antikuri samyaros istoria

ukve aRiniSna, rom cneba antikuri samyaro sakmaod did istoriul peri-
ods da msoflios vrcel areals moicavs, rom misi Semadgeneli civi-
lizaciebia: minosuri, mikenur-elinuri, etruskuli da romauli. amaTgan
Cven minosuri civilizaciis Sesaxeb, ZiriTadad, arqeologiuri masalis
gaTvaliswinebiT da berZnul miTologiur tradiciaze dayrdnobiT
SegviZlia vimsjeloT. SedarebiT metis Tqma SeiZleba berZenTa mikenuri
epoqis istoriaze, Tumca aqac CvenTvis amosavali aris, ZiriTadad, arqe-
ologiuri monacemebi, garkveulwilad B-xazovani dokumentebi da isev da
isev berZnuli miTologiuri tradiciis monacemebi. rac Seexeba postmike-
nur periods, am SemTxvevaSi, rac ufro vSordebiT e. w. `bneli wlebis~
epoqas, miT ufro izrdeba im monacemTa xvedriTi wona, romelTa sa-
fuZvelzec ukve namdvilad SeiZleba saberZneTis konkretul Zvel isto-
riaze msjeloba. aseve sakmaod srulia Cveni warmodgena antikuri romis
istoriaze. rac Seexeba etruskebis istorias, am SemTxvevaSi Cven viciT
gacilebiT meti, vidre minoselTa da mikenelTa Sesaxeb, magram ufro
naklebi, vidre istoriuli epoqis berZenTa da romaelTa Sesaxeb.
SevecadoT, am wignis mizandasaxulobis Sesabamisad, warmovadginoT
antikuri samyaros istoriis zogadi suraTi.

egeosuri samyaro
egeosuri samyaros istoria aSkarad gamoirCeva Tavisi xangrZlivobiT,
Tumca masze msjeloba, ZiriTadad, SegviZlia, yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis, II
aTaswleulis dasawyisamde mainc, mxolod da mxolod arqeologiur ma-
salaze dayrdnobiT.
rogorc Cans, ukve neoliTis epoqaSi, ara ugvianes Zv. w. V-IV
aTaswleulTa mijnisa, egeosis zRvis auzSi sakmaod ganviTarebuli
kulturebi arsebobda. maTi done am regionis sxvadasxva nawilSi gan-
sxvavebuli iyo, magram mecnierebi fiqroben, rom SedarebiT primitiuli
avtoxTonuri kulturebisa da samxreT-aRmosavleT mcire aziidan uZvel-
esi neoliTuri kulturebis difuziis Sedegad gadmonacvlebuli emi-
grantebis Serwymam aq mZlavri stimuli misca civilizaciis TandaTano-
biT aRmavlobas.
III aTaswleulis pirveli naxevridan kikladebze ganviTarebas iwyebs
sakmaod TviTmyofadi kultura, romelic, Tu Zv. w. XXVI-XXIII
saukuneebiT daTariRebuli abstraqtuli skulpturebis mixedviT
vimsjelebT, ganviTarebis sakmaod maRal doneze unda yofiliyo.
WeSmariti gardatexa egeidaSi Zv. w. III-II aTaswleulTa mijnaze iwyeba,
mas Semdeg, rac kunZul kretaze uecrad xdeba im kulturis aRmavloba,

1
romelic dRevandel mecnierebaSi minosur civilizaciad aris sax-
eldebuli. mas yvelaze ufro mkacri kriteriumebis gaTvaliswinebiTac
ki SeiZleba vuwodoT maRalganviTarebuli kultura, sadac dasturdeba:
Zvel samyaroSi Tavisi sididiT aSkarad gamorCeuli sasaxleebi da maT
garSemo ganlagebuli didi qalaqebi, brwyinvale keramikuli produqcia,
damwerlobis ganviTarebuli sistema. minosur kulturas namdvilad
gamoarCeven Zveli samyaros civilizaciaTa Soris. samwuxarod, kunZulze
gavrcelebuli A-xazovani damwerlobis gauSifraobis gamo, jerjerobiT
Znelia konkretulad raimes Tqma minosuri samyaros istoriis Sesaxeb.
faqti is aris, rom xuTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi kunZulze sruli
mSvidoba sufevda, arsad ar Cans antagonizmis kvali, ver vxedavT sasima-
gro nagebobebs, yvelgan da yvelaferSi igrZnoba daxvewilobisaken
ltolva. amgvari harmoniuloba Tanamedrove mecnierebs afiqrebinebs,
rom kunZuli sakmaod saimedod iyo daculi gareSe mterTa Semosevisagan,
xolo Tavad minosur samyaroSi ki iseTi socialuri da politikuri
urTierTobebi sufevda, rac stabiluri, mSvidobiani ganviTarebis Sesa-
Zleblobebs iZleoda. mecnierebaSi aseTi cnebac ki damkvidrda _ `mino-
suri mSvidoba~ – Pax Minoica. Tavad berZnul TqmulebebSic kreta
idumalebiT moculi kunZulia. mas ukavSirdeba miTiuri mefis, minosis
saxeli, aseve mravali teqnikuri saocreba, rogoric iyo, magaliTad,
specialuri nageboba _ labirinTi, miTi dedalosis mier safreni saSu-
alebis gamogonebaze, kretis uryev mcvelze, rkinis kac talosze da a. S.
rogorc Cans, kreta – Tavisi Zlieri flotis an dResac ucnobi raRac
saSualebiT – axerxebda, saimedod uzrunveleyo kunZulis dacva gareSe
Zalebisagan.
kretas sakmaod Zlieri gavlena unda hqonoda mTel egeidaSi. mas, Ses-
aZloa, emorCileboda kontinenturi saberZneTis, mcire aziis sanapiro
zolis, egeosis zRvis auzis kunZulebis arcTu umniSvnelo nawili.
amaze migviTiTebs minosuris Zlieri gavlena mikenuri epoqis adreuli
etapis berZnul kulturaze, rasac bolo xanebSi kretis CrdiloeTiT
kunZul Teraze minosuris `filialuri~ kulturis aRmoCena gvidas-
turebs. minosuri kulturis zogierT Taviseburebaze xelovnebisadmi
miZRvnil TavSic gveqneba msjeloba, aq ki mxolod imas davsZenT, rom XX
saukunis bolo aTwleulebamde mecnierebaSi ar iyo sabolood garkveu-
li, Tu ram gamoiwvia esoden ganviTarebuli kulturis uecari daqve-
iTeba Zv. w. XV saukuneSi, rasac Sedegad mohyva mikenel berZenTa aRmav-
loba da kretaze gabatoneba. mas Semdeg, rac gasuli saukunis 70-iani
wlebis gaTxrebma kunZul Teraze naTelhyves, rom swored XV saukuneSi
momxdara am kunZulze civilizebuli kacobriobis istoriaSi yvelaze
ufro didi vulkanuri amofrqveva – romelic dRes cnobilia santorinis
katastrofis saxeliT – naTeli gaxda, rom kretis daqveiTebaSi `mniSvne-
lovani wvlili miuZRvis~ am geologiur katastrofas. man asaxva hpova
devkalionis miTSi warRvnis Sesaxeb da unda vifiqroT, rom minosuri
mosaxleobis iseTi stresi gamoiwvia, romelmac minosur kretas sabo-
lood daakargvina poziciebi egeidaSi.

2
 egeosuri samyaros istoriaSi axal etaps iwyeben mikenuri epoqis
berZnebi. isini egeidaSi, rogorc ukve vTqviT, yvelaze gvian Zv. w. XVIII
saukunidan unda damkvidrebuliyvnen, Tumca wamyvan Zalad minosuri
kretis daqveiTebis Semdeg iqcevian. mikeni, pilosi, Tebe, knososi kunZul
kretaze da mravali sxva dasaxlebuli punqti mikenuri civilizaciis
umniSvnelovanes sayrdenebs warmoadgendnen egeidaSi. rogorc Cans, am
epoqaSi mikenelma berZnebma Seqmnes, SesaZloa, konfederaciul princi-
pebze dafuZnebuli, met-naklebad erTiani saxelmwifo gaerTianeba, ro-
melmac Tavisi Zlierebis umaRles mwvervals Zv. w. XIII saukuneSi miaRwia.
raoden paradoqsuladac ar unda mogveCvenos, saberZneTis istoriaSi ax.
w. XIX saukunemde es unda iyos erTiani berZnuli saxelmwifos
arsebobis unikaluri SemTxveva. amis Semdgom antikuri samyaros berZnebs
aRarasodes miuRweviaT qveynis politikuri gaerTianebisaTvis. mikenuri
kultura, Tumca aSkarad gviCvenebs minosuris Zlier gavlenas, arsebiT-
ad, gansxvavdeba misgan sxvadasxva TvalsazrisiT. jer erTi, mikenur sa-
berZneTSi ar sufevs mSvidobianobis is suli, romelic minosuri kreti-
saTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. aq Cveulebrivi movlenaa dasaxlebul pun-
qtebSi sasimagro nagebobebis arseboba, rac mikenelTa agresiulobaze
metyvelebs. rogorc Cans, mmarTvelobis ZiriTadi forma unda yofiliyo
ufro monarqiul struqturasTan miaxloebuli sistema, vidre is, rac
Semdgom polisuri epoqis berZnuli civilizaciisaTvis iyo damaxasi-
aTebeli. zogierTi mkvlevari imasac ki fiqrobs, rom mikenuri samyaros
socialuri struqtura erTgvar saSualedo formas warmoadgenda Zvel
aRmosavlursa da Sua saukuneebis feodaluri evropis formaciebs So-
ris. berZnulma miTebma Semogvinaxes ambebi legendaruli epoqis berZenTa
erTmaneTTan omebis Sesaxeb (Tebes ciklis Tqmulebebi), maTi Soreul
qveynebSi eqspediciebis Sesaxeb (argonavtebis cikli), gaerTianebuli
berZnuli laSqris warmatebuli omis Sesaxeb qveynis gareT (troas ci-
kli). arqeologiuri masala da Zveli aRmosavluri dokumentebis gaT-
valiswineba SesaZleblobas iZleva davaskvnaT, rom am Tqmulebebs
marTlac unda hqonodaT realuri istoriuli safuZveli. mecnierebaSi
gansakuTrebiT didia interesi troas omis mimarT, romelsac homerosis
eposi da Zveli berZeni Tu romaeli avtorebis araerTi nawarmoebi
eZRvneba.
Zv. w. XIII saukunis miwurulidan mTels xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi iwyeba
procesebi, romelTac egeosuri civilizaciebis daqveiTeba ganapirobes.
SesaZloa, raRac ekologiuri katastrofis Tu sxva mizezebis gamo Zv. w.
XII saukunidan aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTs moicavs xalxTa
mZlavri moZraoba, romelic Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi cnobilia `zRvis
xalxebis~ moZraobis saxiT, rasac ngreva da mravali cnobili civili-
zaciis daqveiTeba moyva Sedegad. am moZraobis roli mniSvnelovania
imiT, rom `aRigava pirisagan miwisa~ iseTi Zlieri saxelmwifo mcire
aziaSi, rogoric iyo xeTebis saxelmwifo, daeca ugariti; egviptelebma
Zlivs SeZles zRvis xalxTa Semosevebis mogerieba, Tumca amis Sedegad
mniSvnelovnad Sesustda maTi Zalebi. am moZraobam naklebi simwvaviT,
magram mainc moicva saberZneTic, ramac gamoiwvia mikenuri centrebis

3
ngreva da mikenuri civilizaciis daqveiTeba. amis Semdgom CrdiloeTidan
iwyeba kidev erTi berZnuli tomis, dorielTa samxreTiT gadmonacvleba,
rac kontinentur saberZneTSi da saerTod antikuri samyaros ganviTare-
baSi mniSvnelovani gardatexis safuZveli gaxda. mikenuri samyaros
daqveiTebam ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi kulturis TvalsazrisiT
aSkara ukusvla gamoiwvia, rac saSualebas aZlevs Tanamedrove
mecnierebas, daRmavlobis es periodi aRniSnos cnebiT bneli wlebi.
warmovadgenT egeosur kulturaTa istoriis am uZvelesi periodis
qronologias:
Zv. w. VI-V _ III aTaswleulis dasawyisi: neoliTuri kultura.
Zv. w. III aTaswleulis pirveli naxevari _ II aTaswleulis bolo (Zv. w.
daaxloebiT 1200): brinjaos xana.
brinjaos xanaSi sami periodi gamoiyofa:
a) III aTaswleulis dasawyisi _ II aTaswleulis dasawyisi: adre-
brinjaos xana. am dros gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva kikladuri kultura.
am periodis kontinenturi saberZneTis kulturas uwodeben adreheladur
kulturas, xolo kretisas _ adreminosurs.
b) II aTaswleulis dasawyisi _ Zv. w. 1600: Suabrinjaos xana. am dros
kontinenturi saberZneTis kulturas uwodeben Suaheladur kulturas,
kretis kulturas ki – Suaminosurs (minosuri kulturis umaRlesi aR-
mavlobis periodi).
g) Zv. w. 1600 w. _ 1200 w.: gvianbrinjaos xanis kultura. am periodis
kulturas kontinentur saberZneTSi uwodeben gvianheladurs, igi Tavis
mxriv, Tavad mikenuri kulturis gaTvaliswinebiT, Seicavs sam periods:
adremikenuri _ 1600-1500, Suamikenuri _ 1500-1400 da gvianmikenuri _ 1400-
1200.
Sesabamisad, egeosis zRvis auzis zemoTCamoTvlil regionebSi adre,
Sua da gvianbrinjaos kulturebis saxelwodebebi da qronologia
Semdegia:
kikladebze:
adrekikladuri (2600-1800)
Suakikladuri (1800-1500)
kretaze:
adreminosuri (2600-2000)
Suaminosuri (2000-1500)
gvianminosuri (1500-1200)
kontinentur saberZneTSi:
adreheladuri (2600-1850)
Suaheladuri (1850-1600)
gvianheladuri anu mikenuri (1600-1200)

saberZneTi
elinuri periodi
elinuri periodi (Zv. w. 1200 _ Zv. w. 336). mikenuri samyaros daqveiTebis
Semdgom saberZneTSi kulturis aSkara degradaciis procesi mimdi-
nareobs. XII saukunis meore naxevridan mainc ramdenime saukunis ganmav-

4
lobaSi centralizebuli mikenuri samyaro intensiuri diferenciaciis
process ganicdis. rogorc aRiniSna, amas xeli Seuwyo jer zRvis
xalxebis moZraobam, xolo Semdeg – CrdiloeTidan berZnul tomTa ax-
ali nakadis, dorielebis gadmoadgilebam. dorielebma anu Crdiloelma
emigrantebma kontinenturi saberZneTis didi nawili daikaves, rasac
Sedegad mohyva mravali regionidan adgilobriv berZnul tomTa
gadasaxleba. rogorc Cans, ukve Zv. w. XI-X saukuneebSi xdeba berZnul
tomTa masobrivi migracia mcire aziis dasavleT sanapiroze da egeosis
zRvis kunZulebze, rac eoliasa da ioniaSi berZnuli dasaxlebebis anu
pirveli koloniebis gaCenas iwvevs, romelTac sul mokle droSi am re-
gionebis elinizacia SeZles da isini organulad daukavSires berZnul
samyaros. Zv. w. XI-X saukuneebSi berZnul tomTa gadajgufebis procesi
met-naklebad daregulirda da gamoikveTa antikuri epoqis saberZneTis
geografiuli sazRvrebi. antikuri elada ganfenili iyo balkaneTis naxe-
varkunZulze, xmelTaSuazRvis, ZiriTadad, egeidis kunZulebze, mcire
aziis dasavleT, Crdilo da samxreT sanapiro zolSi.
mikenuri kulturis tradiciebis daqveiTebis Semdeg myari safuZveli
Seeqmna antikuri berZnuli civilizaciis axali etapis aRmavlobas. kul-
turis erTi periodis dasruleba da meoris dawyeba saTanado pirobebs
qmnis Zalze saintereso periodisaTvis saberZneTis istoriaSi, romelsac
geometriuli renesansis periods anu homerosis epoqas vuwodebT. igi moi-
cavs Zv. w. IX-VIII saukuneebs. am epoqaSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo
politikuri daqucmacebulobis viTarebaSi berZnuli samyaros kulturu-
li gaerTianebis saintereso gzebis monaxva. aman asaxva hpova sul
sxvadasxva sferoebSi: 1. finikiuri anbanis safuZvelze axali fonetikuri
damwerlobis Seqmna; 2. saerTo elinuri religiuri warmodgenebis Camoya-
libeba; 3. olimpiuri TamaSebis dafuZneba Tu xelaxali aRdgena da
qronologiis axali sistemis SemoReba; 4. zepir poetur praqtikaSi
mikenuri warsulis Sesaxeb miTopoeturi tradiciis sistematizacia da
zepiridan werilobiT literaturaze gadasvla; 5. geometriuli, mkacrad
mowesrigebuli xelovnebis aRmavloba; 6. berZnuli polisuri cxovrebisa
da sakolonizacio moZraobis dawyeba da polisuri TviTSegnebis
Camoyalibeba; 7. politikuri sistemebis axali modelebis warmoqmna; 8.
literaturuli dialeqtebis Camoyalibeba; 9. SesaZloa, ukve am perio-
didan iRebs saTaves omis warmoebis sferoSi mniSvnelovani cvlileba,
rac jaris falanguri wyobidan Sereul, falangur-hoplitur organiza-
ciaze gadasvliT gamoixata. igi gulisxmobda samxedro samsaxurSi myofi
polisis moqalaqis qonebrivi cenzis gaTvaliswinebas (polisis
moqalaqeebi iaraRdebodnen maTi ekonomiuri SesaZleblobebis Sesabami-
sad).
aqedan gamomdinare, geometriuli renesansis epoqa SeiZleba miviCnioT
saberZneTis istoriaSi didi gardatexis xanad, rodesac garkveulad
aRdga xidi legendarul mikenur warsulsa da axal berZnul
sinamdviles Soris. politikurad daSlili saberZneTisaTvis mniSvnelo-
vani iyo Zalze mkafio erovnuli TviTSegnebis Camoyalibeba da im
kriteriumTa gansazRvra, romelTac sul sxvadasxva polisis moqalaqeebi

5
SeeZloT gaeerTianebinaT erTi cnebis qveS elini. es termini moicavda
sisxliT naTesaobas, enobrivi, kulturuli, religiuri erTianobis
faqtorebs.
elinuri periodis istoriis mniSvnelovani faza iwyeba Zv. w. VIII-VII
saukuneTa mijnaze, rodesac berZnuli samyaro e. w. sakolonizacio moZ-
raobis mZlavrma sulma moicva. ra iyo berZnuli kolonizaciis arsi? Zv.
w. VIII saukunis dasawyisidan moyolebuli elinuri samyaro Tavisi
ganviTarebis im fazaSi Sedis, romelsac SeiZleba vuwodoT sazoga-
doebis polisuri organizaciis periodi. igi grZeldeba manamde, vidre
saberZneTi mTlianad moeqceva aleqsandre makedonelis mier Seqmnil
msoflio saxelmwifos farglebSi. ras warmoadgenda polisi? es iyo
avtonomiuri TviTmmarTvelobis mqone saberZneTis garkveuli regioni _
saxelmwifo warmonaqmni, romelsac metwilad hqonda urbanuli centri,
Tumca SeiZleboda, rom arc hqonoda. a. m., Tuki atikaSi aseTi urbanuli
centri iyo aTeni, lakedemonSi amgvari centri mkafiod ar ikveTeba, xo-
lo mTel rig olqebSi saerTod ar ivaraudeba qalaquri tipis
dasaxlebis arseboba. polisis anu avtonomiuri TviTmmarTvelobis mqone
regionis moqalaqeobis ZiriTadi kriteriumi iyo miwis sakuTari nakveTis
flobis ufleba. Sesabamisad, SegviZlia warmovidginoT, rom garkveuli
polisi anu regioni dayofili iyo miwis nakveTebad imisda mixedviT, Tu
ramdeni moqalaqe hyavda mas. es, erTi SexedviT, sakmaod kargi safuZveli
iyo moqalaqeTa Soris socialuri TanasworobisaTvis, magram male iCina
Tavi polisis organizaciis am umTavresi principis sisusteebma. kerZod,
sakmarisi iyo polisSi momxdariyo demografiuli cvlilebebi, rom
saWiro gaxdeboda miwis xelaxali gadanawileba. garda amisa, poliss
marTavdnen, arsebiTad, is struqturebi, romelTac aristokratiuli war-
momavlobis ojaxebi ganagebdnen. rasakvirvelia, gansxvavebuli iyo
polisis moqalaqeTa Sromis nayofierebac, Sesabamisad, Zalze male iCina
Tavi qonebrivma uTanasworobam. ra SesaZlebloba hqonda poliss, rom
gadaewyvita es problemebi? mas unda gaefarToebina Tavisi sazRvrebi,
magram amis gakeTebas mxolod da mxolod im mezobel polisebTan omis
saSualebiT moaxerxebda, romlebic isev da isev berZnuli tomebiT iyo
dasaxlebuli. am SemTxvevaSi, gamarjvebul mxares unda moexdina da-
marcxebulis damoneba da misTvis qonebis CamorTmeva an mezobeli
polisis mosaxleobis saerTod amoJleta. arsebobda sxva gzac:
gaRatakebuli moqalaqe Tmobda miwis nakveTze sakuTrebis uflebas da
mas sxvas gadascemda droebiT an, Tuki ver moaxerxebda sakuTari miwis
gamosyidvas, samudamod. arcTu iSviaTad, moqalaqes uxdeboda Tavis
gadasarCenad daTanxmeboda monad qcevas da sxva polissa Tu qveyanaSi
gayidvas.
am viTarebaSi berZnuli polisebis sinamdvileSi gamoikveTa
mdgomareobidan gamosavlis monaxvis saintereso da mniSvnelovani gza.
polisis iniciativiani moqalaqeebis erTi jgufi miemarTeboda xmelTaS-
uazRvispireTis araelinur romelsame regionSi, arCevda adgils ko-
loniis ( ) dasaarseblad, gadahyavda Tavisi Tanamoqalaqeebis
erTi nawili iq da metropoliisgan erTob Sors agrZelebda cxovrebas

6
ukve axlad daarsebul polisSi. is adgili, sadac berZnuli apoikia
fuZndeboda, SesaZloa, sul sxvadasxva mdgomareobaSi yofiliyo. Tuki
berZnebi apoikias aarsebdnen ganviTarebul qveyanaSi, maSin maT angariSi
unda gaewiaT misi interesebisaTvis. am SemTxvevaSi apoikia, ZiriTadad,
savaWro funqcias asrulebda, akavSirebda im qveyanas erT-erT berZnul
qalaq-saxelmwifosTan. amiT dainteresebuli iyo Tavad is saxelmwifo,
romlis teritoriazec iyo dafuZnebuli berZnuli axalSeni, ramdenadac
es ukanaskneli ar ereoda mis ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. sxva SemTxvevaSi
berZnebs SeiZleba apoikiebi daearsebinaT naklebad dasaxlebul teri-
toriebze an ganviTarebis dabal doneze myof tomebSi. maSin isini poli-
tikuri TvalsazrisiTac dominanturi xdebodnen aRniSnul regionebSi
da TavianTi Zalis Cveneba omebisa Tu brZolebis saSualebiT ukve aRar
sWirdebodaT. es sakolonizacio moZraoba efeqturi aRmoCnda da sakmaod
mokle xanSi (Zv. w. VII-VI ss.) mTeli xmelTaSuazRvispireTi da Savi-
zRvispireTi berZnuli koloniebiT daifara. metropoliebi anu is
qalaqebi, saidanac daiwyo gadasaxleba, garkveuli periodis ganmav-
lobaSi axorcielebdnen kontrols am koloniebze an ar wyvetdnen maT-
Tan kavSirs, Tumca droTa ganmavlobaSi mravalma aseTma koloniam
sakmao Zala da simdidre moipova imisaTvis, rom damoukideblad
ewarmoebina Tavisi politika da zogjer Tavad metropoliasac ki
dapirispireboda. arcTu iSviaTad, kolonia ufro mniSvnelovani da didi
qalaqis saxiT yalibdeboda, vidre TviT metropolia iyo. a. m., SeiZle-
boda dagvesaxelebina siciliis qalaqebi (gansakuTrebiT sirakuza),
romlebic cnobilni iyvnen TavianTi brwyinvalebiT.
rac Seexeba polisebis politikuri cxovrebis organizacias, igi
sakmaod didi mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeoda. zogan mmarTvelobis oli-
garqiuli principi Warbobda, zogan – erTmmarTveloba. zogan didi mniS-
vneloba hqonda gvarovnulsa da ojaxur tradiciebs, qonebriv cenzs,
zogan ki naklebi yuradReba eqceoda am faqtorebs. berZnul samyaroSi
TandaTanobiT daiwyes gamokveTa im polisebma, romelnic, Tavis mxriv,
axdendnen sxvadasxva qalaq-saxelmwifoTa organizacias da ayalibebdnen
garkveul samxedro, politikur Tu ekonomikur kavSirebs. es viTareba
Tavad elinur samyaroSi qmnida antagonizmis sakmaod noyier niadags. am
procesSi gansakuTrebiT gamoikveTa ori mimarTuleba, ori polisi, ro-
melTac polisuri saberZneTis istoriaSi mniSvnelovani roli
Seasrules. es iyo sparta da aTeni. gansxvavebuli iyo am polisebis
formirebis istoria da, Sesabamisad, maTi orientaciac garkveul poli-
tikur sistemebze.
doriuli warmoSobis spartelebi peloponesosSi postmikenuri
epoqidan Cndebian. sparta ukve homerosTan moixsenieba; aqedan iyo agamem-
nonis Zma menelaosi, Tumca igi, bunebrivia, ver CaiTvleba istoriuli
epoqis spartelTa winaprad. rodesac spartelebi Sedian aRniSnul re-
gionSi, maT TviTdamkvidrebisaTvis uxdebaT brZola adgilobriv mo-
saxleobasTan, berZnuli warmomavlobis mesenielebTan. meseniuri omebi
gadaiqca spartis, rogorc specifikuri xasiaTis polisis formirebis
safuZvlad. mravali xnis ganmavlobaSi spartelebi mesenielTa sastik

7
winaaRmdegobas awydebodnen da, bolos da bolos, meore meseniur omSi
spartis saboloo gamarjvebis Sedegad Seiqmna mosaxleobis ori opozi-
ciuri fena: Tavad spartelebi, romlebic SegviZlia miviCnioT polisis
sruluflebian anu xmis uflebis mqone moqalaqeebad da mesenielebi,
romlebic maT mier damorCilebul nawilad iqcnen. maT ewodebodaT
helotebi. Sesabamisad, Tavad spartelebi warmogvidgebodnen e. w. gaba-
tonebul fenad, romelTa funqcia ganisazRvreboda ori ZiriTadi sfer-
oTi: 1. saxelmwifos marTva da 2. samxedro saqme. rac Seexeba helotebs,
maT unda SeeqmnaT materialuri baza am saxelmwifos fun-
qcionirebisaTvis anu produqcia, romlis nawili maT sruliad usasyid-
lod unda miecaT spartelebisaTvis. erTi polisis farglebSi mudmivma
opoziciam sakmaod mkacri saxelmwifo struqtura Camoayaliba, romlis
mTeli yuradReba sakuTari samxedro Zlierebis SenarCunebisa da, faqto-
brivad, yvela sruluflebiani moqalaqis am miznisaken orientaciisaken
iyo mimarTuli. sakmaod paradoqsulad gamoiyureba, magram gabatonebuli
fena nebayoflobiT ambobda uars materialur keTildReobaze. igi
kmayofildeboda im minimumiT, rac saWiro iyo arsebobisaTvis. da-
monebuli fena ki, piriqiT, ar iyo SezRuduli, ewarmoebina imdeni
produqcia, ramdenic mas SedarebiT met fufunebas moutanda. da mainc,
spartelebisaTvis aucileblobad iqca, TavianTi sadamsjelo
eqspediciebiT helotebisaTvis sistematurad SeexsenebinaT, rom spar-
telTa morCileba maTi saboloo xvedri iyo. spartis saxelmwifo, am-
denad, sakmaod konservatiuli iyo. mis moqalaqeTa Soris WeSmaritad iyo
miRweuli Tanasworuflebianoba. Sesabamisad, opoziciam: spartelebi –
helotebi gamokveTa oligarqiuli mmarTvelobis is forma, sadac mo-
saxleobis erTi fena meore fenaze gabatonebis wyalobiT iyo srulu-
flebiani da amasTanave Tanasworuflebianic. meore fena ki – politiku-
ri TvalsazrisiT savsebiT uuflebo da mTlianad damorCilebuli.
spartis ltolva am mdgomareobis SenarCunebisaken garkveuli konstitu-
ciuri safuZvlebiTac iyo motivirebuli. kerZod, arsebuli gadmocemebis
Tanaxmad, spartis legendarulma mefem likurgosma Zv. w. VIII saukuneSi,
Tavad apolonis samisnoSi, delfoSi miiRo e. w. kanonTa korpusi `re-
trebi~, romlis safuZvelzec unda warmarTuliyo spartis saxelmwifos
funqcionireba. es TavisTavad gulisxmobda RmerTamde amavali kanonis
usityvo morCilebas. saxelmwifo ZiriTad yuradRebas aqcevda imas, rom
aravis ar daerRvia erTxel da samudamod dadgenili spartis konstitu-
cia. rasakvirvelia, gamoricxuli iyo kanonebSi yovelgvari cvlilebebis
Setana da reformebi.
sxva gziT moxda saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba aTenSi. mas Semdeg, rac
polisebisaTvis naTeli gaxda, rom maTi funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebe-
li iyo kanonebis Seqmna, saberZneTis mraval qalaq-saxelmwifoSi iqmneba
is konstituciebi, romelTa Sesabamisadac xdeboda sazogadoebis fun-
qcionireba. amgvari kanonebis Seqmna pirvelad aTenSi drakons daevala.
es kanonebi, faqtobrivad, im tradiciebis werilobiT dafiqsirebas
gvTavazobdnen, romlebic polisSi sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs aregu-
lirebdnen. xSir SemTxvevaSi es kanoni gaumarTleblad mkacri iyo, ami-

8
tomac Semdgom gamoTqmam `drakonis kanonebi~ idiomis mniSvneloba mii-
Ro. savsebiT aSkara iyo, rom adamianis mier Seqmnili kanoni ver iqne-
boda srulyofili. pirveli yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani sakanonmdeblo
reforma antikurobis erT-erTi TvalsaCino figuris, solonis saxels
ukavSirdeba. Zv. w. 595/3 wlebSi arqonad (anu mmarTvelad) arCeuli
soloni qmnis im kanonebs, romlebmac ara marto aTenis, aramed saerTod
evropuli kanonmdeblobis ganviTarebas Seuqmna soliduri baza. solons
sakmaod rTuli amocanis gadawyveta uxdeboda. mis dros sazogadoeba
mkveTrad iyo gamijnuli SeZlebul da privilegirebul umciresobad da
sakmaod SezRuduli uflebebis mqone umravlesobad. pirvels war-
moadgenda aristokratia anu warCinebulebi, xolo meores _ demosi. es
dapirispireba imdenad sagrZnobi iyo, rom polisisaTvis igi ka-
tastrofuli SeiZleboda aRmoCeniliyo. soloni Seecada Tavisi ka-
nonebiT moexsna es dapirispireba. man Seqmna konstitucia, romelmac
aTenis sazogadoebas gamTlianebis gza uCvena. solonis kanonebma aTenSi
stimuli misca demokratiul azrovnebas da spartisagan gansxvavebiT,
mokvdav politikosTa sakanonmdeblo iniciativebi Cveulebriv da
bunebriv movlenad aqcia. imis gamo, rom solonis kanonebi arc war-
CinebulTaTvis da arc demosisaTvis ar aRmoCnda bolomde
damakmayofilebeli, radgan isini cdilobdnen garkveuli angariSi
gaewiaT orive mxarisaTvis, Zv. w. 561 wlidan aTenSi damyarda demosis
mier arCeuli erTmmarTveloba, pisistratosis tirania, romelic 527
wlamde gagrZelda. pisistratosis mmarTvelobis xangrZlivoba ori
faqtoriT iyo ganpirobebuli: 1. es renegati aristokrati
erTmmarTvelad Tavad demosma moiyvana anu igi eyrdnoboda umetesobis
mxardaWeras; 2. pisistratosi iyo kargi mmarTveli. mis saxelTan aris
dakavSirebuli aTenis didi kulturuli aRmavloba. magram pisistrato-
sisadmi kargi damokidebuleba sruliadac ar niSnavda imas, rom
aTenelebs dadebiTi azri hqondaT saerTod tiraniis Sesaxeb. es sakmaod
naTlad gamoCnda mas Semdeg, rac Zv. w. 527/10 wlebSi pisistratosis va-
Jebis, hipiasisa da hiparqosis mmarTvelobis periodi katastrofulad
damTavrda. Zv. w. 514 wels aTenelebma harmodiosma da aristogitonma
mokles hiparqosi da amiT samudamod gaiTqves saxeli, rogorc tiranis
mkvlelebma, xolo Zv. w. 512 wlidan mmarTvelobis sadaveebi dakarga hip-
iasmac. Zv. w. 509/7 wlebSi aTenSi klisTenesma solonis kanonebis Zalze
mniSvnelovani reforma gaatara, ris Sedegadac aTenma WeSmaritad demo-
kratiuli konstitucia miiRo, romelic, faqtobrivad, mcire gamona-
klisebis garda, aRarc Secvlila manamde, vidre saberZneTi ar moeqca
elinisturi samyaros farglebSi.
vidre antikuri saberZneTis istoriis Semdgom umniSvnelovanes momen-
tebs mivaqcevdeT yuradRebas, mokled SevexebiT eladaSi Camoyalibebuli
politikuri sistemebis sakiTxs. rogorc cnobilia, nebismieri poli-
tikuri sistema sam umniSvnelovanes komponents efuZneba: 1. vin marTavs
anu mmarTveli; 2. visi saSualebiT xorcieldeba marTva anu xelisu-
flebis Stoebi; 3. vin imarTeba anu mTeli sazogadoeba. imisda mixedviT,
Tu am sami komponentidan romelia wamyvani Zala saxelmwifo saqmeebis

9
gadawyvetaSi, SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva tipis politikuri sistemebi. is-
toriulad, Tuki mikenur samyarosac gaviTvaliswinebT, saberZneTisaTvis
cnobili iyo ramdenime politikuri sistema:
1. monarqia – erTmmarTveloba. am SemTxvevaSi vgulisxmobT mefis anu
erTi pirovnebis mmarTvelobas, romelic ar efuZneba arCevis princips,
igi dinastiuria. a. m., mikenSi, miTologiuri tradiciis mixedviT,
mmarTveli iyo atrevsi, Semdeg misi Ze agamemnoni da a. S. aseTive dinas-
tiuri principi Cans troelebis mefeTa nusxaSic, magram im periodis sa-
berZneTSi, romelzedac Cven amJamad gvaqvs msjeloba, dinastiuri
mefeebis instituti, faqtobrivad, aRar arsebobda. Sesabamisad, dinasti-
uri monarqia, rogorc politikuri sistema, SeiZleba iTqvas, Zv. w. I
aTaswleulis saberZneTisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli movlena.
rasakvirvelia, monarqiis pirobebSi arsebobs aparati, romlis meSve-
obiTac axorcielebs mefe Tavis Zalauflebas. arsebobs saxalxo kreba,
romelSic warmodgenilia demosi, magram gadamwyveti sityva monarqs
ekuTvnis, Tumca, rasakvirvelia, igi met-naklebad iTvaliswinebs rogorc
misi aparatis, aseve demosis azrsac.
2. oligarqia – mcireTa mmarTveloba. es forma saberZneTSi sakmaod
gavrcelebuli iyo da gulisxmobda, rom realur mmarTvelobas ganax-
orcielebda sazogadoebis elitaruli anu mcire nawili. misi gamoyofa
xdeboda an aristokratiuli principiT anu mmarTvelobas asrulebdnen
didgvarovanni, an timokratiuli principiT, rodesac mmarTvelobas ax-
orcielebdnen is pirebi, romlebic TavianTi realuri mdgomareobiT
(qonebiT) iyvnen gamorCeulni sazogadoebaSi. es politikuri sistema sa-
berZneTis araerT polisSi moqmedebda.
3. demokratia _ xalxis mmarTveloba. aq ZiriTad mmarTvel Zalad
xalxi igulisxmeba. saberZneTSi, Tuki aTens gaviTvaliswinebT, demokra-
tiuli mmarTveloba xorcieldeboda, am sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT,
radgan polisSi ar iyo rTuli demosis (igulisxmeba xmis uflebis mqone
moqalaqeebi) umetesobis Sekreba saxalxo krebaze da yvela mniSvnelo-
vani gadawyvetilebis miReba. aseve xalxi irCevda yvela donis moxeles
da es arCevnebi yovelwliurad tardeboda. rasakvirvelia, Tanamedrove
demokratia gansxvavdeba aTenis demokratiisagan imiT, rom pirveli ufro
warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis saxes atarebs. aq SeuZlebelia sax-
elmwifos mTelma mosaxleobam sistematurad miiRos monawileoba sax-
elmwifosaTvis met-naklebad mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi.
moqalaqeebi irCeven TavianT mmarTvel organoebs, Semdeg xdeba xelisu-
flebis Stoebis dakompleqteba. Tavisi uflebebis delegirebas xalxi
axdens swored maTze, romelnic mis mier arian arCeulni, igulisxmebian
deputatebi, prezidenti da a. S. xalxis azris totaluri gaTvaliswineba
xdeba iSviaT SemTxvevaSi, arCevnebis garda, referendumebisa da plebi-
scitebis formiT. amisgan gansxvavebiT, rogorc vTqviT, aTenSi demokra-
tia xorcieldeboda imasTan bevrad ufro miaxloebuli formiT, rasac
es cneba gulisxmobs.
4. tirania. mmarTvelobis es forma garkveul mimarTebas gviCvenebs
monarqiasTan, magram mas erTi ganmasxvavebeli niSani aqvs. erTmmarTveli

10
tirani aris ukve arsebuli politikuri sistemis diskreditaciisa da
deformaciis pirmSo, xalxis protestis gamovlinebis Sedegi arsebuli
politikuri sistemis mimarT da erTi Zlieri pirovnebis xelSi mTeli
Zalauflebis moqcevis survili. mas gadaecema SeuzRudavi uflebebi,
Sesabamisad, tirani flobs gacilebiT ufro did erTpirovnuli marTvis
SesaZleblobebs, vidre Cveulebrivi dinastiuri monarqi, radgan igi ar-
Ceulia Tavad xalxis mier da pirvel rigSi eyrdnoba xalxis mxardaW-
eras. berZnuli sityva tuvranno" nasesxebi Cans ZvelaRmosavluri an
etruskuli enidan da Tavdapirvelad igi aRniSnavda mxolod da mxolod
mmarTvels. man droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZina negatiuri funqcia. sa-
berZneTis istoriis Seswavlisas Cvens yuradRebas uTuod miiqcevs
polisebSi tiranTa simravle. mraval maTgans xalxi pativs miagebda,
rogorc brZen da Rirseul mmarTvels, magram erTsulovani iyo demosis
azri tiraniis, rogorc mmarTvelobis formis mimarT: saberZneTSi
pirvelad moxda imis gaazreba, rom garkveul viTarebaSi tiranma
SeiZleba Seasrulos pozitiuri roli, Tuki igi brZeni kacia, magram,
rogorc politikuri sistema, tirania ar SeiZleba iyos pozitiuri
movlena, radgan igi, arsebiTad, erTi pirovnebis ganusazRvrel Zalau-
flebas warmoadgens.
is, Tu ramdenad efeqturi aRmoCnda aTenis mier gatarebuli kon-
stituciuri cvlilebebi, naTlad gamoixata mis swraf dawinaurebaSi
elinur polisTa Soris. aTeni WeSmaritad berZnuli kulturuli
cxovrebis centrad iqca da igi sul ufro da ufro mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebda politikuri TvalsazrisiTac. polisuri saberZneTis ganvi-
TarebaSi Zv. w. 500 wels dasrulda erTi didi periodi, romelsac Cven
arqaikas vuwodebT da romlis Taviseburebebzec kulturuli da sulie-
ri cxovrebis sferoebSi ukve gvqonda saubari da qvemoTac gveqneba
msjeloba.
500 wlidan saberZneTis istoriaSi iwyeba periodi, romelsac,
Cveulebriv, aRniSnaven cnebiT klasikuri. igi moicavs drois sakmaod
did monakveTs (Zv. w. 500 w. _ Zv. w. IV saukunis meore naxevari). am epoqis
sakmaod rTuli istoriuli ganviTarebis gza SeiZleboda ramdenime mo-
nakveTad dagveyo: a) berZen-sparselTa omebi (Zv. w. 500-479); b) diadi or-
mocdaaTwleuli (Zv. w. 478-431); g) peloponesis omi (Zv. w. 431-404); d)
polisuri samyaros daqveiTeba (Zv. w. 404-360); e) makedonuri hegemonobis
damkvidreba (Zv. w. 359-336).
a) berZen-sparselTa omebi. klasikuri periodis aRmavlobas, faqto-
brivad, biZgi misca im didma movlenam, romelsac berZen-sparselTa omebs
vuwodebT. am movlenis mniSvneloba ufro naTeli gaxdeba, Tu gaviT-
valiswinebT, rom Zv. w. VI saukunidan sparseTma, romelic sakmaod
swrafad iwyebs Tavis politikur aRmavlobas aRmosavleTSi, Zvel
samyaroSi erT-erTi udidesi imperia Seqmna. sparseTma daimorCila mTeli
mcire azia, maT Soris, berZnebiT dasaxlebuli ionia da eolia, egviptis
nawilebi da daiwyo fiqri imperiis sazRvrebis gafarToebaze ufro da-
savleTiT da CrdiloeTiT. sakmaod mniSvnelovani motivi aRmoCnda ioni-
uri ajanyeba, romelic aTenis mxardaWeriT moxda Zv. w. 500-493 wlebSi.

11
aman sparseTis mefes, darioss saSualeba misca, ufro aqtiurad daewyo
fiqri dasavleTisaken, kerZod, saberZneTisaken laSqrobaze. darioss
ionielTa ajanyebam daanaxa, rom elinTa saxiT mas sakmaod uxerxuli da
`Tavxedi~ partniori hyavda istoriul asparezze, romelmac moindoma im-
periis avtoritetis Selaxva. amis gamosasworeblad Zv. w. 493 wels,
ionielTa ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg, sparseTi gadadis dasavleTSi, ipy-
robs Trakias da makedonias. saberZneTi, pirvel rigSi aTeni, grZnobs
moaxloebul safrTxes da asparezze gamohyavs antisparsuli ori-
entaciis liderebi _ Temistoklesi da miltiadesi. dariosma Tavisi
laSqroba saberZneTze Zv. w. 490 wels daiwyo da sakmaod advilad miaR-
wia maraTons, romelic aTenidan 42 kilometriT iyo daSorebuli. mara-
TonTan uTanasworo brZolaSi Zv. w. 490 wels berZnebma pirveli
TvalsaCino gamarjveba moipoves. amieridan Temistoklesi erT-erT popu-
larul liderad da yvelaze gavlenian politikosad iqca. darios I, ro-
melic sakmaod brZeni mmarTveli iyo, ar Cqarobda saberZneTTan axal
dapirispirebas, magram Zv. w. 486 wels misi gardacvalebis Semdeg, misi
vaJi qserqsesi aqtiurad Seudga saberZneTSi laSqrobisaTvis mzadebas.
saberZneTma aSkarad igrZno, ra saSineli safrTxe daemuqra mas. Temis-
toklesis winadadebiT Zv. w. 481 wels berZnul polisTa didma nawilma
miiRo gadawyvetileba, Seeqmna elinTa sabrZolo kavSiri da droebiT
daeviwyebina erTmaneTs Soris arsebuli dapirispireba. Zv. w. 480 wlis
ivnisis dasawyisSi sparseTis jarma xidad Sekruli xomaldebis saSu-
alebiT helespontosi gadalaxa da saberZneTSi gadavida. Tuki berZnuli
wyaroebis monacemebs davujerebT, sparseTis armia daaxloebiT 5 mil-
ionze meti mebrZolisagan Sedgeboda, xolo floti _ 1200-ze meti xo-
maldisagan. Tanamedrove mecnierebi fiqroben, rom es monacemebi erTob
gazviadebulia da sparseTis samxedro ZalebSi 200000-mde mebrZoli unda
yofiliyo, xolo flotSi – 600-mde xomaldi. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, es
iyo marTlac udidesi Zala, romlis damarcxeba gacilebiT SezRuduli
SesaZleblobebis mqone berZnebisaTvis bevrs savsebiT SeuZleblad eCve-
neboda. aTenma Temistoklesis rCeviT gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia
mcire zomis xomaldebis agebas. sparselTa did samxedro Zalebs Termo-
pilesTan berZenTa 7000-mde jariskaci daxvda. maT Soris imyofeboda 300
sparteli, romelTac spartis mefe leonidasi xelmZRvanelobda. sparse-
lebma verafriT ver SeZles TermopilesTan am Zalis winaaRmdegobis
daZleva, xolo rodesac isev da isev elinma efialtesma sparselebi
mTis bilikebiT RalatiT gadaiyvana da maT zurgidan Setevis saSualeba
miecaT, leonidasma yvela sxva mebrZoli gauSva, raTa jari gadaerCina,
xolo TviTon Tavis mcirericxovan spartelebTan erTad darCa da Seege-
ba mters. spartelebi TavianTi mefis, leonidasis winamZRolobiT
sisxlis ukanasknel wveTamde ibrZodnen da daecnen brZolis velze.
marTalia, TermopilesTan sparselebma moipoves fizikuri gamarjveba,
magram TanamebrZolTa anu samasi spartelis aseTi vaJkacoba mTeli
eladisaTvis Semdgomi brZolis warmatebiT gagrZelebis mZlavri stimu-
li aRmoCnda.

12
 gadamwyveti brZola berZnebma moipoves zRvaze, rodesac maTma flot-
ma, Temistoklesis gamWriaxobis Sedegad, sastiki damarcxeba agema mters
salamisTan Zv. w. 480 wels. Tavzardamcemi iyo sparselebisaTvis es ka-
tastrofa. marTalia, amiT ar damTavrebula berZen-sparselTa omi, magram
saboloo gardatexa mis msvlelobaSi mainc moxda. Zv. w. 479 wels plate-
asTan sparselebze gamarjvebis Semdeg berZnebma daiwyes warmatebuli
Seteva da sul male gaaTavisufles rogorc kontinenturi saberZneTi,
aseve mcire aziis berZnuli nawilebi.
dasrulda omi, romlis mniSvnelobac bevrad meti iyo, vidre ubralo
dapirispireba or qveyanas, or Zalas Soris. berZen-sparselTa omebSi
erTmaneTs Seetaka ori kultura, ori politikuri sistema, saxelmwifos
organizaciis ori koncefcia. rom ara elinTa gamarjveba am omSi, Sesa-
Zloa, evropisa da msoflios ganviTareba Semdgom sul sxva gziT war-
marTuliyo. es omi didi aRmafrenis mimcemi aRmoCnda berZenTaTvis,
radgan maTi rwmeniT uTanasworo brZolaSi gamarjveba elinebs mxolod
RmerTebis mxardaWeram moapovebina. sinamdvileSi, es iyo Tavisufali
samyaros (am sityvis antikuri realobebis gaTvaliswinebiT) Tavisufali
pirovnebebis gamarjveba imperiaze, dinastiuri erTmmarTvelobis meqaniz-
miT Sekrul veeberTela samxedro Zalaze. bunebrivia, omis Sedegebma
mZlavri biZgi misca kulturis aRmavlobas saberZneTSi, garkveuli peri-
odis ganmavlobaSi arsebiTad Seicvala berZenTa fsiqologia. maT
gauCndaT rwmena, rom gareSe mteri erT muStad Sekruli saberZneTi-
saTvis ar iyo saxifaTo.
b) diadi ormocdaaTwleuli. marTlac, momdevno ramdenime aTwleuli,
Zv. w. 478-431 wlebi, saberZneTis istoriaSi cnobilia rogorc diadi or-
mocdaaTwleuli (`pentekontaetia~). sparseTTan brZolisaTvis mudmivi
mzadebis garda, berZenTaTvis umTavres sazrunavad iqca is, Tu rogori
unda yofiliyo berZnul polisebs Soris erTmaneTTan urTierToba.
marTalia, polisebis urTierTdamokidebuleba yovelTvis ar iyo kore-
qtuli, iyo winaaRmdegobebic, magram, ZiriTadad, es ormocdaaTwleuli
eladis miwaze mSvidobisa da aRmavlobis xanad SeiZleba miviCnioT. am
periodSi mravali saintereso politikuri moRvawe gamovida asparezze
sxvadasxva berZnul polisSi, romelTa Soris gansakuTrebuli saxeliT
sargeblobda periklesi, romelsac aTenis demokratiis mamad Tvlian.
eladaSi, kerZod, aTenSi Seqmnilma atmosferom dauyovnebliv hpova as-
axva kulturaSi, rac gasaocari miRwevebiT gamoixata elinTa
Semoqmedebis TiTqmis yvela sferoSi.
g) peloponesis omi. mas Semdeg, rac sparseTisaTvis naTeli gaxda, rom
SeuZlebeli iyo saberZneTis damarcxeba garedan, man daiwyo imaze fiqri,
Tu rogor mieRwia dapirispirebisaTvis Tavad berZenTa Soris. amas xels
uwyobda saberZneTSi obieqturad Seqmnili situacia. gamoikveTa ori
Zala: erTi – spartis garSemo gaerTianebuli polisebi, romelnic pelo-
ponesosis kavSirs qmnidnen, meore – aTenis sazRvao kavSirSi gaer-
Tianebuli polisebi. am or Zalas Soris TandaTanobiT mwifdeboda kon-
fliqti. periklesma, rogorc Cans, amgvari dapirispirebis SesaZlebloba
Tavidanve ganWvrita da aTenisa da pireosis (aTenis sazRvao WiSkris)

13
moqceva SeZlo e. w. did kedelSi. es saSualebas iZleoda, rom aTenSi,
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, Tavi daculad egrZno atikis mTel mosaxleobas,
xolo qalaqis funqcionireba Zlieri flotis sxva regionebSi intensi-
uri mimosvlis wyalobiT momxdariyo, riTac, arsebiTad, wydeboda aTenis
sursaTiTa da saWiro nivTebiT momaragebis sakiTxi. es floti imdenad
Zlieri iyo, rom mas, faqtobrivad, metoqe ar hyavda zRvaze. Zv. w. V
saukunis 30-iani wlebidan dapirispireba spartul da aTenur koaliciebs
Soris TandaTanobiT sul ufro da ufro mZafri xdeba da bolos da
bolos igi gadaizrdeba eladis istoriaSi yvelaze saSinel da sa-
marcxvino omSi, romelic peloponesis omis saxeliT aris cnobili. igi
garkveuli pauzebiT TiTqmis 30 weliwads gagrZelda (Zv. w. 431-404) da
polisuri eladis saboloo daqveiTebis erT-erTi umTavresi mizezi
gaxda. omis pirvel fazaSi aTens ori didi ubedureba daatyda. es iyo
Wiri, romelmac moicva aTeni da mravali sicocxle Seiwira da meore –
rogorc Cans, epidemiis Sedegad Zv. w. 429 wels aTenis gamocdili meTau-
ris, periklesis sikvdili, riTac, faqtobrivad, dasrulda aTenis dide-
bis era. omma saberZneTSi asparezze gamoiyvana mSvidobismoyvare
ZalebTan erTad omis Tavgamodebuli momxreebic. igive xdeboda spar-
taSic. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos aTeneli kleoni, rome-
lic Tavisi demagogobisa da simamacis wyalobiT didi popularobiT
sargeblobda atikaSi. aseve omis JiniT iyo anTebuli spartaSi brasidasi.
Zv. w. 422 wels bedma es ori mxedarTmTavari qalaq amfipolisTan gamar-
Tul sastik SerkinebaSi brZolis velze dasca. amis Semdeg TiTqos
droebiT samSvidobo iniciativebma iCines Tavi, risi momxrec iyo
aTeneli nikiasi da visi ZalisxmeviTac dadebulma e. w. `nikiasis zavma~
droebiT Caacxro saomari vnebebi. epoqis winaaRmdegobriv suls sakmaod
kargad asaxavda iseTi politikuri figura, rogoric iyo alkibiadesi.
masTan mimarTebaSi aSkarad gamovlinda demokratiuli aTenis sisusteebi.
igi araerTgzis SeaCvena da gasawirad gaimeta aTenma, magram avanti-
uristuli sulis mqone alkibiadesi axerxebda ara marto imas, rom Tav-
idan aecilebina TanamoqalaqeTa risxva, aramed imasac, rom araerTgzis
triumfiT dabrunebuliyo sakuTar qalaqSi.
d) polisuri samyaros daqveiTeba. polisuri samyaros daqveiTebis pe-
riodi uSualod peloponesis omis Semdeg daiwyo da gagrZelda make-
donuri eqspansiis dawyebamde. siciliaSi aTenelTa eqspediciis kraxiT
dasrulebisa da peloponesis omis ganaxlebis Semdeg TandaTanobiT
naTeli xdeboda, rom demokratiuli aTenis gamarjvebis Sansebi am omSi
sul ufro da ufro klebulobda. Zv. w. 404 wels yvelaferi dasrulda
aTenis sastiki damarcxebiT. garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi sparta
TiTqos metoqis gareSe darCenili lideri iyo elinur samyaroSi, magram
sparseTis politikam, mudmiv daZabulobasa da dapirispirebaSi hyoloda
berZnuli polisebi, Tavisi nayofi gamoiRo. daiwyo polisuri sa-
berZneTis daqveiTebis gadamwyveti etapi, romelic gamoirCeoda xan erTi,
xan meore polisis aRmavlobiTa da Semdeg daqveiTebiT. am mxriv, gan-
sakuTrebiT saintereso iyo Tebes gaZliereba, romelmac erTxans imis

14
iluziac ki Seqmna, rom saberZneTSi axali wamyvani Zala gamoCnda, Tumca
eladis bedi ukve gadawyvita istoriis msvlelobam.
e) makedonuri hegemonobis damkvidreba. saberZneTis CrdiloeTiT
gaZlierda makedonia, romelmac daqucmacebul berZnul polisTa
samyaros daupirispira Zlieri monarqis garSemo gaerTianebuli Zala.
gansakuTrebiT gamoikveTa makedonuri safrTxe filipe II-is dros. Tuki
gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom makedonia Zlieri, erTiani berZnul-
makedonuri saxelmwifos Seqmnisaken miiswrafoda, romelSic berZnuli
ena da kultura unda yofiliyo dominanturi, gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu rat-
om hyavda saberZneTSic makedonias mravali momxre, ratom gaiyo elada
pro- da antimakedonur Zalebad. didi winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, Zv. w.
338 wels filipe II-m, arsebiTad, daasrula saberZneTis makedonuri Za-
lauflebisadmi daqvemdebarebis procesi. marTalia, Zv. w. 336 wels fil-
ipe II-is mokvlam berZnebis antimakedonur nawilSi garkveuli imedebi
warmoqmna, magram isini fuWi aRmoCnda, radgan Zvel samyaros moevlina
iseTi figura, rogoric iyo filipe II-is vaJi aleqsandre.
elinisturi samyaro
elinisturi samyaro. mamis sikvdilis Semdeg Zv. w. 336 wels aleqsan-
dre, romelsac istoriaSi aleqsandre III dids anu makedonels uwodeben,
xelSi iRebs Zalauflebas. Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT, rom igi Zv. w. 356
wels daibada da esoden didi pasuxismgebloba man 19-20 wlis asakSi
ikisra, advili warmosadgenia, raoden skepticizmiT uyurebdnen rogorc
makedonelebi, aseve gareSeni mis SesaZleblobebs politikur asparezze.
filipe II-isa da olimpiasis vaJma Tavisi axalgazrduli asakis miuxeda-
vad, wrTobis sakmaod seriozuli gza ganvlo: Zv. w. 342 wlidan mamam aR-
sazrdelad aristoteles miabara, Zv. w. 340 wlidan ki – Tavisi
laSqrobebis monawile gaxada. amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom filipes
vaJi Zalauflebas sakmaod momzadebuli iRebs xelSi. rac mTavaria, mas
hqonda Camoyalibebuli koncefcia imis Taobaze, Tu saiT unda miemarTa
Tavisi Zalisxmeva. aleqsandre makedonelma miznad daisaxa msoflio sax-
elmwifos Seqmna, romelSic unda gaerTianebuliyo, faqtobrivad, mTeli
maSindeli civilizebuli samyaro da am saxelmwifos erTianobas sa-
fuZvlad unda dasdeboda sami principi: 1. enobrivi erTianoba, rac,
faqtobrivad, aleqsandre makedonelis momaval msoflio saxelmwifoSi
berZnuli enis oficialur enad aRiarebas niSnavda; 2. kulturuli er-
Tianoba, rac berZnuli kulturuli memkvidreobis farTod gavrcelebas
da masTan sxvadasxva regionebis tradiciebis Sezavebas gulisxmobda; 3.
politikur-ekonomikuri erTianoba, rac erTiani saxelmwifosaTvis
mmarTvelobis Camoyalibebuli sistemis Seqmnas iTvaliswinebda. am mxriv
aleqsandre ufro metad iyo orientirebuli sparseTis, sakuTriv make-
doniisa da Zveli aRmosavluri saxelmwifoebis mmarTvelobis formaze,
vidre berZnul polisur sistemaze. upirvelesi amocana misTvis,
rasakvirvelia, sparseTis imperiis damxoba iyo, rac aleqsandre make-
donelma oTx etapad ganaxorciela. pirvel etapze (Zv. w. 334-331) TiTqmis
mTlianad gaaTavisufla sparselTa batonobisagan aRmosavleT sa-
berZneTi anu mcire aziis berZnuli nawili. swored am etapze miewereba
aleqsandre makedonels `gordiasis kvanZis~ gaxsnis warmatebuli cda,

15
rodesac man problema xmlis erTi dakvriT gadawyvita. amave etapze igi
iRebs kapadokias, kilikias da moipovebs gamarjvebas dariosis armiaze,
rac mas gzas uxsnis siriisa da finikiis dasakaveblad. Semdeg igi inac-
vlebs egvipteSi, aRwevs amonis taZars sivas oazisSi. aleqsandre make-
doneli Tavis kiTxvaze: aris igi Cveulebrivi mokvdavis Tu RmerTis vaJi,
qurumebisagan daaxloebiT amgvar pasuxs iRebs: `raki surs aleqsandres
iyos RmerTi, de, iyos igi RmerTi~. amiT mTavrdeba misi laSqrobebis
pirveli etapi. meore etapi moicavs mxolod Zv. w. 331 wlis meore naxe-
vars da Zv. w. 330 wlis pirvel naxevars, romelic gadamwyveti iyo
sparseTis imperiis damxobis mimarTulebiT. egviptidan igi kvlav aziaSi
inacvlebs da Zv. w. 331 wlis oqtomberSi tigrisTan mdebare gavgamelaSi
gadamwyvet gamarjvebas moipovebs dariosis grandiozul armiaze Tavisi
SedarebiT mcirericxovani jariT. aleqsandre makedonelma advilad
SeZlo mesopotamiisa da babilonis dapyroba da amave wels igi aRwevs
sparseTis mefis rezidencias susaSi, Semdeg ipyrobs persepoliss, Zv. w.
330 wlis gazafxulze ki – pasargadas, ekbatanas, mTel midias. zafxulSi
sasowarkveTilebamde misuli sparselebi TavianT mefes, darioss klaven,
rac dasosma ganaxorciela. mesame etapi (Zv. w. 330-327) Semdegi mniSvnelo-
vani movlenebiT aRiniSna: aleqsandre makedoneli ipyrobs aRmosavleT
iranis regionebs, jer parTias, areias, drangianes, xolo bolos – baq-
triasa da sogdianes. baqtriis laSqrobis dasasruli Zv. w. 327 wels
warCinebuli ojaxis asul roqsanaze misi qorwinebiT dagvirgvinda.
aleqsandres laSqrobebis meoTxe da bolo etapi (Zv. w. 327-325) indoeTSi
eqspedicia iyo, ris Sedegadac man hifasiss miaRwia. magram misi jari
xangrZlivma laSqrobebma da dausrulebelma omebma gamofita da
aleqsandre iZulebuli gaxda mdinare indusidan ukan, sparseTis de-
daqalaq susaSi dabrunebuliyo. aleqsandres laSqrobebSi bevri Rir-
seuli TanamebrZoli hyavda. cnobilia makedoneli mxedarTmTavari
kraterosi, romelmac araerTi samxedro operacia Caatara damoukide-
blad. gansakuTrebiT gamoiCina man Tavi laSqris erTi nawilis mSvido-
biT dabrunebaSi indusidan susaSi sakmaod rTuli marSrutiT. aleqsan-
dres yrmobis megobarma, nearqosma ki flotis xelmZRvaneloba ikisra da
mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula laSqris xomaldebiT dabrunebaSi indu-
sis SesarTavidan sparseTis yuremde. Zv. w. 324 wels susaSi aleqsandrem
grandiozuli qorwinebiT aRniSna Tavisi laSqrobis dasasruli,
rodesac Tavisi jariskacebi daaqorwina sparsel qalebze. am qorwinebas
simboluri xasiaTi hqonda, radgan amiT, makedonelis azriT, opozicia:
evropa – azia sabolood unda ganeitralebuliyo. Zv. w. 323 wels
aleqsandre gadadis babilonSi, raTa moamzados axali eqspedicia ukve
arabeTSi, Tumca Zv. w. 323 wlis 10 ivniss 32 wlis asakSi igi moulod-
nelad, rogorc fiqroben, malariisagan gardaicvala.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aleqsandre makedoneli iyo, arsebiTad, yvela
drois erT-erTi udidesi mxedarTmTavari, romelmac sul axalgazrdam
ganaxorciela yvela Tavisi Canafiqri da, rom ara moulodneli sik-
vdili, igi SeZlebda, albaT, WeSmaritad msoflio saxelmwifos Seqmnas.
aleqsandre makedoneli ar iyo Cveulebrivi dampyrobeli. igi miznad ar
isaxavda imperiis Seqmnas, am sityvis tradiciuli gagebiT. mas ar ucdia

16
mis mier dapyrobili teritoriebisaTvis dedaqalaqad makedoniis an sa-
berZneTis romelime qalaqis gamocxadeba, rogorc moxda Semdgom romis
SemTxvevaSi. man mTavar qalaqad airCia babiloni, radgan mas marTlac
centraluri adgili eWira am grandiozuli laSqrobebis Sedegad war-
moqmnili ukidegano gaerTianebis farglebSi. aleqsandresaTvis, rogorc
Cans, mTavari iyo xalxebsa da regionebs Soris antagonizmis moxsna da
msoflios gaerTianeba iseT saxelmwifoSi, sadac xalxebi ar
daupirispirdebodnen erTmaneTs, sadac iqneboda kulturul-enobrivi
erTianoba. am miznis misaRwevad mas Tavis jarTan erTad Tan axlda
arqiteqtorebis, swavlulebis, `kulturis moRvaweebis~ mTeli armia da
igi gzadagza aarsebda uamrav qalaqs. TiToeuli maTgani berZnuli
qalaqTmSeneblobis principTa demonstrirebas warmoadgenda da, amasTa-
nave, iTvaliswinebda adgilobrivi qalaqTmSeneblobis koncefciebsac.
amis Sedegad es qalaqebi xdebodnen sanimuSoni, am sityvis sruli mniS-
vnelobiT da swored amitom advili gasagebia, rom misma cdam, mieRwia
enobrivi da kulturuli erTianobisaTvis imperiaSi, marTlac war-
matebuli Sedegi gamoiRo. aleqsandre WeSmariti kosmopoliti iyo da ar
aris SemTxveviTi, rom es cneba swored elinisturi epoqis adamianTa
msoflaRqmidan iRebs dasabams, romlebic TavianT Tavs, marTlac, msof-
lios moqalaqeebad Tvlidnen. am epoqaSi uamravi qalaqi aleqsandria
daarsda. maTgan yvelaze saxelovani iyo egviptis aleqsandria, romelmac
Semdeg Zveli samyaros kulturaSi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani roli
Seasrula. dResac gaocebas iwvevs is, Tu rogor SeZlo aleqsandrem
arcTu mravalricxovani laSqriT praqtikulad daumarcxeblad esoden
vrcel teritoriaze gaevrcelebina Tavisi Zalaufleba. dResac gamo-
canad iTvleba is, Tu rogor moipova man calkeul omebSi warmateba
maSin, rodesac, yvelanairi SefasebiT, mas gamarjvebis araviTari Sansi
ar unda hqonoda.
aleqsandre makedonelis moulodnelma sikvdilma, bunebrivia, xeli
SeuSala didi mxedarTmTavris Canafiqris ganxorcielebas. mis mim-
devrebs, e. w. diadoqosebs Soris sakmaod male dairRva Tanxmoba da Za-
lauflebis ganawilebis gamo warmoqmnil sakmaod mwvave dapirispirebaSi
SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda konsensusis miRweva. bolos da bolos, antipa-
trosma daimkvidra Zalaufleba makedoniasa da saberZneTSi, lisimaqosma
– Trakiasa da pontoSi, antigonosma – frigiaSi, likiasa da pamfiliaSi,
selevkosma ki, babiloniasa da siriaSi. diadoqosebs Soris warmoebulma
brZolebma aleqsandre makedonelis elinisturi saxelmwifo sabolood
dayo mraval nawilad, romelTagan umTavresi iyo: selevkidebis sax-
elmwifo wina aziaSi, ptolemaiosebis saxelmwifo – egvipteSi, atalide-
bis _ pergamonSi da antigonidebis – makedoniasa da saberZneTSi.
elinistur samyaroSi diadoqosebs Soris erTmaneTTan gauTavebelma
dapirispirebebma ukve Zv. w. III saukunidan TandaTanobiT xeli Seuwyo
romis Zalauflebis gaZlierebas. am ukanasknelma mas Semdeg, rac 146
wels daipyro saberZneTi, respublikis xanis dasasrulamde mTeli elin-
isturi samyaro dauqvemdebara Tavis Zalauflebas.

17
 elinisturi samyaros romTan dapirispirebis bolo faza iyo e. w.
ptolemeur-romauli brZola. es aris epoqa, romelic cnobilia antoni-
usisa da elinisturi egviptis ukanaskneli mmarTvelis, kleopatra VII-is
dramatuli siyvarulis istoriiT. Zv. w. 30 wlis 12 agvistos, mas Semdeg,
rac kleopatram Tavi moikla, romis provincia gaxda ukanaskneli elin-
isturi saxelmwifo _ egviptec. amieridan, saberZneTis politikuri is-
toria, arsebiTad, romis politikuri istoriis farglebSi eqceva, razec
qvemoT vimsjelebT.
amgvarad, Tuki antikuri saberZneTis istoriis ganviTarebis kanonzom-
ierebas gadavavlebT Tvals, SeiZleba Semdegi iTqvas. berZnebi mikenur
epoqaSi istoriul asparezze gamodian maSin, rodesac egeosis zRvis
auzSi wamyvan politikur Zalas minosuri kreta warmoadgens da elinebi
Zv. w. XVI-XV saukuneebSi kretis mniSvnelovani gavlenis qveS imyofebian.
am ukanasknelis daqveiTebis Semdeg egeidaSi berZnebi qmnian sakmaod
Zlier gaerTianebas, romelsac, pirobiTad, mikenuri konfederaciuli
saxelmwifo SeiZleba vuwodoT. igi iyo pirveli da ukanaskneli met-
naklebad erTiani berZnuli saxelmwifo mTeli antikurobisa da Sua
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi.
elinuri istoriis Semdgomi periodi moicavs politikuri
daqucmacebulobis mraval saukunes, romelTa ganmavlobaSi elada
uamravi polisis _ damoukidebeli saxelmwifos – erTgvar `jams~ war-
moadgenda. aleqsandre makedonelis epoqidan moyolebuli saberZneTis
istoria, garkveulwilad, grZeldeba, Tumca didi elinisturi sax-
elmwifos farglebSi, radgan elinistur samyaroSi aSkarad dominantu-
ria berZnuli kultura, berZnuli ena da is, rasac elinuroba SeiZleba
vuwodoT. amitom, Tumca saberZneTis mxolod erTi nawili moeqca elin-
isturi samyaros farglebSi, elinizmis epoqa, garkveulwilad, sa-
berZneTis politikuri istoriis gagrZelebad SeiZleba miviCnioT.
rac Seexeba romauli batonobis epoqas, am SemTxvevaSi saberZneTi ukve
mTlianad kargavs Tavis damoukidebel politikur statuss da mas anti-
kurobis ganmavlobaSi ukve veRarasodes aRidgens.

romi
Zveli samyaros istoriaSi roms gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia,
radgan man ara marto politikuri organizaciis umaRles safexurze ai-
yvana antikuri samyaro, aramed romSive momzadda da ganxorcielda anti-
kurobis daqveiTebis procesic. romis istoriaSi ramdenime ZiriTadi pe-
riodi gamoiyofa.
mefeTa xana
mefeTa xana (Zv. w. 510 wlamde). italiis teritoria uxsovari droidan,
yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis, neoliTidan mainc sxvadasxva kulturebis
(Tanamedrove klasifikaciiT: Molfetta, Stentinello, Remedello, Terramare, Extrater-
ramariculi) monacvleobis asparezs warmoadgenda. daaxloebiT 1000 wlidan
anu rkinis epoqis dasawyisidan romSi didi gadasaxlebebis Sedegad Se-
dian italikuri tomebi, rac mecnierTa erTi nawilis azriT, Tavis as-

18
axvas e. w. vilanovas kulturaSi hpovebs. romSi indoevropul tomTa am
nakadis Sesvla ramdenime jgufis saxiT ganxorcielda: 1. laTinur-
faliskuri; 2. umbrul-sabeluri an oskur-umbruli; 3. iliriuli. Tavad
saxelwodeba italia, romelic warmodgeba sityvidan _ Vituli (RmerTi
xaris vaJebi), Tavdapirvelad apeninis naxevarkunZulis samxreT nawils
aRniSnavda da mxolod mogvianebiT gavrcelda rogorc mTeli naxe-
varkunZulis saxelwodeba CrdiloeTiT mdebare alpebamdec ki. am perio-
didan moyolebuli, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom italiaSi istoriul as-
parezze Cndebian sxvadasxva xalxebi, romelTa Soris sakuTriv im
tomebs, romelTac Semdgom romis veeberTela imperia Seqmnes, erTob
mokrZalebuli adgili eWiraT. italiis centralur nawilSi ramdenime
saukunis ganmavlobaSi dominirebdnen, SesaZloa, aRmosavleTidan gad-
mosaxlebuli etruskebi, romelTa ZiriTadi samkvidrebeli mdinareebs _
tibrsa da arnos _ Soris vrceldeboda. sakmaod adre unda dawyebuliyo
aq berZnuli kolonizaciac, ris Sedegadac italiis samxreT nawilsa da
siciliaSi berZnuli dasaxlebebis mWidro qseli Seiqmna. italiaSi domi-
nanturi poziciis mopovebisaTvis etruskebisa da berZnebis dapirispir-
ebam mwvave xasiaTi miiRo da, arsebiTad, xeli Seuwyo Tavad laTinebis
momZlavrebas. etruskebi mmarTvelobis saintereso sistemas qmnian. es
aris saxelmwifos marTvis Ria forma, romelic qalaqebs Soris kavSiriT
Semoifargleba, qalaqebisa, romelTac, Tavis mxriv, mefeebi da war-
Cinebulebi marTaven. etruskuli kultura antikuri samyaros sakmaod
mniSvnelovani nawilia da man didi gavlena moaxdina romauli civili-
zaciis formirebaze.
kidev erT Zalas, romelic am dros xmelTaSuazRvis dasavleTiT uTuod
angariSgasawevi iyo, finikielebi warmoadgendnen, romelTac ekavaT da-
savleT sicilia da CrdiloeT afrika. maT asirielTa mier tirosis dap-
yrobis Semdeg TavianTi Zalauflebis sayrdenad karTageni gadaaqcies.

CamoTvlil Zalebs Soris mimdinare dapirispirebisa Tu Zalauflebis

gadanawilebis procesis paralelurad TandaTan aRmavlobas iwyebs
laTinuri elementi italiaSi. daaxloebiT Zv. w. 750 wlisaTvis
etruskuli gavleniT laTinebi, romelTac palatinumze hqondaT dafuZ-
nebuli qalaqis pirveli centri e. w. Roma quadrata (kvadratuli romi),
sabinebTan gaerTianebiT qmnian qalaqis Tems. rasakvirvelia, romis is-
toriis es uZvelesi periodi miTebis samoselSia gaxveuli. romaeli
avtorebi mogvianebiT gvTavazoben legendebs romis daarsebis Sesaxeb.
maTi nawili romaelTa eponimad cnobil gmirs, anqisesis Svils, eneass
asaxelebs, nawili ki _ Zu mglis mier gadarCenil romulussa da remuss,
xolo romis daarsebis oficialur TariRad Zv. w. 753 wlis 21 aprils
moixsenieben. aqedan iwyeben romaelebi TavianT welTaRricxvas, rac gan-
isazRvra kidec gamoTqmiT ab urbe condita (`qalaqis daarsebidan~).

19
 Zv. w. 750-510 wlebi romis istoriaSi miCneulia e. w. Svidi mefis
mmarTvelobis epoqad. Tuki miviCnevT, rom erTi Taoba daaxloebiT 30-40
wliT ganisazRvreboda, Svidi mefis moRvaweoba marTlac realuri Cans
240 wliani periodisaTvis. es mefeebi unda yofiliyvnen: romulusi, numa
pompiliusi, tulius hostiliusi, ankus markiusi, tarkvinius priskusi,
servius tuliusi, tarkvinius superbusi.
respublikis epoqa
respublikis epoqa (Zv. w. 510-31). mas Semdeg, rac Zv. w. 510 wlisaTvis
tarkvinius superbusi, etruskTa ukanaskneli mefe da misi dinastia
damxobil iqna, mefeTa mmarTveloba dasrulda da romSi respublikuri
wyoba damyarda. Zv. w. 510-366 wlebi, faqtobrivad, iyo adrerespublikuri
`konstituciis~ formirebisa da ganviTarebis periodi. Zv. w. 450
wlisaTvis iqmneba e. w. Tormeti dafis kanonebi (leges duodecim tabularum),
romelic romis kanonmdeblobaSi aSkarad wingadadgmul nabijad SeiZle-
ba CavTvaloT. am kanonze muSaoba mimdinareobda berZnuli (gan-
sakuTrebiT, solonis) kanonmdeblobis gaTvaliswinebiT. Tavdapirvelad
Seiqmna e. w. kanonebis aTi dafa, romelsac Semdeg kidev ori daemata.
arsebiTad, am kanonebSi gamoikveTa kerZo, sisxlisa da sakulto sa-
marTali.
mmarTvelobis ra sistema iyo romSi mefeTa da respublikur epoqaSi?
mefeTa xanaSi ZiriTadi figura iyo mefe (rex), romelic, tradiciis Tanax-
mad, Tavad RmerTis nebiT iRebda xelSi Zalauflebas da erTdroulad
iTvleboda uzenaes mTavarsardlad, qurumad da msajulad. mefobis sa-
fuZveli iyo imperium (`umaRlesi mbrZaneblobis ufleba, Zala~) da auspicium
(`RmerTis nebis Secnoba~). mefisaTvis saTaTbiro organo iyo uxucesTa
sabWo anu senati (senatus) (senex laTinurad `uxucess, moxucs~ niSnavs).
senati Sedgeboda tomebis meTaurebis, `tomTa mamebisagan~ (patres gentium).
saxalxo krebis safuZvels qmnida 30 kuria (curia = coviria – `kacTa gaer-
Tianeba~). moqalaqeebi sam tomad (tribus) iyvnen ganawilebulni: titiebis,
ramnebisa da lukerebis. TiToeuli Seicavda aT kurias. TiToeuli tri-
busi warmoadgenda as rCeuls _ mxedrebs (celeres) da aT aseul fexosans
anu erT aTaseuls.
mas Semdeg, rac mefeTa mmarTveloba dasrulda, moxda Zalze mniSvne-
lovani cvlilebebi rogorc zemoT CamoTvlili organoebis raodeno-
bebis Secvlis mxriv, aseve mmarTvelobis formis TvalsazrisiTac. Tav-
dapirvelad qveynis saTaveSi moeqca yovelwliurad arCeuli umaRlesi
moxele (praetor maximus), romelic flobda Zalauflebas.
romis respublikis xelisuflebis sam ZiriTad Stos warmoadgenda:
saxalxo anu laSqris kreba _ misi amocana iyo yvela umniSvnelovanes
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gadawyvetilebis miReba: kanonmdebloba da yvela
donis moxeleTa arCevnebi.
magistrati (magistratus – `moxele~), faqtobrivad, aRmasrulebeli
xelisufleba, romlis moqmedebis principi iyo moxeleebis moRvaweobis
drois SemosazRvra erTi wliT da ori moxelis Zalauflebrivi

20
gaTanabreba (anuitas, collegialitas) im mizniT, raTa Tavidan aecilebinaT
erTmmarTveloba (despotia).
senati _ igi 300 wevrisagan Sedgeboda da kompleqtdeboda tomTa mame-
bisagan da aseve yofili konsulatis (consulares) moxeleebisagan. mogviane-
biT igi Seivso plebeebiT (conscripti). senatis ZiriTad amocanas kanonebis
momzadeba da maT aRsrulebaze zedamxedveloba, upirvels yovlisa ki,
magistratis konsultacia (senatus consultum) warmoadgenda (ramac mogviane-
biT xalxis gadawyvetilebebis Sesabamisi brZanebebisa da Tanxmobis (auc-
toritas patrum) forma miiRo).
ramdenime sityva im Tanamdebobebis Sesaxeb, romelnic mniSvnelovan
rols asrulebdnen romSi:
a) konsulebi (consules – `mrCevlebi~) – maTi amocana iyo: omis warmoeba,
finansebis gankargva, samarTlis sfero. gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi,
magaliTad, omis dros, konsulebidan irCeoda diqtatori, ara umetes,
eqvsi Tvisa. Zvelad mas erqva magister populi, romelsac ganusazRvreli Za-
laufleba eniWeboda.
b) pretorebi – ZiriTadad awarmoebdnen samarTals da Tavidan warmog-
vidgebodnen rogorc `qalaqis pretori~ (praetor urbanus) anu konsulis
`umcrosi kolega~ (collega minor), magram Zv. w. 336 wlidan isini kuratoro-
bas uwevdnen sasamarTlo davebs romis moqalaqeebs Soris. Zv. w. 247 wli-
dan maT agreTve daekisraT saqmis garCeva rogorc romis moqalaqeebsa da
ucxoelebs, aseve mxolod ucxoelebs Sorisac.
g) cenzorebi _ maT evalebodaT adaTebisa da qonebrivi cenzisaTvis
Tvalyuris devneba.
d) kvestorebi – Zv. w. 447 wlidan Tvals adevnebdnen saxelmwifo xazi-
nas.
diqtatorebs, konsulebs da pretorebs ganusazRvreli uflebebi
hqondaT TavianT sferoebSi (magistratus cum imperio), sxva moxeleebs ki _
SezRuduli (magistratus cum potestate). respublikis xanaSi administraciul-
teritoriulma dayofam amgvari saxe miiRo: gamoiyo 4 saqalaqo da 17 an
31 sasoflo mmarTvelobis Temi, romelnic qmnidnen safuZvels
gadasaxadebis amoRebisas. amiT, arsebiTad, moiSala e. w. wodebrivi prin-
cipi. tribusebis dayofas Sedegad mohyva centuriatis komitiebis (comitia
centuriata) warmoqmna, romelmac Seqmna safuZveli jaris formirebisaTvis.
patriciebisa da plebeebisagan dakompleqtebuli samxedro jgufebi, 5
qonebrivi klasis (classis) gaTvaliswinebiT, 193 aseulad (centuriad) dai-
yo. aqedan: 18 mxedarTa, 80 mZimed SeiaraRebulTa anu hoplitebis, 90
msubuqad SeiaraRebulTa, 4 teqnikuri personalis da musikosebis centu-
riebi, 1 qonebis armqoneTa centuria (capite censi). centuriebis naxevari
Sedgeboda 46 wlamde moqalaqeebisagan, xolo danarCeni – 60 wlamde asa-
kis mamakacebisagan. pirvelT ewodebodaT juniores, danarCenebs – seniores. am
ukanasknelT ekisrebodaT qalaqis dacva.
rogorc vxedavT, mefeTa mmarTvelobis periodis Semdeg respublikur
romSi mmarTvelobis sakmaod Camoyalibebuli meqanizmi Seiqmna, Tumca,
rasakvirvelia, igi ar iyo dazRveuli mniSvnelovani xarvezebisagan, rac

21
gamudmebiT iwvevda patriciebsa da plebeebs Soris dapirispirebebs. amas
ki, Tavis mxriv, mohyveboda xolme aucileblobiT gamowveuli garkveuli
cvlilebebi.
respublikuri romis istorias, Cveulebriv, or did periodad yofen:
adreuli da gviandeli respublikis periodebi. adrerespublikur peri-
odSi romma etruskebTan da, garkveulwilad, berZnebTan didi
brZolebis, aseve galebis Semosevebis mogeriebis Sedegad miaRwia imas,
rom, arsebiTad, daamyara Tavisi Zalaufleba italiaSi. gviandeli respu-
blikis xana aRiniSneba ukve romis eqspansiiT xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi. am
TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo romis brZola mis erT-
erT umTavres metoqesTan, karTagenTan. cnobilia sami punikuri omi, ro-
melTa qronologia ase gamoiyureba: pirveli punikuri (Zv. w. 264-241),
meore punikuri (Zv. w. 218-201), mesame punikuri (Zv. w. 149-146). am omebis wy-
alobiT, romma, faqtobrivad, gaimyara Tavisi Zalaufleba dasavleT
xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi, Tumca misi mdgomareoba karTageneli mmarTvel-
is, hanibalis wyalobiT, meore punikur omSi sakmaod kritikulic iyo.
ukve Zv. w. III saukunis miwurulidan romi iwyebs moqmedebas Tavisi Za-
lauflebis aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi gasavrceleblad.
amisaTvis is awarmoebs or e. w. iliriul oms (pirvels _ Zv. w. 229-228
wlebSi, xolo meores _ Zv. w. 219 wels) da xelSi igdebs adriatikis
sanapiros. sami makedonuri omis Semdeg imorCilebs balkaneTs. Zv. w. 200-
190 wlebSi e. w. keltebTan omis Semdgom romi amTavrebs CrdiloeT ita-
liis dapyrobas. Zv. w. 190 wels amarcxebs makedoniis erT-erT umZlavres
mokavSires, selevkidebis mefes, antioqos II-s da, Sesabamisad, xelSi
igdebs mcire aziis sakmaod did nawilebs. Zv. w. 182-181 wlebSi ipyrobs
ligurebs. Zv. w. 146 wlis gamarjvebebis Semdeg igi, faqtobrivad,
asrulebs saberZneTis daqvemdebarebas. espaneTisaTvis oci wlis ganmav-
lobaSi (Zv. w. 154-133) warmoebuli brZolebi aRiniSna jer
luzitanielebis damorCilebiT (Zv. w. 138-136) (luzitania Tanamedrove
portugaliis antikuri saxelwodebaa). keltiberebis (centraluri es-
paneTis mravali tomis erTobliobis aRmniSvneli antikuri saxelwodeba)
damarcxebis Semdeg Zv. w. 133 wels igi kontrols awesebs espaneTzec. Zv.
w. 133 wels romi mcire aziis dasavleTiT, atalos III-sgan iRebs perga-
monis Zlier elinistur samefos da sabolood Zv. w. 129 wels am-
boxebebis CaxSobis Semdeg anatoliis am regionSi qmnis provincias,
romlis saxelwodebaa azia. am eqspansionisturi omebis Sedegad romi
gadaiqca uZlieres Zalad mTel xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi. am dapyrobebma,
bunebrivia, garkveuli cvlilebebi gamoiwvia romis socialur-
ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. esoden didi teritoriebis xelSi Cagdebam xeli
Seuwyo masobriv monobas, e. w. proletarTa fenebis swraf gafarToebas.
elinistur saxelmwifoebTan kontaqtebma udidesi gavlena moaxdina ro-
mis kulturul cxovrebaze. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom berZnuli civilizacia,
Tuki politikuri da samxedro organizaciis sferos gamovricxavT, ro-
misaTvis, arsebiTad, paradigmatuli gaxda, ramac Tavi iCina romis xe-
lovnebaSi, literaturasa da mecnierebaSi, zogadad kulturaSi, am
sityvis yvelaze ufro farTo gagebiT.

22
 socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis esoden farTo masStabebma,
bunebrivia, ganviTarebis procesebis paralelurad xeli Seuwyo gvian
respublikaSi krizisuli tendenciebis momZlavrebasac. aman Tavisi
gamoxatuleba hpova monaTa mZlavr ajanyebaSi, ramac garkveuli periodis
ganmavlobaSi siciliaze e. w. monaTa damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Se-
qmnamdec ki migviyvana (Zv. w. 135 w.), magram romma es winaaRmdegoba daZlia
da monebis SfoTianobas bolo mouRo Zv. w. 101 wlisaTvis. marTalia, am
amboxebebs, arsebiTad, ar mohyolia progresi socialur cxovrebaSi, ma-
gram maT moamwifes gardaqmnebis aucileblobis idea. nobilitetis
dominirebam da omebis wyalobiT misma mniSvnelovanma gamdidrebam
Tavisufali mosaxleobis gaRaribeba gamoiwvia, ramac Zv. w. III saukunis
Sua periodidan senatis mimarT mZlavri opozicia warmoSva, romelic
yvelaze radikaluri formiT grakxusebis demokratiul agrarul-
reformatorul moZraobaSi gamovlinda (Zv. w. 134-121). marTalia,
ukanasknel momentSi es moZraoba optimatebis dapirispirebam garkveulad
daTrguna, magram brZolam optimatebsa (laT. `saukeTesoebi~ anu senatis
aristokratia) da popularebs (laT. `xalxis kacebi~ anu xalxis farTo
monawileobis momxreni saxelmwifo sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi, pirvel
rigSi, saxalxo tribunebi) Soris Semdgom ufro mwvave xasiaTi miiRo,
gansakuTrebiT – mariusisa da sulas epoqaSi. imavdroulad romi Tavisi
ukidegano sazRvrebis TiTqmis yvela regionSi agrZelebda dampyroblur
omebs jer kidev Tavisufali mosazRvre xalxebis winaaRmdeg. Zv. w. 121
wels dapyrobil iqnen samxreT galiis keltebi da Seiqmna provincia
galia. Zv. w. 113 wels iwyeba germanuli tomebis, kimbrebisa da tevtone-
bis winaaRmdeg omi, romelic, arsebiTad, am germanuli tomebis mTliani
ganadgurebiT mTavrdeba. Zv. w. 105 wels romi amarcxebs cnobil iugur-
Tas numidiidan. mniSvnelovani iyo, rom orive es bolo omi popularebis
mier Zv. w. 107 wels konsulad arCeuli mariusis saxels ukavSirdeboda.
es ki, garkveulwilad, mis mier jarSi Catarebuli reformebis Sedegi
iyo, romelic jariskacebSi materialuri interesis zrdis faqtors iT-
valiswinebda. daaxloebiT Zv. w. 100 wlisaTvis respublikur romSi
politikuri krizisi iwyeba. Zv. w. 99 wels Zalauflebas xelSi igdeben
optimatebi, romlebic radikalur reaqciul politikas atareben. Sedeg-
mac ar daayovna da uflebebis SezRudviT gamowveulma mRelvarebam didi
omi gamoiwvia, romelic e. w. mokavSireebs Soris omis saxeliT aris
cnobili. romaelebma Zv. w. 88 wels am amboxebebis CaxSoba moaxerxes.
sakmaod gaarTula mdgomareoba mcire aziaSi pontosis mefis, miTri-
dates VI evpatoris winaaRmdegobam da roms mouxda sami omi mis
winaaRmdeg (Zv. w. 89-84, 83-82, 74-64), raTa Tavisi Zalaufleba mis sam-
flobelozec ganevrco. magram Zv. w. 88 wels romis istoriaSi sakmaod
mZime gardatexa xdeba. am wels mcire aziaSi miTridatesTan gamarTul
pirvel omSi romauli armia sastik dartymas ganicdis, romelsac
Sedegad 80000 romaelis daxocva mohyva, rac istoriaSi Sevida `efesosis
saRamos~ (vesper Ephesi) saxeliT. aseTi viTareba romSi samoqalaqo omis
safuZvels warmoqmnis. sula, romelsac braldeboda es warumatebloba,
gadaayenes da misi Zalaufleba mariuss gadasces. sulam, faqtobrivad,

23
aajanya jari da pirvelad romis istoriaSi moxda is, rom romaulma
jarma daipyro romi. ris Sedegadac sulam aRadgina senatis Zalaufleba
da gaemarTa aziisaken iq omebis warmatebiT dasamTavreblad. magram amiT
isargebles mariusma da misma momxreebma da isini kvlav dabrundnen
romSi. sulam saberZneTsa da aziaSi omis warmatebiT damTavrebis Semdeg
samoqalaqo omi Tavis momxreebs, optimatebsa da mariusis mxardamWer
popularebs Soris Tavis sasargeblod daasrula da e. w. sulas
diqtatura daamyara (Zv. w. 82-79), rac erTmmarTvelobis sakmaod mkacri
formebiT gamovlinda. pirvel rigSi daiwyo mariusis momxreTa
represiebi. gamoqveynda e. w. proskrifciebi anu, faqtobrivad, kanon-
gareSed gamocxadebul moqalaqeTa siebi, maTi mokvlisaTvis materi-
aluri stimulirebis formebic ki iqna SemoRebuli. sxvadasxva mona-
cemebiT, moklul iqna 40 an 90-mde senatori da 1600 an 2600-mde mxedari.
magram am krizisma, rasakvirvelia, veeberTela teritoriebis romis
kontrolidan gamosvlis realuri safrTxe warmoqmna. amis erT-erTi miz-
ezi iyo is, rom diqtaturis mowinaaRmdegeni, gansakuTrebiT mariusis
momxreebi, poziciebs iZlierebdnen romis daqvemdebarebidan gamosul re-
gionebSi. Zv. w. 79 wlidan sulam Tavisi nebiT moixsna diqtatoris
uflebebi da erT weliwadSi gardaicvala kidec. roms Zalze bevri
mosagvarebeli problema darCa, romelic samxedro Zalis did mobi-
lizebas moiTxovda. maTgan erT-erTi umTavresi iyo espaneTSi
gaZlierebuli mariusis momxreTa damarcxeba, romelTac e. w. marianeli
emigrantebisagan Seqmnes romis sapirispiro xelisufleba Tavisi senatiT
da dedaqalaqiT oskaSi (ueska) pirenes naxevarkunZulze. espaneTis
problemis gadaWras 7 weli dasWirda (Zv. w. 77-71), rac warmatebiT ganax-
orciela pompeiusma. sakmaod rTuli aRmoCnda mesame omi miTridatesTan,
romelic, bolos da bolos, romauli jaris mravali wlis
sisxlismRvreli brZolebis Semdeg gamarjvebiT dasrulda Zv. w. 64 wels.
Zv. w. 73-71 wlebSi romi SeZra spartakis winamZRolobiT organizebul-
ma monaTa ajanyebam, romlis saboloo CaxSoba krasusma da isev da isev
pompeiusma SeZles.
Zv. w. 70 wlidan xdeba sulas mier SemoRebuli kanonebis gauqmeba da
pompeiusisa da krasusis konsulobis periodi iwyeba. pompeiusi Zv. w. 67
wels sagangebo samxedro ZalauflebiT aRiWurva da brwyinvale sa-
brZolo operaciebi Caatara kilikieli mekobreebis winaaRmdeg, xolo Zv.
w. 66-64 wlebSi igi miTridates Zalebis winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebs, ris
Sedegadac aRmosavleTSi yalibdeba romis provinciebis anu vasaluri
saxelmwifoebis mTeli sistema: ponto, siria, kilikia. romis gavlenis
sferoSi Sevida agreTve: armenia, kapadokia, galatia, kolxida da iudea.
viTareba SeeZlo gaemZafrebina katilinas SeTqmulebas, magram igi
gamoaaSkarava da amxila e. w. `axalma kacma~ (homo novus) – ciceronma,
romelic konsulad airCies da romelmac moipova ufleba misTvis sam-
Soblos mama (Pater Patriae) ewodebinaT. Semzaravi iyo Zv. w. 62 wels
katilinas da misi 3000 momxris ganadgureba pistorisTan. amave wels
saocrad sazeimo xasiaTi miiRo gamarjvebuli pompeiusis jaris romSi
dabrunebam da triumfma. Zv. w. 60 wels iqmneba pirveli triumvirati: pom-

24
peiusi, krasusi, keisari, rac efuZneboda, upirveles yovlisa, pirad
SeTanxmebas. faqtobrivad, es gulisxmobda TanadgomasTan erTad
gavlenisa da Zalauflebis sferoebis erTgvar gayofasac.
jer keisris konsulobis, xolo Semdeg pompeiusisa da krasusis perio-
didan triumviratis wevrebs Soris gavlenis sferoebi amgvarad
ganawilda: keisars _ galia, pompeiuss _ espaneTi, krasuss _ siria. Tumca
krasusi maleve tragikulad daiRupa Zv. w. 53 wels parTebTan brZolaSi.
gansakuTrebiT cnobili iyo Zv. w. 58-51 wlebSi iulius keisris mier war-
moebuli omi, ris Sedegadac sruliad galia moeqca romaelTa Zalau-
flebis qveS. es istoriaSi galebTan warmoebuli omis saxeliT Sevida.
keisarsa da pompeiuss Soris Tanxmoba xangrZlivi ar aRmoCnda. mas Semdeg,
rac Zv. w. 52 wels romSi anarqia warmoiqmna sxvadasxva bandebs Soris
erTmaneTSi warmoebuli omis gamo, senatma pompeiusi daamtkica konsulad
kolegis gareSe (consull sine collega), raTa mas kvlav aRedgina wesrigi romSi.
senatma aseve mouwoda keisars, daeSala laSqari da moexsna Tavisi
uflebamosileba. xolo Zv. w. 49 wels senatma daadgina, rom pompeiuss
unda daecva romi urCi keisrisagan. Zv. w. 49-46 wlebi romisaTvis erTob
dramatuli periodi iyo, rodesac samoqalaqo omi mimdinareobda. ZiriTa-
di dapirispireba iulius keisarsa da pompeiuss Soris warmoiqmna. Zv. w. 49
wels keisarma gadalaxa rubikoni fraziT: `wili nayaria~ (alea iacta est) da
daipyro romi da italia. pompeiusi da senatis erTi nawili saberZneTSi
gaiqca. keisarma daimorCila espaneTi da saberZneTisaken gaemarTa. Zv. w. 48
wels man farsalusTan daamarcxa pompeiusis 20000-iani samxedro Zala,
xolo Tavad pompeiusma Tavs egvipteSi ltolviT uSvela, sadac igi
mokles. Zv. w. 48-47 wlebSi keisari gadavida egvipteSi, kerZod, aleqsan-
driaSi da iq dedoflad kleopatra dasva. amis Semdeg misi Zlevamosili
svla aRmosavleTiT gagrZelda, sadac man daamarcxa farnakes pontoeli.
misi gamarjvebebi STambeWdavi da elviseburi iyo, rasac sakmaod tevadad
gamoxatavs keisris cnobili sentencia `mivedi, vnaxe, gavimarjve~ (veni, vidi,
vici). keisari italiaSi dabrunda, magram cota xniT, radgan afrikaSi
hqonda mdgomareoba dasaregulirebeli. Zv. w. 46 wels igi gausworda pom-
peiusis ukanasknel momxreebs TafsusTan, rogorc triumfatori dabrunda
romSi da aTi wliT dasaxelda diqtatorad da zne-Cveulebebisa da
moralis cenzorad (praefectus moribus). amiT, erTi SexedviT, SenarCunda
respublikuri institutebi, magram, faqtobrivad, gamyarda erTmmarTvelo-
bis forma, ramac praqtikulad respublikis sruli ususuroba gamoiwvia.
keisari sicocxlis bolomde agrZelebs Zlevamosil gamarjvebebs da
Zv. w. 45 wels igi espaneTSi, mundasTan, pompeiusis Svilebze moipovebs
gamarjvebas. amis Semdeg man moiTxova da miiRo kidec sruli Zalau-
fleba. mas acxadeben sicocxlis bolomde diqtatorad (Dictator perpetuus),
imperatorad, konsulad aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, jaris uzenaes mTavar-
sardlad, umaRles qurumad (pontifex maximus), tribunTa Zalauflebis
matareblad. arsebiTad, iulius keisarma uari Tqva imaze, rom Zalau-
flebis ganxorcielebaSi vinme mocile hyoloda. mas miaCnda, rom rac
meti iqneboda Zalauflebis realurad ganmaxorcielebeli instituti da

25
pirovneba, miT ufro gauWirdeboda mas swori da qveynisaTvis saWiro
gadawyvetilebebis miReba. da ai, saqme iqamdec midis, rom antoniusi mas
sTavazobs, Tavze daidgas mefis diadema. Tumca keisari amas uaryofs,
magram es misgan mxolod formaluri Jesti iyo. rasakvirvelia,
erTmmarTvelobis esoden aSkara da daufaravi zrda senatorebSi uku-
reaqcias iwvevda. Zv. w. 44 wlis 15 marts maTi SeTqmuleba warmatebiT
dasrulda, rodesac kasiusma da brutusma keisari mokles. istoriaSi es
epizodi, Tavisi dramatulobis garda, darCa gakvirvebuli keisris mier
warmoTqmuli sityvebiTac, romelic sentenciad iqca: `da Senc, brutus?~
(Et tu quoque, Brute?).
iulius keisris sikvdili mniSvnelovani gardatexebis stimulatori aR-
moCnda. upirveles yovlisa, saxelmwifos xelmZRvaneloba xelSi aiRo
senatma, man gaauqma keisris brZanebulebebi da amnistia gamoucxada keisris
mkvlelebs. marTalia, Tavad iulius keisarma Tavis droze sakuTar
memkvidred gansazRvra misi Svilad ayvanili naTesavi, oqtaviusis Ze, magram
memkvidreoba sakuTar Tavze antoniusma aiRo. keisris dakrZalvasTan da-
kavSirebuli xangrZlivi ritualebis Catarebisa da misi anderZis sajarod
wakiTxvis Semdeg keisris mkvlelebs romi unda daetovebinaT, Tumca amiT
diqtaturas, faqtobrivad, mxolod droebiT moeRo bolo. politikuri
situaciis dasaregulireblad sami yvelaze ufro gavleniani figura _ an-
toniusi, lepidusi da oqtavianusi _ qmnian meore triumvirats, romlis
funqcia iyo xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi moegvarebina saxelmwifos axali
mowyobis sakiTxi. am SemTxvevaSic triumviratis wevrebs Soris romis
vrcel provinciebSi kontrolis sferoebis ganawileba moxda. politikuri
oponentebis mosacileblad maT gamoiyenes ukve nacadi proskrifciebis
principi, romelsac 200-ze meti senatori da 2000 mxedari Seewira. swored
maTi wyalobiT iqna mokluli samSoblos mamad gamocxadebuli ciceronic.
triumviratma Tavdapirvelad miznad daisaxa romis Zalauflebis
gamtkiceba mTels dapyrobil teritoriaze. Zv. w. 42 wels antoniusma
daamarcxa kasiusisa da brutusis Zalebi, Semdeg gaemarTa aRmosavleTiT
da daimorCila azia, siria, egvipte. Tavis mxriv, oqtavianusma aseve miiRo
zomebi sxvadasxva amboxebebis CasaxSobad. am movlenebis Semdeg trium-
viratis gavlenis sferoebi Semdegnairad ganawilda: antoniusi
akontrolebda aRmosavleTs, oqtavianusi _ dasavleTs, lepidusi _ af-
rikas, xolo italia, arsebiTad, neitraluri iyo anu masze uflebis
pretenzia SeiZleboda triumviratis samsave wevrs hqonoda. magram, mi-
uxedavad imisa, rom maT Zv. w. 38 wels 5 wliT kidev gaugrZeles vada,
triumviratis wevrebs Soris aSkarad igrZnoboda daZabuloba. opozicia,
faqtobrivad, oqtavianussa da antoniuss Soris gamoikveTa. antoniusma
Zv. w. 36 wels colad SeirTo egviptis dedofali, kleopatra VII da amiT
daarRvia kanoni, radgan igi jer ar gaSoreboda Tavis kanonier cols,
oqtavias. man naklebi yuradReba miaqcia oqtavianusTan SeTanxmebul
moqmedebas, radgan aRmosavleTSi brwyinvale gamarjvebebis Semdeg sa-
kuTari Tavis rwmena ganumtkicda da romis Zalauflebis arealSi
pirveli kacis ambiciebi gauCnda. sakmaod gamomwvevi iyo is, rom antoni-
usi oqtaviasTan ganqorwinebis mizniT romSi mxolod ganqorwinebis mau-

26
wyebeli werilis gadagzavniT Semoifargla. oqtavianuss Seeqmna sa-
fuZveli gadamwyvet brZolaze gadasuliyo politikuri liderobis xel-
Si Casagdebad. man romaelebs auwya, Tu ra perspeqtiva emuqreboda roms
kleopatra VII-isa da misi qmris, antoniusis gaZlierebiT (romi, arsebiT-
ad, amiT ucxo mmarTvelobis qveS moeqceoda) da, miuxedavad imisa, rom
lepidusi Zalze cdilobda, rogorRac Seerigebina es ori ur-
TierTdapirispirebuli mxare, Zvel kolegebs, oqtavianussa da antoniuss
Soris daiwyo erT-erTi yvelaze ufro dramatuli omi romis istoriaSi,
romelic cnobilia ptolemeuri omis saxeliT. misi Sedegi iyo oqtavi-
anusis mier Zv. w. 30 wels aleqsandriis aReba, sastikad damarcxebuli
antoniusisa da ramdenime dRis Semdeg Tavad kleopatras TviTmkvlelo-
bac, romliTac wertili daesva did dapirispirebas romauli
mmarTvelobis mTels arealSi. aleqsandriis aRebis Semdeg Sedga oqtavi-
anusis triumfi romSi. marTalia, oficialurad respublika aRdgenilad
gamocxadda, magram oqtavianuss mieniWa sapatio saxeli `avgustusi~ da
`gansakuTrebuli uflebebi~ (potestas omnium rerum).
keisrebis epoqa
keisrebis epoqa (Zv. w. 31 _ ax. w. V s.). avgustusi msoflio istoriaSi
erT-erTi uWkvianesi politikosi iyo. mas unda moefiqrebina mmarTvelo-
bis iseTi forma, romelic respublikuri da monarqiuli tradiciebis
Serwymas moaxerxebda. amisaTvis igi sakmaod saintereso sistemas
sTavazobs Tavis Tanamemamuleebs. mmarTvelobis sistemaSi mas Semoaqvs
princepsis statusi.1 amiT safuZvels udebs mTels epoqas romis istori-
aSi, romelic cnobili iyo principatis saxeliT. es aris mmarTvelobis
specifikuri romauli forma, sadac erTmaneTTan aris Sezavebuli
umaRlesi samxedro mmarTveloba (imperium), kanonmdeblobiTi mmarTvelo-
ba (constitutio) da umaRlesi xelisufleba (auctoritas). amiT, faqtobrivad,
sul sxvadasxva interesebis urTierTSeTanxmeba xdeboda rogorc aris-
tokratiis, aseve armiis, xalxis da e. w. dapyrobili xalxebisac.
mmarTvelobis am formaSi gansakuTrebiT didi yuradReba eqceoda
Tanacxovrebis tradiciuli formebis pativiscemas da dacvas (mores ma-
jorum). Zv. w. 27 wels senatis gadawyvetilebiT avgustusi dasaxelebul
iqna princepsad da oficialurad daiwyo principatis epoqa. avgustusi,
arsebiTad, agvarebs yvela problemas, romelic, SesaZloa, dakavSirebu-
li yofiliyo gare Tu Sina winaaRmdegobebTan da sTavazobs msoflios
mis mier sabolood Camoyalibebul romis imperiaSi Tanacxovrebis um-
Tavres princips, romelic gamoixateboda sakmaod tevadi cnebiT `avgus-
tusis mSvidoba~ (Pax Augusta), romelic Semdeg cnobili xdeba `romauli
mSvidobis~ (Pax Romana) saxeliT. am principis arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobs:
romi imperiis farglebSi moqceul xalxebs Tanacxovrebis mis mier
SeTavazebuli wesebis dacvis SesaZleblobas aniWebs. es araviTar Sem-
TxvevaSi ar gulisxmobs am xalxebis religiuri da eTnikuri Rirsebebis

1 avgustusi Zvelad arsebuli pirveli senatoris aRmniSvnel termins _

princepss (`pirveli TanasworTa Soris~) – iyenebs faqtobrivi
erTmmarTvelobis SesaniRbad.

27
Selaxvas. samagierod, Tuki isini daeqvemdebarebian am wesebs, romi maT
sTavazobs mTavars _ mSvidobas. imperiis gareT darCenili Zalebisagan
maTi dacvis garanti iqneba romi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Pax Romana-s ide-
ologia sakmaod mimzidveli aRmoCnda da man erTob efeqturad imuSava
ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi. avgustusma romis imperia yvela para-
metriT (politikuri Zliereba, kultura, ekonomika da a. S.) aiyvana
ganviTarebis sakmaod maRal doneze. am epoqasTan aris dakavSirebuli
romauli mxatvruli kulturis, gansakuTrebiT mwerlobis umaRlesi
ganviTareba, romelsac mecnierebaSi Sesaferisi formulireba mounaxes:
romis kulturis `oqros xana~.
avgustusi, romelsac ar hyavda vaJiSvili, bunebrivia, fiqrobda imis
Taobazec, Tu rogor unda gagrZelebuliyo mis Semdeg principatis
arseboba. igi yvelaze swor formad Tvlida Zalauflebis dinastiurad
gadacemis meqanizmis Seqmnas, romelic pirveli kacis doneze Zalau-
flebisaTvis brZolas simZafres daukargavda da im kalapotSi moaqcevda,
romelic kanonis safuZvelze daaregulirebda erTi mmarTvelidan me-
oris xelSi Zalauflebis gadacemas. avgustusma Tavisi jer kidev 14
wlis asuli, iulia naTesavs, m. klavdius markeluss miaTxova. miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom es ukanaskneli ori wlis Semdeg gardaicvala, arsebiTad,
gamoikveTa avgustusis mmarTvelobis Semdgomi gagrZelebis perspeqtiva
ukve iuliur-klavdianuri dinastiis saxiT. anu Seiqmna dinastiasTan
(princepsTan) dakavSirebuli pirebis xelSi mmarTvelobis sadaveebis aR-
moCenis wanamZRvrebi. avgustusma aseve sakmaod sainteresod moagvara Za-
lauflebis sxvadasxva StoebisaTvis gadanawilebis sakiTxi. igi kargad
xvdeboda, rom amis gareSe imperiaSi mudmivi daZabuloba iqneboda. Za-
lauflebis sferoebi amgvarad ganawilda: senati marTavda romauli
mSvidobis arealSi moqceul provinciebs. princepsi ganagebda sax-
elmwifo xazinas, amasTanave finansur politikas (fiscus). avgustuss miani-
Wes agreTve samSoblos mamis tituli. is akontrolebda konsulatis Za-
lauflebas, gamocxadebuli iyo umaRles qurumadac, religiur-sakulto
cxovrebis meTaurad. mxedarTa klass keisris mier Seqmnili samxedro
meqanizmis xelmZRvaneloba hqonda mindobili, am elitarul moxeleebs
aseve irCevdnen prefeqtebad da sxvadasxva maRali Tanamdebobis pirebad.
garda amisa, gamoiyo keisris megobrebis saintereso jgufi (amici Caesari),
romlebic, faqtobrivad, keisris mrCevelTa krebuls warmoadgendnen. ax.
w. 14 wels gardaicvala avgustusi. man, SeiZleba iTqvas, rogorc poli-
tikosma brwyinvaled Seasrula Tavisi roli istoriis scenaze. ar aris
SemTxveviTi, rom axloblebisadmi mimarTuli misi bolo sityvebis azri
daaxloebiT amgvarad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes: `Tuki Tqven mogewonaT is,
Tu rogor Sevasrule me CemTvis gankuTvnili roli istoriis scenaze,
daukariT taSi~.
iuliur-klavdianuri da flavianuri dinastiebis keisrebi:
14-37 _ tiberiusi 54-68 – neroni
37-41 – kaligula 68-69 – galba
41-54 – klavdiusi 69 – oTo (oToni)

28
 69 – viteliusi 79-81 – titusi
69-79 – vespasi- 81-96 – domicianusi
anusi
rogorc avgustusis mier iyo dagegmili, mis Semdeg iwyeba e. w. iu-
liur-klavdianuri dinastiis mmarTvelobis xana, romelic arcTu ise
xangrZlivi aRmoCnda. igi ax. w. 69 wlamde gagrZelda. am periodma
naTelyo, rom, SemoTavazebuli modelis garkveuli upiratesobis mi-
uxedavad, igi erT Zalze did safrTxes Seicavda. keisris statusis mqone
piris individualuri Tvisebebis Sedegad mosalodneli iyo, rom imperi-
aSi anomaliebi warmoqmniliyo. am dinastiis xuTma warmomadgenelma: ti-
beriusma, kaligulam, klavdiusma, neronma da galbam mTeli sicxadiT
warmoaCines dinastiuri mmarTvelobis am modelis naklovanebebi. sakma-
risia aRiniSnos kaligulas ucnaurobebi, romelmac avgustusis princi-
pati elinistur-aRmosavluri gaRmerTebuli mefis mmarTvelobis as-
parezad moindoma eqcia. marTalia, klavdiusis Semdeg daubrunda prin-
cipati kalapots, magram neronma Tavisi xasiaTis TvisebebiTa da mania-
kaluri fsiqikuri gamovlinebebiT am dinastiis sruli diskreditacia
moaxdina. galbam isRa SeZlo, rom xeli Seuwyo neronis aRviraxsnili
mmarTvelobis dasasruls da 68-69 wlebSi romSi e. w. oTxi keisris
mmarTvelobis erTwliani periodi damyarda. gaerTianebaSi Sediodnen:
galba, viteliusi, oTo, vespasianusi. klavdiuri dinastiis keisrebidan
kaligula mokles; aseve SeTqmulebis Sedegad gauswordnen klavdiuss,
neronma Tavi moikla, xolo galba neronis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi misive
momxre amboxebulma Zalebma gamoasalmes sicocxles.
erTwliani mSfoTvare mmarTvelobis Semdeg titus flavius vespasi-
anusi saTaves udebs axal e. w. flavianur dinastias, romlis
xangrZlivoba kidev ufro xanmokle aRmoCnda (69-96 ww.) am dinastias
warmoadgendnen TviT flaviusi, misi vaJebi: titusi da domicianusi. am
ukanaskneli keisris mokvliT damTavrda maTi dinastiac.
naSvilebi keisrebi da severusebi:
96-98 – nerva 138-161 – antoninus piusi
98-117 – traianusi 161-169 – l. verusi
117-138 – hadrianusi 161-180 – markus avreliusi
180-192 – komodusi
ramdenadac naTeli gaxda, rom dinastiuri principis Tanmimdevruli
gatareba mmarTvelobaSi ar gulisxmobda veeberTela imperiis saTaveSi
WeSmaritad rCeuli politikosis mosvlas, romis imperiaSi iwyeba xana,
romelic principatis epoqas axali mimarTulebiT agrZelebs da rome-
lic istoriaSi cnobilia e. w. naSvilebi keisrebis periodis saxel-
wodebiT. am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba, rom keisrad gaxdoma ukve aRar iyo
damokidebuli sisxliT naTesaobaze. amdenad, keisrad arCeva im gavlenian
pirTa Soris xdeboda, romelnic politikur asparezze gamoirCeodnen.
saukeTeso pirovnebas keisrobas aniWebdnen misi uzenaesi mmarTvelis
Svilobilad ayvanis gziT. am principma, rogorc Cans, ufro metad
gaamarTla da es periodi SedarebiT xangrZlivi aRmoCnda (96-192). am pe-

29
riodSi marTavdnen Semdegi keisrebi: nerva, traianusi, hadrianusi, anto-
ninus piusi, l. verusi, markus avreliusi da komodusi, markus avreli-
usis vaJi. komodusma, arsebiTad, daarRvia am periodis principi da mamis
sikvdilis Semdeg 180 wels xelSi aiRo Zalaufleba. aman maSinve sakmaod
negatiurad iCina Tavi, radgan komodusis ucnaurobebma logikurad gam-
oiwvia mis winaaRmdeg e. w. sasaxlis amboxeba, rac misi mokvliT
dasrulda.

severusebi da jariskaci keisrebi:

192-193 – pertinaqsi 251-253 – trebonianus galusi
193 _ didius iulianusi 253-260 _ valerianusi
193-211 – septimius severusi 253-268 – galienusi
211-217 – karakala 268-270 – klavdius II goTikusi
217-218 – makrinusi 270-275 – avrelianusi
218-222 – elagabali 275-276 – tacitusi
222-235 – severus aleqsanderi 276-282 – probusi
235-238 – maqsiminus Traqsi 282-283 – karusi
238-244 – gordianus III 283-284 – numerianusi
244-249 – filipus arabsi 283-285 – karinusi
249-251 – dekiusi
romis imperiaSi kvlav meordeba ramdenime, amjerad xuTi keisris
mmarTvelobis erTi weliwadi: pertinaqsi, didius iulianusi, septimus
severusi, aseve peskenius nigeri da klodius albinusi. septimius seve-
rusma imis damtkicebiT, rom igi RvTaebrivi markus avreliusis Svi-
lobili iyo (miuxedavad imisa, rom es fiqcia iyo), moaxerxa Tavisi
partniori keisrebis damarcxebiT xelSi Caegdo Zalaufleba. amiT man
safuZveli Cauyara severusTa mmarTvelobis sakmaod xanmokle periods
(193-235). am xazs, arsebiTad, mxolod ramdenime gamorCeuli keisari war-
moadgenda, romelTac xeli Seuwyves romis imperiis sazRvrebis gamyare-
bas da gavlenis gaZlierebas. eseni iyvnen: Tavad septimius severusi,
karakala, makrinusi, elagabali, severus aleqsanderi, romelic am-
Tavrebs am dinastiur xanas imiT, rom jaris amboxebis msxverpli xdeba
235 wels.
amis Semdeg romis istoriaSi iwyeba periodi, rodesac aSkara xdeba,
rom imperia garedan arc ise saimedod yofila daculi. sul sxvadasxva
regionSi ufro da ufro metad igrZnoba, rom Sesustda esoden vrcel
teritoriaze gafantuli romauli legionebis SesaZleblobebi, daecvaT
`romauli mSvidobis~ sazRvrebSi gaerTianebuli xalxebi. aman, bunebriv-
ia, gamoiwvia saxelmwifos saTaveSi iseT pirTa moyvana, romelnic gan-
sakuTrebiT didi avtoritetiT sargeblobdnen jarebSi. 235 wlidan 285
wlamde romis imperiis istoriaSi dgeba periodi, romelic cnobilia e.
w. jariskaci keisrebis saxelwodebiT. yvelaze ufro gavleniani
generlebi, mxedarTmTavrebi xdebodnen keisrebi, magram mmarTvelobis
aseT princips ori erTob negatiuri Tavisebureba axasiaTebda. yvela
isini sakmaod xanmokle drois ganmavlobaSi rCebodnen keisrebad da ma-
Ti umetesobis mmarTveloba mTavrdeboda ara bunebrivi, aramed

30
SeTqmulebis an amboxebis Sedegad gamowveuli sikvdiliT. niSandobliv-
ia, rom keisrebis am krebulis ukanaskneli ori warmomadgeneli _ nu-
merianusi da karinusi aseve moklulebi iyvnen.

gvianantikurobis avgustusebi da keisrebi:

284-305 – diokletianusi 475-476 – romulus avgus-
285 / 286-305 – maqsimianusi tulusi (das.)
293 / 305-311 – galeriusi 491-518 – anastasiusi (aRm.)
293 / 305-306 – konstancius I qlo- 518-527 – iustinusi (aRm.)
rusi 527-565 _ iustinianusi
305 / 310-313 – maqsiminus daia
305-307 – severusi (keisari)
306-337 – konstantine didi I
306-312 – maksentiusi
308-324 – likiniusi
317 / 337-340 – konstantine II
324 /337 – 361 – konstancius II
335 / 337-350 – konstansi
351-354 – galusi (keisari)
355 / 360-363 – iulianusi
363-364 – iovianusi
364-375 – valentinianus I
364-378 – valensi
367-383 – gratianusi
375-392 – valentinianus II
379-395 – Teodosius I
383-408 – arkadiusi (aRm.)2
393-423 – honoriusi (das.)
408-450 – Teodosius II (aRm.)
421 – konstantius III (das.)
423-425 – ioanesi (das.)
424 / 425-455 – valentinianus III (das.)
450-457 – markianusi (aRm.)
455 – petronius maqsimusi (das.)
455-456 – avitusi (das.)
457-461 – maiorianusi (das.)
457-474 – leo I (aRm.)
461-465 – libius severusi (das.)
467-472 – anTemiusi (das.)
473-474 – glikeriusi (das.)
474-491 – zenoni (aRm.)
474-480 – iulius neposi (das.)

2 Semokleba aRm. aRniSnavs imperiis aRmo-

savleT nawilSi, xolo das. _ dasavleT
nawilSi mmarTvelobas.
31
 ax. w. III saukuneSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma naTeli gaxada, rom ro-
mis imperiaSi sakmaod swrafad viTardeboda krizisuli movlenebi, ro-
melTac SeCereba esaWiroebodaT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi imperiis ka-
tastrofa gardauvali iqneboda. ra ganapirobebda am krizisul
movlenebs? politikur doneze es iyo imperiis sazRvrebis ukideganoba
da politikuri sistemis gaumarTaoba, romelsac aRar SeeZlo amxela
imperiis marTva da ganviTareba. naTeli iyo, rom esoden didi Zalau-
flebis xelSi Cagdeba, rogoricaa keisroba, sakmaod mimzidveli iyo
bevri im moRvawisaTvis, romelsac keisrobis ambiciebi awuxebda, magram
Zalauflebis realurad da efeqturad ganxorcieleba erTob Zneli aR-
moCnda mravali winaaRmdegobisa da dabrkolebis gamo. politikur
problemebs, bunebrivia, Tan erTvoda socialuric, radgan arc ise ad-
vili iyo imperiis farglebSi am TvalsazrisiT Tanabrobis miRweva.
naTeli xdeboda, rom erTi centri _ romi, raoden didi da mniSvnelo-
vanic ar unda yofiliyo igi, veRar audioda yvela politikuri Tu so-
cialuri problemis regulirebas. imperiisaTvis Zv. w. I saukunidan ax. w.
I saukuneze gadasvla Zveli samyaros istoriaSi Zalze mniSvnelovani
erTi aspeqtis gaCeniT aRiniSna. es iyo ideologiuri aspeqti. qristiano-
ba, romelic principatis epoqis dasawyisSi TiTqmis SeumCneveli iyo,
TandaTanobiT idgamda fesvebs mTels imperiaSi. ax. w. III saukunisaTvis
opoziciam: warmarToba – qristianoba ideologiur doneze sakmaod
gamokveTili xasiaTi miiRo. qristianoba daupirispirda warmarTul civ-
ilizacias TiTqmis yvela doneze da, arsebiTad, eWvqveS daayena antikuri
faseulobebi. Tuki principatis epoqaSi qristianebis winaaRmdeg
sadamsjelo RonisZiebebiT ifarglebodnen da, faqtobrivad, mis momZla-
vrebas arcTu did yuradRebas aqcevdnen, III saukunis meore naxevridan
qristianoba aSkarad angariSgasawevi faqtori xdeba. yovelive es romis
imperiaSi Zalze mniSvnelovani reformebis aucileblobas amwifebs. xo-
lo antikuri samyaros istoriaSi iwyeba axali etapi, romelsac
Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi gvianantikurobas uwodeben da romlis ram-
denime saukune (III saukunis miwurulidan VI saukunemde) erTdroulad
Seicavs rogorc antikurobis daqveiTebis, aseve qristianuli Sua
saukuneebis kulturis aRmocenebisa da formirebis periodebs. swored
amitom antikuri samyaros specialistebi gvianantikurobas miiCneven
Zveli berZnul-romauli kulturis dasasrulis xanad, xolo bizantin-
istebi – qristianuli bizantiis aRmavlobis dawyebis epoqad.
swored principatidan gvianantikurobaze gadasvlis epoqaSi romis im-
periis istoriis asparezze Cndeba pirovneba, keisari diokletianusi, ro-
melic safuZvels udebs Zireul reformebs, ris Sedegadac principati
icvleba dominatiT. dominatis epoqis arsi iyo mmarTvelobis ori prin-
cipis sakmaod saintereso gaerTianeba. erTi mxriv, ganusazRvreli Za-
lauflebisa, absoluturi monarqiisa, romelic am epoqis aRmniSvnel
terminSic iCens Tavs (dominus `batoni, ufali~ – erTdroulad RmerTisa
da keisris ZalauflebiT aRWurvili), xolo, meore mxriv, garkveuli de-
centralizaciisa, romelic aSkarad uwevda angariSs imas, rom romis im-
periis ukiduresobamde miyvanili centralizebuli marTva SeuZlebelia.

32
diokletianusis dros xdeba, upirveles yovlisa, jaris reforma da e. w.
mobiluri razmebis Seqmna, romelTac imperiis sazRvrebi ufro saimedod
unda daecvaT. Tavad imperiaSi dakanonda mmarTvelobis e. w. te-
trarqiuli sistema, rac gulisxmobda, rom Tavad diokletianuss hyavda
Tanabari uflebebis mqone sami Tanakeisari. man Caatara teritoriul-
administraciuli xasiaTis cvlilebebi, rac, faqtobrivad, romis impe-
riis aRmosavleT da dasavleT samarTav nawilebad da rezidenciebad
dayofaSi gamoixata. imperia oTx amgvar regionad daiyo: diokletianusi
flobda aRmosavleTs (rezidencia nikomediaSi), maqsimianusi – italiasa
da afrikas (rezidencia milanSi), konstantiusi – espaneTs, galiasa da
britanias (rezidencia triersa da iorkSi), galeriusi – ilirikums, mak-
edoniasa da saberZneTs (rezidencia sirmiumSi). imperia 12 diocezad anu
samarTav olqad, calkeuli diocezi ki saSualod daaxloebiT aT pro-
vinciad (anu 101 provinciad) daiyo. erTmaneTisagan gaimijna saero da
samxedro Zalaufleba da moxda karis cxovrebis ufro masStaburi da
efeqturi organizacia. warmoiqmna e. w. aristokrati moxeleebis sakmaod
mozrdili fena da karis ceremoniebma aSkarad didi adgili daiWira. fi-
nansur reformas mohyva axali fulis (monetebis) moWra da fasebisa da
gadasaxadebis daregulireba mTeli imperiis farglebSi.
dominatis epoqa sakmaod sainteresod axamebda erTmaneTTan krizisul
movlenebs, rac rogorc politikuri, aseve ideologiuri (warmarTobisa
da qristianobis dapirispireba) faqtorebiT iyo gamowveuli. mmarTvelT-
agan stimulirebuli iyo kulturis, xelovnebisa da mecnierebis mniS-
vnelovani ganviTareba da aRmavloba, rac, ZiriTadad, sakaro cxovrebas-
Tan iyo dakavSirebuli.
diokletianusis epoqas konstantine didis epoqa mohyva, riTac ab-
soluturma samxedro diqtaturam Tavis kulminacias miaRwia. konstan-
tine didma imperiis ukeT samarTavad, misi sataxto qalaqis evropuli
tomebisgan ukeT dasacavad, dedaqalaqi romidan axlad daarsebul (330)
konstantinopolisSi anu konstantines qalaqSi gadaitana da amiT,
arsebiTad, safuZveli daudo antikuri maradiuli romis didebis
Casvenebas. milanis ediqtiT (313) man qristianoba gamoacxada srulu-
flebian religiad da amiT moaxdina qristianuli eklesiis legalizacia
saxelmwifoSi. konstantine Seecada axali kanonebiT gaeumjobesebina
soflis meurneoba, warmoeba imperiis qalaqebSi, magram konstantines
Semdeg viTareba airia da daiwyo xangrZlivi samoqalaqo omebis, uz-
urpaciis, sxvadasxva regionSi damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis, am-
boxebebis da gareSe mtrebTan omebis epoqa. yovelive es iyo romis impe-
riis seriozuli krizisis niSani da aseve imis mauwyebeli, rom diokle-
tianusis reformebma mxolod cota xniT gadaarCina imperia ngrevas. mi-
uxedavad imisa, rom qristianoba legalizebuli iyo, brZola warmarTo-
basa da qristianobas Soris aramcTu ar damcxrala, aramed axali ZaliT
gaCaRda. aman Tavisi gamoxatuleba hpova keisar iuliane (iulianus)
gandgomilis moRvaweobaSi, romelmac moindoma warmarTobis aRdgena
srul uflebebSi da qristianobis CaxSoba. mas sakmaod bevri momxre
hyavda Tavisi epoqis inteleqtualebSic, romelnic ver iRebdnen qristi-
anuli moZRvrebis ZiriTad principebs. magram istoriis msvleloba
33
aSkarad ar miemarTeboda warmarTobis restavraciis sasargeblod. male
naTeli gaxda, rom warmarToba, rogorc ideologiuri sistema, aSkarad
veRar gauwevda konkurencias qristianobas, romelic WeSmaritad msof-
lio religiad iqca da aRar iTvleboda ukve romeliRac erT sax-
elmwifosTan dakavSirebul sarwmunoebriv sistemad. amdenad, savsebiT
bunebrivi Canda, rom maSin, roca Teodosiusma qristianoba gamoacxada
erTaderT saxelmwifo religiad, man ukve warmarTobasTan sastiki
brZola gaaCaRa yvela doneze: msxverplSewirvis, kultis, azrovnebis,
rwmenis, sportis, kulturis da a. S. yvela daumorCilebeli SeiZleboda
sikvdiliT dasjiliyo. sul raRac mokle xanSi viTareba radikalurad
Seicvala da romis imperiam gvianantikurobis epoqaSi antikurobidan
TandaTanobiT iwyo gadasvla Sua saukuneebze anu RirebulebaTa erTi
sistemidan meoreze. sikvdilis Semdeg Teodosiusma Zalaufleba mis va-
Jebs, honoriussa da arkadiuss dautova. imperia kvlav gaiyo dasavleT
da aRmosavleT nawilebad. oRond diokletianusisgan gansxvavebiT es
dayofa ukve sabediswero iyo. Tuki diokletianusis dros igi ar gu-
lisxmobda imperiis politikur danawevrebas, ris gamoc konstantine
didma met-naklebad SeZlo imperiis erTianobis SenarCuneba, am Sem-
TxvevaSi ukve imperiis am ori nawilis politikuri gamijvna moxda da
TiToeuli maTgani ganviTarebis sakuTari gziT wavida.
Zalze dramatuli iyo imperiis, gansakuTrebiT, misi dasavleT nawilis
arsebobis bolo saukune. brZolam socialur, politikur da a. S. doneze
damangreveli xasiaTi miiRo. stilixosis (408) mokvlis Semdeg dasavleT
goTebi alarixis meTaurobiT SeiWrnen italiaSi, daipyres da dasces
romi 410 wels. daaxloebiT amave dros vandalebma daikaves espaneTi da
429 wels – CrdiloeT afrika. V saukunis Sua periodSi atilas meTau-
robiT hunebis Semosevam kidev erTxel safuZvlianad Seazanzara da-
savleT romi, Tumca ris vaivaglaxiT isini moigeries 455 wels. moxda
romis ganmeorebiTi aReba da misi gaveraneba vandalebis mier. germaneli
odoakeris mier 476 wels orestesis da misi vaJis, romulus avgus-
tulusis mokvlis Semdeg romi da masTan erTad dasavleT romis imperia
sabolood daeca. simboluria, rom romma Tavisi arseboba legendaruli
romulusidan daiwyo da imperiis ukanaskneli mmarTvelic aseve romu-
lusi iyo, romelmac daasrula antikuri romis xangrZlivi, udidesi aR-
mavlobebiTa da dacemiT aRsavse istoria.
dasavleTisagan gansxvavebiT, aRmosavleT romis imperia gadaurCa dan-
grevas. piriqiT, man Tavisi arseboba ganagrZo da kidev 1000 wels iarseba
axali qristianuli ideologiis safuZvelze dafuZnebuli bizantiis im-
periis saxiT, romlis dedaqalaqi iyo konstantinopolisSi.

literatura
Ø r. gordeziani, berZnuli civilizacia, Tbilisi, t. I, 1988; t. II, 1997.
Ø l. gordeziani, B-xazovani teqstebis DO-E-RO Zveli samyaros socialuri
istoriis konteqstSi, Tbilisi 1999.
Ø l. sanikiZe, antikuri qveynebis istoria, Tbilisi 1963.

34
Ø E. Meyer, Geschichte des Altertums, 5 Bde., Berlin 1884-1902 (ucvl. gamoc. Darmstadt 1953-
1956).
Ø Propyläen Weltgeschichte. Eine Universalgeschichte, hg. v. G. Mann und A. Heuß, Bd. 3:
Griechenland. Die hellenistische Welt; Bd. 4: Rom. Die römische Welt, Berlin, Frankfurt am Main,
Wien 1962, 1963.
Ø Kulturgeschichte der Antike. Von einem Autorenkollektiv unter Leitung von R. Müller, Bd. 1:
Griechenlad, Berlin 19803; Bd. 2: Rom, Berlin 19822.
Ø The Cambridge Ancient History, J. B. Bury, S. A. Book (ed.), 12 Vol., Cambridge 1923-1939 (de-
talurad ixile gv. 317).
Ø JIstoriva tou' eJllhnikou' e[qnou", (saberZneTis mTeli istoria uZvelesi droidan
Tanamedroveobamde, gamocemulia 16 tomi) !Ekdotikh; !Aqhnw'n 1970-1978.

saberZneTis istoria
Ø al. wereTeli, Zveli saberZneTi, Tbilisi 1963.
Ø История Древней Греции, Под ред. В. И. Кузищина, Москва 1986.
Ø В. С. Сергеев, История Древней Греции, Москва 1948.
Ø H. Bengtson, Griechische Geschichte, München 19775.
Ø D. Lotze, Griechische Geschichte, München 19993.
Ø I. Weiler, Griechische Geschichte. Einführung, Quellenkunde, Bibliographie, Darmstadt 19882.
Ø M. Rostovtzeff, Gesellschafts- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte der hellenistischen Welt, 3 Bde., Darm-
stadt 1955 (ucvl. gamoc. 1956).
Ø U. Wilcken, Griechische Geschichte im Rahmen der Altertumsgeschichte, Berlin 19629.
Ø G. Ostrogorsky, Geschichte des byzantinischen Staates, München 19633.
Ø A. Demandt, Die Spätantike, München 1989.
Ø F. Gschnitzer, Griechische Sozialgeschichte, Wiesbaden 1981.

romis istoria
Ø al. wereTeli, Zveli romi, Tbilisi 1961.
Ø История Древнего Рима, Под ред. В. И. Кузищина, Москва 1981.
Ø Н. А. Машкин, История Древнего Рима, Москва 1947.
Ø В. С. Сергеев, Очерки истории Древнего Рима, Москва 1938.
Ø М. Е. Сергеенко, Жизнь Древнего Рима, Очерки быта, Москва, Ленинград 1964.
Ø Е. В. Федорова, Императорский Рим в лицах, Москва 1979.
Ø Th. Mommsen, Römische Geschichte, Bd. I-III und V, Berlin 1854-1856, 191211-1933 (Semokl.
gamoc. Frankfurt a. M., 1956).
Ø H. Bengtson, Grundriß der römischen Geschichte, München 19823.
Ø K. Christ, Römische Geschichte. Einführung, Quellenkunde, Bibliographie, Darmstadt 19904.
Ø K. Bringmann, Römische Geschichte, 19984.
Ø M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire, Oxford 19632.
Ø Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt, hg. v. H. Temporini, W. Haase, Berlin, New York
1972 wlidan (detalurad ixile gv. 318).
Ø G. Alföldy, Römische Sozialgeschichte, Wiesbaden 1975.
Ø A. J. Pfiffig, Einführung in die Etruskologie, Darmstadt 1972.

qronologia, atlasebi
Ø E. J. Bickerman, Chronology of the Ancient World, London 19802.
Ø S. Lauffer, Daten der griechischen und römischen Geschichte, (dtv 3275) München 1987.

35
Ø M. Deißmann, Daten zur antiken Chronologie und Geschichte, Stuttgart 1990.
Ø Westermann Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte, hg. v. H.-E. Stier, E. Kirsten, Braunschweig 1956
(axali gamoc. 1997).
Ø Großer historischer Weltatlas, hg. v. Bayerischen Schulbuch-Verlag. I: Vorgeschichte und Altertum,
bearb. v. H. Bengtson und V. Milojcic, München 19725 (= 19786).
Ø R. J. A. Talbert (ed.), Atlas of the Classical History, Beckenham, Sydney 1985.
Ø R. J. A. Talbert (ed.), Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, Princeton N. J. 2000.

36