1830 (Algeria) through 1960s –
except Djibuti 1977
Manifest Destiny: Angel propaganda of Victorian era,
making the destiny of all involved clear
• Chief Joseph – surrender of chief in war,
demonstrates the plight of the Indigenous people
• Propaganda used to justify colonialism to
subjects at home
White Man’s Burden: Depicts the UK and Americas
carrying the indigenous populations to civilisations
Terra Nullius: When colonising Australia, UK declared
Australia Terra Nullius. Declaring the Indigenous population
“not human”.
Assimilation: Letting go of old culture to accept another
(new norm)
• Often most influential people were put into
power (e.g. Moroccan royalty) and given
benefits by the colonisers
Mission Civilisatrice: Belief in responsibility to spread
French culture and held inferior “savages” rise to the
French way of life
• Attempts to make Frenchmen out of subjects
• Dehumanised subjects
• Propaganda based on ordained country spreading
civilisation to other populations. These populations
worship the French figure
• Based on assimilation into French way of life
Rayonnement: Lighting the way for others
• Quote: It is with 70,000 men, French insures
the peace of the 60 million colonial subjects
Motives of French Imperialism:
• Algeria (1830) – revenge for fly whisk incident
• Vietnam (1859) – protection of French
missionaries - In reality for resources/trade
• Other reasons:
o Franco-Prussian (1870) – humiliation of
France by invading and capturing
emperor and loss of Alsace-Lorraine
o “Scramble for Africa” competition
between European powers
o Responsibility to civilise the “savage” –
mission civilisatrice
Independence: As colonies were expensive, massive • Plays on economic fears – positions Arab as
numbers of colonials fought for French in World Wars. powerhouse that makes Americans fear
• Network – Arab buying American TV caused a
• French defeat brutal wars for independence in
fear of this that informed the reality of events
Algeria and Vietnam
within America
• Independence movements
• Post WWII shift in Zeitgeist in the West
The myths of Arabland: Based on French/British
Neo-colonialism: CFA zone
depiction as the oriental other
• France is primary trading partner with many
• Fictional setting all consisting of all same and
former colonies
unauthentic themes
• Military presence
• They cut off your ear if they don’t like your
• Lingua franca – still spoke French face, its barbaric but at least its home – Aladdin
• Often the Middle East is inserted as the Villain in
settings where they do not normally exist (e.g.
gladiators
Characters: Divided into gender roles
• Males are depicted as either:
o Barbaric
o Stupid
o Obsessed with American woman who
is depicted as damsel or heroine
• Women are depicted:
o Before: belly dancer, sexualised
o After: terrorists, dangerous, vilified
Link to politics: Hollywood and policy from same DNA
• US support of Israel, oil embargo (increase in gas
prices), Israeli revolution informed this
• Hollywood plays on genuine fears of events

Religious Populations: 7.62 billion people in the world
• Christianity: 2.3 billion
o Roman Catholic: 1.2 billion
o Orthodox & Protestant: 1.1 billion
United States, Brazil, Russia, Mexico
• Islam: 1.8 billion
o Sunni: 1.2 billion (Everywhere)
o Shi’i: 0.6 billion (Mainly Middle East)
Indonesia, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Egypt,
Nigeria, Turkey, Iran, Algeria, Morocco (most are
non-Arab countries, 20% Muslim speak Arabic)
• Secular: 1.2 billion (Atheist/Agnostic: don’t know)
• Hinduism: 1.1 billion
• Chinese traditions: 394 million
• Buddhism: 376 million
• Indigenous/Ethnic traditions: 300 million (E.g.
Shintoism – Japan)
• African Religious Traditions: 100 million
• Sikhism: 23.25 million
• Juche: 19 million (self-reliance – North Korea)
• Judaism: 15 -17 million
o Low as not a proselytizing religion (not
seeking converts)
United States, Israel
Calendar systems: Different per culture or religion
• Lunar – year 354 days
• Solar – 365.2422 days
o Julian Calendar – 45 BC
o Gregorian Calendar – 1582 BC
Religious calendars:
• Christianity – solar calendar 2019 AD (Founding
event = birth of Jesus of Nazareth)
• Islam – lunar calendar 1441 AH (Hijra from
Mecca to Medina)
• Judaism – lunisolar calendar 5780 (add one
month every 3 years to track solar calendar –
estimated year of creation aka 3761 BC)
Five connections between Islam, Christianity and Judaism:
1. Western Monotheisms: One God – these came
out of a time where polytheism was prominent
2. Abrahamic religions: Figure in which God made a
covenant - “If you follow me I will make unto you
a great nation”
• Abraham’s wife was Sarah who could
not have a baby
• She gave permission to Abraham to
have a baby with slave Hagar
• Abraham and Hagar had a baby named
Ishmael (Ismail – Arabic)
• Ishmael – el= God, il = God hears
• Sarah changes her mind and tells
Abraham to leave as she cannot see
him, goes to Mecca w Hagar & Ishmael
• Sarah then has Issac (to laugh) from
Abraham at approx 99 years of age
• Issac has two children: Esan and Jacob
(who has ? children)
Christianity and Judaism come from Sarah’s line,
Islam comes from Hagar’s line
3. Religions ‘of the book’
• Judaism – Tanakh (Ta: torah,, Na: nevi
im prophets, kh: khetuim wriitings),
Torah or ‘old testament’. There are 24
books in Hebrew bible
• Christianity: New testament, 367 BCE,
27 books. Includes:
i. Gospels
ii. Letters of Paul
iii. Acts of Apostles
iv. Book of Revalation
• Islam: Qur’an consists of 114 chapters
or surahs, 6,000 verses., Moses was
most mentioned prophet (136 times)
4. Semitic language family – almost every word
can be traced back to a 3 or 4 continent root
Islam – S-L-M (roots where meaning derived)
Arabic: Peace, English: Submission
wholeness, security (carry on – to the
completion, fulfilment idea of one god)
• Judaism – Hebrew
• Christianity – Aramaic
• Islam – Arabic
5. Common Geographic, Linguistic and Cultural Ties
Commonality in Middle East (Mashriq – East,
Sunrise) – Jerusalem & Mecca

Current political climate: Morocco is currently in a
transition phase from a harsh and dangerous political
climate to a more sustainable and democratic process:
Transitional justice: Occurred in the late 1990s
• In the past (1990s) human rights violations
occurred commonly, however, these were
hushed and people were told not to discuss this
o Student Union Movement diminished in
1990s (compared to !970s) due to a
fear of kidnapping and other human
rights violations
o Detention Centres were ‘secret’ locals
were aware but did not discuss
• Commission against human rights violation (2004)
o Individuals could still not identify individual
perpetrators and the prosecution of
these people was not avaliable
o Transitional justice not wholly consider
o Compensation may have been given but
other aspects often ignores
• Recommendations in 2011
o Adoption of international human rights
o Public services reports then forward
o Agreement to follow up on
investigations there forward
o Allowed stories of human rights
violations on television
o First time transition justice could occur
in North Africa
o Political parties were not involved
After this not all recommendations were
implemented. This put the onus back onto NGO
and human rights activists.
NGOs: Aim to take action against human rights violations:
• Provide compensation to families after
disappearances
• Lobbying governments to acknowledge the issue
• Raising awareness globally
• Actively looking for survivors of violations
Women’s rights movement: Based on value of women
whilst balancing the Muslim values
• Strong as occurred with international movement
• Two marches in 2004
o Islamic – Casablanca
o Progressors – Rabat
Lead to 2004 changes in ???
• Criticisms – lobbied for specific reforms but
didn’t look at broader picture (e.g. democracy)
• Constitutional reform: lead to many
• National Human Rights Framework
• Protests have recently moved to the street
• Today there have been lobbying for individual
liberties and LGBTQ communities
• Some movements via social media

Hijira: Migration of early community from Mecca to
Medina. Occurred in 622 CE = 1 AH
• H-J-R – root word meaning ??
• Pilgrimage to Mecca already existed – Hajj
Muhammad: Prophet was born in 570 CE, died in 632 CE
• Was an orphan and lived with Uncle
• Lived on the fringes of society and
• Sira literature is where stories about
Muhammed derived (767 CE – Ibn Ishaq,
rewritten in 834 CE – Ibn Hisham)
• Religion – Hanif. Uncle was part of Quraysh tribe
who did pilgrimage to Mecca. Clan includes:
o Banu Umayya
o Banu Hashim (Prophet’s son)
Both clans were initially threatened by
revelations as they made money made by Hajj as
they controlled Ka’aba (cube)
Revelations: Revelations presented by God to Muhammad
• 610 CE angel Gabriel spoke to Muhammad
• This series of revelations make of the Quran
• No autographs of Quran – earliest saved text in
around 1000 CE
• Written in base Arabic – earliest form
• In 1924, Cairo Codex – final form of Quran
Rightly guided Caliphs period: Successor to prophet
Muhammad for Islam. These were appointed by the
community, after this dynasties occur.
• Abu Bakr: 632 – 634
• Umar: 634 – 644 Spanish Inquisition: Spain attempting to rid all non-Christians
• Uthman: 644 – 656 from the population.
• Ali: 656 – 661 (relative of Muhammad)
• Inquisition – would ask:
Dynasties: Role was inherited o Are you a catholic?
o Are you a good catholic? (eat pork)
• Umayyad Dynasty: 661 CE – 750 CE
o Turned in by neighbours
• Abbasid Dynasty: 750 CE – 1258 CE
• Intimidation tool used by Roman Catholic Church
5 Pillars of Islam: Comes from Islamic terms – come • Torture was used
from Quran and Hadid. Practices important as orthoprax. • Emphasis of one God and one Faith – crucial to
society
1. Shahada – statement of faith “There is no god
but God, and Mohammad is God’s messenger” Al Andalous:
2. Salat – prayer five times a day based on the
sun. Dawn, noon, afternoon, sunset, evening. • Andalusia
3. Zagat – arms giving and charity for the poor, • Convivencia
improving yourself and community by doing so • Islamic Spain
4. Fasting – during the month of Ramadan 5) His mum was a Berber
5. Hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca. Involves ka’aba, and
re-enactment of rituals associated with 6) Implies period was “dark”, whereas Spain was
Abraham flourishing at that time. This was only the dark ages for
Western Europe
8) People in the region felt they were more religiously
1908: Oil was found in Iran tolerant than the Visigoths. Visigoths also fought between
each other
1953: US/GB overthrow democratically elected
Mohammed Mossadeq, reinstated son of former shah 9) Hierarchy: Arab Muslims v Berber Muslims (depending
who was in charge at the time (berber competing
1979: Iranian Revolution (Islamic)
especially in Al Morauid rule and Al Mohad rule) , Christians
& Jews
10) Dhimmi people – Christians and Jews (protected class),
they had to pay a jizya tax to be protected
Sunni: Denomination of Islam traditionalist in approach
12) Mozarab – christians who speak Arabic and adopt
arab culture, Mudejar – jewsd who speak Arabic and Shi’i: Party of Ali
adopt arab culture
Caliphs: Caliphs or successors of Mohammed as follows:
15) Empire fell:
1. Abu Bakr
• Toledo 1085 2. Umar (murdered) – expansion into:
• Cordova 1236 a. Jerusalem 638
• Valencia 1238 b. Spain 711
• Sevilla 1248 c. France 732
• Granada 1492 d. India 750
3. Uthman (murdered)
4. Ali murdered (murdered)
Battle of Karbala: Dispute between muawya’s son
(Umayyad) Yazid and Hussein (Ali’s son).
• They battle in 680, battle of Kerbala
• Hasan (Hussein’s brother) then gets murdered
• Hussein fights Yazid with 72 followers
• They kill Hussein and put his head in the spike.
• Ashoura - holiday recreates the battle of Karbala
Anachronistic: outside of time, in forest usage of
something outside of time
Shii: imam (religious leader in Shiite world) Hussein has one
living son, Ali, then Muhammad al bagih, Jaafar
Different branches of Shiite. But biggest is twelve Shiites.
Iman
1. Ali
2. Hussein
3. Ali
4. Muhammad al Bahia
5. Jaafar
12. Muhammad al Mahdi (874)
All imana are killed except for last one Muhammad al
Mahdi, state or occupation. Clerics rule in their stead
In Sunni world - power structure is group (lots at the top)
city - alazar, Cairo in Shiite power structure is triangular -
top is ayatollah then horizontal Islam, all the way down to
mullah which takes 10 yearsish, Seminaticx cities - Qom,
Iran and Najaf, Iran)
To be good Sunni - follow 5 pillars, to be good Shiite to the
extent that you follow one of the clerical leaders/Imams
4 key differences between Sunni and Shiite
1. Who was rightful successor to m? Sunni -
traditional, Shiite - Ali
2. Who is an authority in the Muslim world? - Shiite
- only 12 Imams and the clerics, Sunni -
3. What is role of 12 Imams? - Sunni (they were just
descendants of M), shiites day they understand
Quran and inherit some interpretations from M
4. How does one be a good Muslim? Shiite - follow
example of Imams, Sunni - 5 pillars

Refer to a series of military battles undertaken by
Christians to “reclaim” territory lost.
• Christian’s in particular wanted to regain
Jerusalem
• Focus on 200 years
Crusades:
1. First crusade - 1095 to 1099 (Jerusalem - killed all
inhabitants, christians, Jews and Muslims), lot of
deveripmwmt following
2. 1144 - Muslims try to retake, Christians send more
crusaders
3. 1187 - salahal din leader of Muslim armies comes to
retake Jerusalem, Christian’s lured into desert and they
dehydrated and he retook. He did not slaughter the
inhabitants of jerusalem
4. 1204 - took from Constantinople (Christian town but
wrong kind of Christian) and gave to Venice
Republic: a state in which supreme power is held by the
people and their elected representatives, and which has
an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch.
Motto of French Republic: Liberté, égalité, fraternité
refers to liberty, equality, fraternity
Laicite: Secularism, separation of church and state
Major anxieties highlighted by headscarf debate:
• Growth of communism at the expense of social
mixing
• The increasing influence of international
in?????into France
• ????
Basic Republican Values
1. Equality of men and women
2. Separation of church and state
Republicanism: Agreement of the basic values of adhering
to political philosophy that emphasises general interests &
shared values over individual interests or pluralism
What is the task of the Republic?
1. Construct institutions and policies designed to
integrate new comers into French society by
teaching them certain ways of thinking and acting
2. Require immigrants to take on values and
behaviours that signify thart one has become
French
3. Create citizens who are properly to be
participate in public life by instructing and
exemplyfing them for in school what it means to
be a French citizen
How does the idea of “freedom” differ in France and Anglo
Saxon countries like the US?
• In France Laicite not equal freedom of religion
• It guarantees a neutral public space free FROM
religion
• Religion is considered private
• US value = freedom from state
• French value = freedom through/within the
state
• It’s the Republic that guarantees freedom
“Frenchification” pr “gallicanisation” of Islam. Creatopm pf
dp,estocated “frech islam” while at the same time
recognising official Muslim partners/interlocuters.
Gallican Islam – if you guarantee organised religion
financial, you can recgulate it.
Thought to ban – children in school should be free from
religion
Historical events that shaped opion toward Islam:
1. Islam was being claimed as identity and political
guide
2. 9/11 attacks
3. War in Alergia
4. Problems in suburbs
Beur: Arab, mostly North African, descendents of “guest
workers” who never went to “home” countries. Slang
word from “verlan.”

Three meanings of the voile

1. Satisfy parents and ease transition into
adulthood
2. Create new identity as Islamic and headed ijnto
college or workforce
3. Immigrant women who had started wearing
headscarf in land of birth
How did thiis become an affair?
• Fatwa - Religious ruling
• Fatwa against Salman Rushdie (novelist)
• Iranian mullahs were having success
• War
• Girls war this to school and refused to take it
off
Reasons:
• Concern its oppression of women
• Separation in schooling
• Large amount of people thought the
immigrations couldn’t be assimilated

Hadith – important as focus on Mohammed’s life.