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Microwave Devices Directional Coupler and Isolator: E. Cinthuriya - Me - Communication Engineering
Microwave Devices Directional Coupler and Isolator: E. Cinthuriya - Me - Communication Engineering
MICROWAVE DEVICES
MICROWAVES
Microwaves are electromagnetic waves whose
frequencies range from about 300 MHz – 300 GHz
(1 MHz = 106 Hz and 1 GHz =109 Hz) or
wavelengths in air ranging from 100 cm – 1 mm.
Microwave is an electromagnetic radiation of short
wavelength.
They can reflect by conducting surfaces just like optical
waves since they travel in straight line.
Microwave currents flow through a thin outer layer of an
ordinary cable.
Microwaves are easily attenuated within short distances.
2
They are not reflected by ionosphere
MICROWAVE DEVICES
APPLICATIONS
Microwaves have a wide range of applications in
modern technology, which are listed below
MICROWAVE DEVICES
DIRECTIONAL COUPLERS
MICROWAVE DEVICES
FORWARD COUPLING
MICROWAVE DEVICES
BACKWARD COUPLING:
Reverse coupler
Energy that propagates down transmission line starts a reverse wave down
transmission line 2.
Single-section coupled transmission lines are always backward-wave
couplers (and outputs are in quadrature),
Eg: Lange coupler
Symmetric multi-section couplers provide backward-wave, quadrature
response.
MICROWAVE DEVICES
FIGURES OF MERIT:
COUPLING
FACTOR
DIRECTIONAL
COUPLER
ISOLATION
DIRECTIVITY
FACTOR 8
MICROWAVE DEVICES
COUPLING FACTOR
• The coupling factor is defined as:
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MICROWAVE DEVICES
ISOLATION
• Isolation of a directional coupler can be defined as the
difference in signal levels in dB between the input port and the
isolated port when the two other ports are terminated by
matched loads.
• Isolation:
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MICROWAVE DEVICES
continued……
• Consequently:
• The isolation between the input and the isolated ports may be
different from the isolation between the two output ports.
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MICROWAVE DEVICES
DIRECTIVITY
• Directivity is directly related to isolation. It is
defined as:
Directivity
is not directly measurable, and is calculated
from the difference of the isolation and coupling
measurements as:
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MICROWAVE DEVICES
APPLICATIONS
Frequency measurements
Signal levelling
Signal sampling
Signal injection
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MICROWAVE DEVICES
ISOLATORS
• An isolator is a two-port non-reciprocal device which produces
a minimum attenuation to wave propagation in one direction
and very high attenuation in the opposite direction.
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MICROWAVE DEVICES
ISOLATOR - CONSTRUCTION
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MICROWAVE DEVICES
ISOLATOR WORKING
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MICROWAVE DEVICES
ISOLATOR WORKING
Faraday rotation Isolator, the input resistive card is in y-z
plane, the output resistive card is displaced 45o with respect
to the input card.
The magnetic field which is applied longitudinally to the
ferrite rod rotates the wave plane by 45o.
This is normal to the output resistive card
As the result of rotation the wave arrives at the out put end
without attenuation at all.
On the other end a reflected wave from the output end is
similarly rotated clockwise 45o by the ferrite rod, since the
reflected wave is parallel to the input resistive card the wave
is absorbed by the input card.
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MICROWAVE DEVICES
FARADAY ROTATION ISOLATOR
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MICROWAVE DEVICES
FARADAY ROTATION
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MICROWAVE DEVICES
ADVANTAGES
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MICROWAVE DEVICES
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MICROWAVE DEVICES