Ans#1

Definition:
The Current Transformer ( C.T. ), is a type of “instrument transformer” that is designed to produce an
alternating current in its secondary winding which is proportional to the current being measured in its
primary. Current transformers reduce high voltage currents to a much lower value and provide a
convenient way of safely monitoring the actual electrical current flowing in an AC transmission line using
a standard ammeter.

There are three basic types of current transformers: wound, toroidal and bar.

Bar-type Current transformer:

This type of current transformer uses the actual cable or bus-bar of the main circuit as the primary
winding, which is equivalent to a single turn. They are fully insulated from the high operating voltage of
the system and are usually bolted to the current carrying device.

Safety:
Current transformers are often used to monitor high currents or currents at high voltages. Technical
standards and design practices are used to ensure the safety of installations using current transformers.

Energizing a current transformer with an open circuit secondary is equivalent to energizing a voltage
transformer (normal type) with a short circuit secondary. In the first case the secondary tries to produce
an infinite voltage and in the second case the secondary tries to produce an infinite current. Both
scenarios can be dangerous and damage the transformer.
Accuracy:
The accuracy of a CT is affected by a number of factors including:

 Rating factor
 Load
 External electromagnetic fields
 Temperature
 Physical configuration
 Phase change
 Capacitive coupling between primary and secondary
 Resistance of primary and secondary
 Core magnetizing current

Standards:
Ultimately, depending on client requirements, there are two main standards to which current
transformers are designed. IEC 61869-1 (in the past IEC 60044-1) & IEEE C57.13 (ANSI), although the
Canadian and Australian standards are also recognized.
Ans#2
Definition:
Potential transformers transforms the high voltage to a circuit operating low voltage. It is not an easy
way to measure the high voltage and currents associated with power transmission and distribution
systems, hence instrument transformers are often used to step-down these values to a safer level to
measure. This is because measuring meters or instruments and protective relays are low voltage
devices, thereby cannot be connected directly to high voltage circuit for the purpose of measurement
and protection of the system

Construction:
Compared to the conventional transformer, potential transformers or PTs use larger conductor sizes and
core. PTs designed for ensuring the greater accuracy and hence, at the time of designing economy of the
material is not considered as main aspect. PTs are made with special high quality core operating at lower
flux densities in order to have small magnetizing current so that no load losses are minimized. Both core
and shell type constructions are preferred for PT’s. For high voltages, core type PTs are used while shell
type is preferred for low voltages.

Applications of Voltage Transformers:

 Electrical Metering systems
 Electrical protection systems
 Distance protection of feeders
 Synchronizing generators with grid
 Impedance protection of generators

The class of potential transformers used for metering is called as measurement voltage or potential
transformers. On other hand PTs used for protection called as protection voltage transformers. In some
cases PTs are used for both metering and protection purposes, in such cases, one secondary winding is
connected to metering and other secondary winding is used for protection.