Professional Documents
Culture Documents
cách trình bày trích dẫn và tài liệu tham khảo PDF
cách trình bày trích dẫn và tài liệu tham khảo PDF
cách trình bày trích dẫn và tài liệu tham khảo PDF
3. Đặt vấn đề
Trong phấn này tác giả nêu rõ: 1. Lý do chọn đề tài; 2. Tổng quan về tình hình nghiên cứu; 3.
Đối tượng và phạm vi nghiên cứu; 4. Mục đích và nhiệm vụ nghiên cứu; các giả thuyết khoa học,
bố cục của bài viết…
7. Kết luận
Trong phần này tác giả rút ra các kết luận ngắn gọn. Các kết luận này được rút ra trực tiếp từ kết
quả của nghiên cứu chứ không phải là tổng quát lại dữ liệu hay các kết quả của nghiên cứu.
1
significant. [Note: and is used when multiple authors are identified as part of the formal
structure of the sentence. Compare this to the example in the following section.]
- When the authors of a source are not part of the formal structure of the sentence, both the
authors and years of publication appear in parentheses, separated by semicolons.
Consider the following example: Reviews of research on religion and health have
concluded that at least some types of religious behaviors are related to higher levels of
physical and mental health (Gartner, Larson, & Allen, 1991; Koenig, 1990; Levin &
Vanderpool, 1991; Maton & Pargament, 1987; Paloma & Pendleton, 1991; Payne,
Bergin, Bielema, & Jenkins, 1991). [Note: & is used when multiple authors are identified
in parenthetical material. Note also that when several sources are cited parenthetically,
they are ordered alphabetically by first authors' surnames.]
- When a source that has two authors is cited, both authors are included every time the
source is cited.
- When a source that has three, four, or five authors is cited, all authors are included the
first time the source is cited. When that source is cited again, the first author's surname
and "et al." are used. Consider the following example: Reviews of research on religion
and health have concluded that at least some types of religious behaviors are related to
higher levels of physical and mental health (Payne, Bergin, Bielema, & Jenkins, 1991).
Payne et al. (1991) showed that ...
- When a source that has six or more authors is cited, the first author's surname and "et al."
are used every time the source is cited (including the first time).
- Every effort should be made to cite only sources that you have actually read. When it is
necessary to cite a source that you have not read ("Grayson" in the following example)
that is cited in a source that you have read ("Murzynski & Degelman" in the following
example), use the following format for the text citation and list only the source you have
read in the References list: Grayson (as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996) identified
four components of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability.
- To cite a personal communication (including letters, emails, and telephone interviews),
include initials, surname, and as exact a date as possible. Because a personal
communication is not "recoverable" information, it is not included in the References
section. For the text citation, use the following format: B. F. Skinner (personal
communication, February 12, 1978) claimed ...
- To cite a Web document, use the author-date format. If no author is identified, use the
first few words of the title in place of the author. If no date is provided, use "n.d." in
place of the date. Consider the following examples: Degelman and Harris (2000) provide
guidelines for the use of APA writing style. Changes in Americans' views of gender
status differences have been documented (Gender and Society, n.d.).
Quotations: When a direct quotation is used, always include the author, year, and page number
as part of the citation.
- A quotation of fewer than 40 words should be enclosed in double quotation marks and
should be incorporated into the formal structure of the sentence. Example: Patients
receiving prayer had "less congestive heart failure, required less diuretic and antibiotic
therapy, had fewer episodes of pneumonia, had fewer cardiac arrests, and were less
frequently intubated and ventilated" (Byrd, 1988, p. 829).
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- A lengthier quotation of 40 or more words should appear (without quotation marks) apart
from the surrounding text, in block format, with each line indented five spaces from the
left margin.
8.2 Trích dẫn rài liệu tham khảo
BOOK
Book with author or authors
Author. (Year). Title of book: Capital letter also for subtitle. (2nd ed.). Location: Publisher.
Lewis, C. W., & Gilman, S. C. (2005). The ethics challenge in public service: A problem-solving
guide (2nd ed.). United Stated: John Wiley.
Corporate body
Institution. (Year). Title of books. Place: Publisher.
Malaysia, Institut Tadbiran Awam Negara. (2006). Pentadbiran dan pengurusan awam
Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Institut Tadbiran Awam Negara.
MAGAZINE
Writer of the article. (Year, month day). Title of the article. Title of the Magazine. Volume, page.
3
Wan Suriani Hasan. (1998, September 24). Bohsia: Siapa harus dipersalahkan?. Dewan
Masyarakat, 149, (2), 11 - 15.
NEWSPAPER
Writer of the article. (Year, month day). Title of the article. Title of the Newspaper, page.
Wak Suparjo Wak Neng. (1998, September 24). JPS baiki aliran sungai elak banjir di Selangor.
Utusan Malaysia, pp. 1A, 2A.
JOURNAL
Author. (Date of publication ). Title of article. Title of Journal / Online Periodical, volume
(issue), page.
Saidatul Akmar Ismail & Halida Yu Abdullah. (2012). Key performance indicator for school
resource centre improvement. Library Journal, 55 (2), 59-65.
ENCYCLOPEDIA
Author. (Year). Title. In editor (Ed/Eds.), Title of encyclopedia. (Volume, pp. ). Place of
publication: Publisher.
Sturgeon, R. (1995). Science fiction. In L. T. Muchmellow et al. (Eds.), The encyclopedia
Americana (Vol.24, pp. 390-392). Danbury, CT: Grolier.
ONLINE JOURNAL
Author. (Date of publication ). Title of article. Title of Journal / Online Periodical, volume
(issue), page. Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Siti Zubaidah Abdul Mutalib. (2012). Use of the school resource centre among Malaysian high
school teacher . Library Review, 3 (14), 14-16. Retrieved from http://unlib.unl.edu/LPP/
ONLINE BOOKS
Author. (n.d.). Title of article: Subtitles. Retrieved from http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women
De Donn, E.W. (n.d.). Familiar birdsongs of the Nortwest. Retrieved from
http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin
LECTURER NOTES
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Author. Title of article. [Format form]. Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Hallam, A. Duality in consumer theory. [PDF document]. Retrieved from Lecture Notes
Online Web site: http://www.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ501/
MULTIMEDIA / CD ROM
Author. (Year, Month). Title of the article. Name of the Journal, Volume (issue/no.), page.
CDROM. GPO. Disc No. 99-13-01
Rayyan, R. (2012, September). Selenium and soils in Western United States. Natural History,
108 (3), 20-28. CDROM. GPO. Disc No. 11-18-01.
CONFERENCE / PROCEEDING
Author. (Year). Title of conference proceedings. Place of publication: Publisher.
Idrus Jamaluddin & Oxford, E.L. (Eds.). (1995). Proceedings from CSCL 95: The First
International Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning. Mahwah,
NJ: Erlbaum.