BESSEL’S FUNCTION

 n+2r
 x 1
J n ( x) =  (−1) r   . , where n is non- negative integer
r =0 2 (n + r + 1).r!

The general solution of the Bessel’s equation is given by 𝑦 = 𝑎𝐽𝑛 (𝑥) + 𝑏𝐽−𝑛 (𝑥) where 𝑎 , 𝑏 are
arbitrary constants.
Property 1.

J −n ( x) = (−1) n .J n ( x)

Proof

 n+2r
 x 1
We know J n ( x) =  (−1)   r
.
r =0 2 (n + r + 1).r!

 − n+2r
 x 1
Therefore J −n ( x) =  (−1) r   .
r =0 2 (−n + r + 1).r!

Here r = 0,1,2.......... .........  and (−n + r + 1) = [r − (n − 1)] is of the form (− k )

1
Since (− k ) →  or → 0 for r = 0,1,2,......... .......... ...( n − 1)
(− k )

 − n+2r
 x 1
Hence J −n ( x) =  (−1)   r
.
r =n 2 (−n + r + 1).r!

Let r = s + n so that when r = n we get s = 0

 − n+2 s +2n
 x 1
J −n ( x) =  (−1) s+n
  .
s =0 2 ( s + 1).(s + n)!

 n+2 s
 x 1
=  (−1)
s =0
s+n
 
2
.
( s + 1).(s + n)!

Using the properties of gamma functions we can write ( s + 1) = s! and ( s + n)!= ( s + n + 1)

  n+2 s
 x 1
J −n ( x) =  (−1) s + n   .
s =0 2 s!.( s + n + 1)

 n+2 s
 x 1
= (−1)  (−1)  
n s
.
s =0 2 (n + s + 1) s!

= (−1) n .J n ( x) , n being a positive integer

PROPERTY 2

J n (− x) = (−1) n .J n ( x) = J −n ( x)

 n+2r
 x 1
We have J n ( x) =  (−1) r   .
r =0 2 (n + r + 1).r!
n+2r
− x

1
Therefore J n (− x) =  (−1)  
r
.
r =0  2  (n + r + 1).r!
 n+2r
x 1
=  (−1) r (−1) n+ 2r n+2r
.
r =0 2 (n + r + 1).r!

 n+2r
 x 1
= (−1) n 
r =0
(−1) r  
2
.
(n + r + 1).r!

= (−1) n J n ( x)

RECURRENCE FORMULA
(1) 2nJ n ( x) = x[ j n +1 ( x) + J n −1 ( x)]

 n+2r
 x 1
We have J n ( x) =  (−1)   r
.
r =0 2 (n + r + 1).r!
  n+2r
 x 2n
2n . J n ( x) =  (−1) r   .
r =0 2 (n + r + 1).r!
n+2r

 x 2(n + r ) − 2r
=  (−1)   r
.
r =0 2 (n + r + 1).r!
n+2r n+2r

 x 2(n + r ) 
 x 2r
= 
r =0
(−1) r  
2
.
(n + r + 1).r!
− 
r =0
(−1) r  
2
.
(n + r + 1).r!
n −1+ 2 r n + 2 r −1

x x  2(n + r ) 
x x  2r
=  (−1)   r
. −  (−1) r   .
r =0 2 2  (n + r )(n + r )r! r =0 2 2  (n + r + 1).r (r − 1)!

 n −1+ 2 r  n + 2 r −1
 x 1  x 1
= x (−1)   r
. −x  (−1)  
r
.
r =0 2 (n − 1 + r + 1)r! r =0 2 (n + r + 1).(r − 1)!

Put r −1 = s or r = s + 1 we get
2n.J n ( x) = x[ j n −1 ( x) + J n +1 ( x)]

 1
(2) J n ( x) = [ J n −1 ( x) − J n +1 ( x)]
2

 n+2r
 x 1
We have J n ( x) =  (−1) r   .
r =0 2 (n + r + 1).r!

 n + 2 r −1
  x 1 1
Now J n ( x) =  (−1) r (n + 2r )  .
r =0 2 2 (n + r + 1).r!

We take now n + 2r = ( n + r ) + r
n + 2 r −1 n + 2 r −1
  x 
(n + r ) 
 x r
Then 2 J n ( x) =  (−1)   r
. +  (−1)  
r
.
r =0 2 (n + r )(n + r ).r! r =0 2 (n + r + 1).r.( r − 1)!
By putting r −1 = s in the second term we get

 n −1+ 2 r  n +1+ 2 s
 x 1  x 1
=  (−1)  r
. −  (−1) s   .
r =0 2 (n − 1 + r + 1).r! s =0 2 (n + 1 + s + 1).s!

 1
Therefore J n ( x) = [ J n −1 ( x) − J n +1 ( x)]
2