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Complex Numbers PDF
Complex Numbers PDF
Complex Numbers PDF
Pradeep
Boggarapu
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
R.V. Churchill and J.W. Brown, Complex Variables and
Pradeep
Boggarapu
Applications, McGraw-Hill, 8th edition, 2014.
Definition
Geometry of
complex
numbers
Polar form or
exponential
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Part II Complex Variables
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
R.V. Churchill and J.W. Brown, Complex Variables and
Pradeep
Boggarapu
Applications, McGraw-Hill, 8th edition, 2014.
Definition
Geometry of
complex Instructor: Pradeep Boggarapu
numbers
Polar form or
exponential
form
Mail ID:pradeepb@goa.bits-pilani.ac.in
Topology on
Complex
Plane Consulting Hours: Wednesday 4PM to 5PM.
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
Pradeep
Definition
Boggarapu
A complex number is a pair (x, y ) of real numbers x, y .
Definition
Geometry of
complex
numbers
Polar form or
exponential
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
Pradeep
Definition
Boggarapu
A complex number is a pair (x, y ) of real numbers x, y .
Definition
Geometry of
complex
numbers
Polar form or
It is customary to denote a complex number by z. Here the real
exponential
form numbers x and y are known as real and imaginary parts of z,
Topology on
Complex
respectively and written as
Plane
x = Re z y = Im z
Addition and Multiplication
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
The complex numbers z1 = (x1 , y1 ), z2 = (x2 , y2 ) are “added”
Pradeep
Boggarapu
and “multiplied” as follows:
Definition
Geometry of
complex
z1 + z2 = (x1 , y2 ) + (x2 , y2 ) = (x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 )
numbers
Polar form or
exponential
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Addition and Multiplication
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
The complex numbers z1 = (x1 , y1 ), z2 = (x2 , y2 ) are “added”
Pradeep
Boggarapu
and “multiplied” as follows:
Definition
Geometry of
complex
z1 + z2 = (x1 , y2 ) + (x2 , y2 ) = (x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 )
numbers
Polar form or
exponential
form
Topology on
z1 z2 = (x1 , y1 )(x2 , y2 ) = (x1 x2 − y1 y2 , x1 y2 + x2 y1 )
Complex
Plane
Notations
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
We can write a complex number z = (x, y ) as a sum
Pradeep
Boggarapu
Definition
(x, 0) + (0, 1)(y , 0)
Geometry of
complex
numbers
Polar form or
exponential
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Notations
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
We can write a complex number z = (x, y ) as a sum
Pradeep
Boggarapu
Definition
(x, 0) + (0, 1)(y , 0)
Geometry of
complex
numbers Let us identify the complex number (x, 0) with the real number
Polar form or
exponential
x, we see that:
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Notations
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
We can write a complex number z = (x, y ) as a sum
Pradeep
Boggarapu
Definition
(x, 0) + (0, 1)(y , 0)
Geometry of
complex
numbers Let us identify the complex number (x, 0) with the real number
Polar form or
exponential
x, we see that:
form
Topology on
(x, y ) = x + (0, 1)y
Complex
Plane
Notations
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
We can write a complex number z = (x, y ) as a sum
Pradeep
Boggarapu
Definition
(x, 0) + (0, 1)(y , 0)
Geometry of
complex
numbers Let us identify the complex number (x, 0) with the real number
Polar form or
exponential
x, we see that:
form
Topology on
(x, y ) = x + (0, 1)y
Complex
Plane Note that (0, 1)(0, 1) = (−1, 0) = −1, so denoting (0, 1) by the
symbol i we can write a complex number (x, y ) = x + iy , where
i2 = −1.
Algebraic Properties
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
Additive identity 0 = (0, 0).
Pradeep
Boggarapu
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
1 Two complex numbers z1 = x1 + iy1 , z2 = x2 + iy2 are equal
Pradeep
Boggarapu
if and only if x1 = x2 and y1 = y2 .
Definition
Geometry of
complex
numbers
Polar form or
exponential
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Algebraic Properties
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
1 Two complex numbers z1 = x1 + iy1 , z2 = x2 + iy2 are equal
Pradeep
Boggarapu
if and only if x1 = x2 and y1 = y2 .
Definition
Geometry of
2 If product of two complex numbers z1 , z2 is equal to zero
complex
numbers
then at least one of the two is equal to zero.
Polar form or
exponential
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Algebraic Properties
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
1 Two complex numbers z1 = x1 + iy1 , z2 = x2 + iy2 are equal
Pradeep
Boggarapu
if and only if x1 = x2 and y1 = y2 .
Definition
Geometry of
2 If product of two complex numbers z1 , z2 is equal to zero
complex
numbers
then at least one of the two is equal to zero.
Polar form or
exponential 3 The binomial theorem holds for the complex numbers, i.e.,
form
Topology on k=n
Complex
n
X n n−k k
Plane
(z1 + z2 ) = z z2
k 1
k=0
Argand plane
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
The complex number x + iy may be visualized as a point in a
Pradeep
Boggarapu
plane with coordinated (x, y ),
Definition
Geometry of
complex
numbers
Polar form or
exponential
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Argand plane
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
The complex number x + iy may be visualized as a point in a
Pradeep
Boggarapu
plane with coordinated (x, y ), this plane is thought to be the
Definition plane where the complex numbers reside, as a result it is called
Geometry of
complex
numbers
“the complex plane” wiki .
Polar form or
exponential
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Argand plane
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
The complex number x + iy may be visualized as a point in a
Pradeep
Boggarapu
plane with coordinated (x, y ), this plane is thought to be the
Definition plane where the complex numbers reside, as a result it is called
Geometry of
complex
numbers
“the complex plane” wiki . Sometime this plane is also called
Polar form or “the Argand plane” after the mathematician Argand who
exponential
form
popularized this visualization method.
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Argand plane
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
The complex number x + iy may be visualized as a point in a
Pradeep
Boggarapu
plane with coordinated (x, y ), this plane is thought to be the
Definition plane where the complex numbers reside, as a result it is called
Geometry of
complex
numbers
“the complex plane” wiki . Sometime this plane is also called
Polar form or “the Argand plane” after the mathematician Argand who
exponential
form
popularized this visualization method. It is a very good
Topology on
Complex
Plane
visualization method that brings out the geometric properties
Argand plane
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
The complex number x + iy may be visualized as a point in a
Pradeep
Boggarapu
plane with coordinated (x, y ), this plane is thought to be the
Definition plane where the complex numbers reside, as a result it is called
Geometry of
complex
numbers
“the complex plane” wiki . Sometime this plane is also called
Polar form or “the Argand plane” after the mathematician Argand who
exponential
form
popularized this visualization method. It is a very good
Topology on
Complex
Plane
visualization method that brings out the geometric properties
and applications of the complex numbers quite effectively as we
will see soon.
Argand plane
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
Im(z)
Pradeep
Boggarapu
Definition
Geometry of z = x + iy
complex
numbers
iy
Polar form or
exponential
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
x Re(z)
Absolute value
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
Pradeep
Absolute value
Boggarapu
The distance from the origin to the point (x, y ) is called the
Definition
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Absolute value
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
Pradeep
Absolute value
Boggarapu
The distance from the origin to the point (x, y ) is called the
Definition
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
Pradeep
Absolute value
Boggarapu
The distance from the origin to the point (x, y ) is called the
Definition
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
Pradeep
Absolute value
Boggarapu
The distance from the origin to the point (x, y ) is called the
Definition
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019 Im(z)
Pradeep
Boggarapu z1 + z2
Definition
Geometry of
complex z2
numbers
Polar form or
exponential z1
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Re(z)
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019 Im(z)
Pradeep
Boggarapu 1 + 3i
Definition
Geometry of
3 + 2i
complex
numbers
Polar form or
exponential
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane Re(z)
2−i
Triangle inequality
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
Pradeep
Triangle inequality
Boggarapu
Definition
For any two complex numbers z1 , z2 , |z1 + z2 | ≤ |z1 | + |z2 |.
Geometry of
complex
numbers
Polar form or
exponential
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Triangle inequality
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
Pradeep
Triangle inequality
Boggarapu
Definition
For any two complex numbers z1 , z2 , |z1 + z2 | ≤ |z1 | + |z2 |.
Geometry of
complex
numbers The above inequality follows from the diagram:
Polar form or
exponential z1 + z2
form
Im(z) z
Topology on 2
Complex
Plane
z1
O
Re(z)
Corollaries of triangle inequality
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
1 |z1 + z2 | ≥ ||z1 | − |z2 ||
Pradeep
Boggarapu
Definition
Geometry of
complex
numbers
Polar form or
exponential
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Conjugate
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
Pradeep
Conjugate
Boggarapu
Definition
For a complex number z = x + iy the complex number x − iy is
Geometry of
complex
called the conjugate of z and it is denoted by z.
numbers
Polar form or
exponential
form
1 Using the conjugate one can write |z|2 = zz.
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Conjugate
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
Pradeep
Conjugate
Boggarapu
Definition
For a complex number z = x + iy the complex number x − iy is
Geometry of
complex
called the conjugate of z and it is denoted by z.
numbers
Polar form or
exponential
form
1 Using the conjugate one can write |z|2 = zz.
Topology on
Complex
z1 z1
Plane
2 The conjugate satisfies z1 z2 = z1 z2 and z2 = z2 for z2 6= 0.
Parallelogram identity and other geometric properties
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
Pradeep
Parallelogram Law
Boggarapu
Definition
z1 , z2 are complex numbers then
Geometry of
complex
numbers |z1 + z2 |2 + |z1 − z2 |2 = 2(|z1 |2 + |z2 |2 )
Polar form or
exponential
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Parallelogram identity and other geometric properties
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
Pradeep
Parallelogram Law
Boggarapu
Definition
z1 , z2 are complex numbers then
Geometry of
complex
numbers |z1 + z2 |2 + |z1 − z2 |2 = 2(|z1 |2 + |z2 |2 )
Polar form or
exponential
form
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
A complex number z = (x + iy ) on the complex plane have polar
Pradeep
coordinates (r , θ), r = |z| and θ, called the argument of z
where
Boggarapu
y
Definition
Geometry of
or arg(z), is tan−1 x .
complex
numbers
Polar form or
exponential
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Polar form
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
A complex number z = (x + iy ) on the complex plane have polar
Pradeep
coordinates (r , θ), r = |z| and θ, called the argument of z
where
Boggarapu
y
Definition
Geometry of
or arg(z), is tan−1 x .
complex
numbers
Polar form or
As we can see, arg(z) has an infinitely many possible values,
exponential
form including negative ones, that differ by integral multiples of 2π.
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Polar form
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
A complex number z = (x + iy ) on the complex plane have polar
Pradeep
coordinates (r , θ), r = |z| and θ, called the argument of z
where
Boggarapu
y
Definition
Geometry of
or arg(z), is tan−1 x .
complex
numbers
Polar form or
As we can see, arg(z) has an infinitely many possible values,
exponential
form including negative ones, that differ by integral multiples of 2π.
Topology on
Complex
Plane The value of the argument in the interval (−π, π] is called the
principal value of the argument, denoted by Arg z.
Polar form
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
So we can write a complex number
Pradeep
Boggarapu
Definition
z = |z| cos(arg (z)) + i|z| sin(arg (z))
Geometry of
complex
numbers
Polar form or
exponential
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Polar form
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
So we can write a complex number
Pradeep
Boggarapu
Definition
z = |z| cos(arg (z)) + i|z| sin(arg (z))
Geometry of
complex
numbers If z1 , z2 are two complex numbers with arguments θ1 , θ2
Polar form or
exponential
respectively then we have
form
Topology on
Complex z1 z2 = |z1 ||z2 |(cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 + θ2 ))
Plane
De Moivre’s identity
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
Pradeep
Euler’s formula
Boggarapu
The expression
Definition
Polar form or
is called Euler’s formula, it will be put on a sound footing when
exponential
form we introduce complex exponential by it’s power series, but for
Topology on
Complex now let us take the exponential as a symbol.
Plane
De Moivre’s identity
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
Pradeep
Euler’s formula
Boggarapu
The expression
Definition
Polar form or
is called Euler’s formula, it will be put on a sound footing when
exponential
form we introduce complex exponential by it’s power series, but for
Topology on
Complex now let us take the exponential as a symbol.
Plane
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
1 Let z1 = r1 e iθ1 and z2 = r2 e iθ2 be two complex numbers then
Pradeep
Boggarapu
Definition
z1 z2 = r1 r2 e i(θ1 +θ2 )
Geometry of
complex
numbers
Polar form or
exponential
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Cont.
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
1 Let z1 = r1 e iθ1 and z2 = r2 e iθ2 be two complex numbers then
Pradeep
Boggarapu
Definition
z1 z2 = r1 r2 e i(θ1 +θ2 )
Geometry of
complex
numbers
Polar form or
exponential 2 If r2 6= 0 then we can also write the division as
form
Topology on r1
Complex
Plane
z1 z2−1 = e i(θ1 −θ2 )
r2
3 arg(z1 z2 ) = arg(z1 ) + arg(z2 ) and
arg(z1 /z2 ) = arg(z1 ) − arg(z2 )
Cont.
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
Pradeep
De Moivre’s Identity
Boggarapu
Definition
For any complex number re iθ and an integer n we have:
Geometry of
complex
numbers (re iθ )n = r n e inθ
Polar form or
exponential
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Application
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
A good number of application of De Moivre’s identity may be
Pradeep
Boggarapu
found in trigonometry.
Definition
Geometry of
complex
numbers
Polar form or
exponential
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Application
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
A good number of application of De Moivre’s identity may be
Pradeep
Boggarapu
found in trigonometry.
Definition Example Let us find a formula for sin 3θ in terms of sin θ.
Geometry of
complex
numbers
Polar form or
exponential
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Application
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
A good number of application of De Moivre’s identity may be
Pradeep
Boggarapu
found in trigonometry.
Definition Example Let us find a formula for sin 3θ in terms of sin θ.
Consider the complex number e iθ = cos θ + i sin θ,
Geometry of
complex
numbers
Polar form or
exponential
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Application
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
A good number of application of De Moivre’s identity may be
Pradeep
Boggarapu
found in trigonometry.
Definition Example Let us find a formula for sin 3θ in terms of sin θ.
Consider the complex number e iθ = cos θ + i sin θ, let us raise
Geometry of
complex
numbers
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Application
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
A good number of application of De Moivre’s identity may be
Pradeep
Boggarapu
found in trigonometry.
Definition Example Let us find a formula for sin 3θ in terms of sin θ.
Consider the complex number e iθ = cos θ + i sin θ, let us raise
Geometry of
complex
numbers
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
A good number of application of De Moivre’s identity may be
Pradeep
Boggarapu
found in trigonometry.
Definition Example Let us find a formula for sin 3θ in terms of sin θ.
Consider the complex number e iθ = cos θ + i sin θ, let us raise
Geometry of
complex
numbers
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
A good number of application of De Moivre’s identity may be
Pradeep
Boggarapu
found in trigonometry.
Definition Example Let us find a formula for sin 3θ in terms of sin θ.
Consider the complex number e iθ = cos θ + i sin θ, let us raise
Geometry of
complex
numbers
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
So equating the imaginary part of both the sides we get:
Pradeep
Boggarapu
Definition
Geometry of
complex
numbers
Polar form or
exponential
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Roots and arguments
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
So equating the imaginary part of both the sides we get:
Pradeep
Boggarapu
Definition
sin 3θ = 3 cos2 θ sin θ − sin3 θ.
Geometry of
complex
numbers
Polar form or
exponential
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Roots and arguments
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
So equating the imaginary part of both the sides we get:
Pradeep
Boggarapu
Definition
sin 3θ = 3 cos2 θ sin θ − sin3 θ.
Geometry of
complex
numbers
One application of the polar form of a complex number is the
Polar form or ease of finding roots.
exponential
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Roots and arguments
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
So equating the imaginary part of both the sides we get:
Pradeep
Boggarapu
Definition
sin 3θ = 3 cos2 θ sin θ − sin3 θ.
Geometry of
complex
numbers
One application of the polar form of a complex number is the
Polar form or ease of finding roots.
exponential
form Let us consider the complex number z0 = r0 e iθ0 and let us have a
Topology on
Complex
Plane
natural number n ∈ N, we want to find a nth root of the
complex number z0 .
Roots and arguments
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
So equating the imaginary part of both the sides we get:
Pradeep
Boggarapu
Definition
sin 3θ = 3 cos2 θ sin θ − sin3 θ.
Geometry of
complex
numbers
One application of the polar form of a complex number is the
Polar form or ease of finding roots.
exponential
form Let us consider the complex number z0 = r0 e iθ0 and let us have a
Topology on
Complex
Plane
natural number n ∈ N, we want to find a nth root of the
complex number z0 .
So we are looking for a complex number z = re iθ such that
z n = z0 or r n e inθ = ro e iθ0
Cont.
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
Now equating the modulus and the arguments we get
Pradeep
Boggarapu
Definition
r n = r0 , and nθ = θ0 + 2πk fork ∈ Z
Geometry of
complex
numbers
Polar form or
exponential
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Cont.
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
Now equating the modulus and the arguments we get
Pradeep
Boggarapu
Definition
r n = r0 , and nθ = θ0 + 2πk fork ∈ Z
Geometry of
complex
numbers Or we get
Polar form or √ θ 2πk
exponential r= n
r0 and θ = +
form
n n
Topology on
Complex
Plane
for k ∈ Z.
Cont.
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
Now equating the modulus and the arguments we get
Pradeep
Boggarapu
Definition
r n = r0 , and nθ = θ0 + 2πk fork ∈ Z
Geometry of
complex
numbers Or we get
Polar form or √ θ 2πk
exponential r= n
r0 and θ = +
form
n n
Topology on
Complex
Plane
for k ∈ Z.So the distinct roots are obtained for the values
k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n − 1 and the distinct roots are given by
√ θ 2πk
ck = n r0 e i( n + n )
Quetions
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
1 Find the fifth roots of (1 + i).
Pradeep
Boggarapu
Polar form or
exponential z1 (z2 − z3 ) + z2 (z3 − z1 ) + z3 (z1 − z2 ) = 0
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Neighborhoods
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
1 |z1 − z2 | defines a “distance” between z1 and z2 on the
Pradeep
Boggarapu
complex plane.
Definition
Geometry of
complex
numbers
Polar form or
exponential
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Neighborhoods
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
1 |z1 − z2 | defines a “distance” between z1 and z2 on the
Pradeep
Boggarapu
complex plane.
Definition
Geometry of
complex 2 Given z0 a complex number and a real positive number, we
numbers
Polar form or
have a neighborhood of z0 defined as the set
exponential
form {z ∈ C : |z − z0 | < }.
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Neighborhoods
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
1 |z1 − z2 | defines a “distance” between z1 and z2 on the
Pradeep
Boggarapu
complex plane.
Definition
Geometry of
complex 2 Given z0 a complex number and a real positive number, we
numbers
Polar form or
have a neighborhood of z0 defined as the set
exponential
form {z ∈ C : |z − z0 | < }.
Topology on
Complex
Plane
3 A deleted neighborhood of z0 is the set of points
{z ∈ C : 0 < |z − z0 | < }.
Interior Point
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
1 A point z is called an interior point of a set S ⊂ C if there is
Pradeep
Boggarapu
an neighborhood of z for some which is completely
Definition contained in S.
Geometry of
complex
numbers
Polar form or
exponential
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Interior Point
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
1 A point z is called an interior point of a set S ⊂ C if there is
Pradeep
Boggarapu
an neighborhood of z for some which is completely
Definition contained in S.
Geometry of
complex
numbers Im(z)
Polar form or
exponential
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Re(z)
Exterior Point
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
1 It is called an exterior point if there is a neighborhood which
Pradeep
Boggarapu
is completely not contained in S. Or completely contained in
Definition the complement of the set S.
Geometry of
complex
numbers
Polar form or
exponential
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Exterior Point
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
1 It is called an exterior point if there is a neighborhood which
Pradeep
Boggarapu
is completely not contained in S. Or completely contained in
Definition the complement of the set S.
Geometry of
complex
numbers Im(z)
Polar form or
exponential
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Re(z)
Boundary Point and Boundary
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
1 It is called a boundary point if it is neither an interior point
Pradeep
Boggarapu
nor an exterior point of the set S.
Definition
Geometry of
complex
numbers
Polar form or
exponential
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Boundary Point and Boundary
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
1 It is called a boundary point if it is neither an interior point
Pradeep
Boggarapu
nor an exterior point of the set S.
Definition
Geometry of
Im(z)
complex
numbers
Polar form or
exponential
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Re(z)
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
1 A set is called open if it contains none of it’s boundary
Pradeep
Boggarapu
points.
Definition
Geometry of
complex
numbers
Polar form or
exponential
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Open and Closed Sets
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
1 A set is called open if it contains none of it’s boundary
Pradeep
Boggarapu
points.
Definition
Geometry of
complex 2 A set is closed if it contains all it’s boundary points.
numbers
Polar form or
exponential
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Open and Closed Sets
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
1 A set is called open if it contains none of it’s boundary
Pradeep
Boggarapu
points.
Definition
Geometry of
complex 2 A set is closed if it contains all it’s boundary points.
numbers
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Re(z)
Connected Set, Domain and Region
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
1 A set is called connected if given any two points in the set
Pradeep
Boggarapu
there is a polygonal line connecting the two points.
Definition
Geometry of
complex
numbers
Polar form or
exponential
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Connected Set, Domain and Region
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
1 A set is called connected if given any two points in the set
Pradeep
Boggarapu
there is a polygonal line connecting the two points.
Definition
Geometry of
complex 2 A nonempty open connected set in the complex plane is
numbers
Polar form or
called a domain.
exponential
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Connected Set, Domain and Region
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
1 A set is called connected if given any two points in the set
Pradeep
Boggarapu
there is a polygonal line connecting the two points.
Definition
Geometry of
complex 2 A nonempty open connected set in the complex plane is
numbers
Polar form or
called a domain.
exponential
form
Topology on
Complex
3 A domain with some ( none, all, some ) of it’s boundary
Plane
points is called a region.
Bounded Regions and Accumulation Point
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
1 A region is called bounded if it is contained in a circle of
Pradeep
Boggarapu
radius R for some R.
Definition
Geometry of
complex
numbers
Polar form or
exponential
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Bounded Regions and Accumulation Point
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
1 A region is called bounded if it is contained in a circle of
Pradeep
Boggarapu
radius R for some R. H = {z ∈ C : Re(z) > 0} is an
Definition example of an unbounded region.
Geometry of
complex
numbers
Polar form or
exponential
form
Topology on
Complex
Plane
Bounded Regions and Accumulation Point
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
1 A region is called bounded if it is contained in a circle of
Pradeep
Boggarapu
radius R for some R. H = {z ∈ C : Re(z) > 0} is an
Definition example of an unbounded region.
Geometry of
complex
numbers
Polar form or
2 A point z is called an accumulation point ( or a limit point)
exponential
form of S if every deleted neighborhood of the point contains a
Topology on
Complex point of the set S.
Plane
Bounded Regions and Accumulation Point
Mathematics
II, Spring 2019
1 A region is called bounded if it is contained in a circle of
Pradeep
Boggarapu
radius R for some R. H = {z ∈ C : Re(z) > 0} is an
Definition example of an unbounded region.
Geometry of
complex
numbers
Polar form or
2 A point z is called an accumulation point ( or a limit point)
exponential
form of S if every deleted neighborhood of the point contains a
Topology on
Complex point of the set S.
Plane
1
{ : n ∈ N}
n