2015 International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Communications (ATC)
An Adaptive Compressed Video Steganography
Based on Pixel-Value Differencing Schemes
Tarik Faraj Idbeaa, Salina Abdul Samad, Hafizah Husain
Department of Electrical, Electronics and Systems Engineering
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
43600Bangi, Malaysia
Emails: tidbeaa@siswa.ukm.edu.my, salina@eng.ukm.my, hafizah@eng.ukm.my
Abstract— Recent developments in both information and
communication security have heightened interest in
enhancing the embedding capacity for data handling
techniques. Although many steganographic techniques, in
the literature, have been developed for this purpose, most
of them distort the quality of the host-signal during data
embedding and the changes will be become visible to the
human eye especially for those signals distributed via the
Internet which must be processed by a low bit rate
compression due to bandwidth limitations. Therefore, the
challenge is to create a steganographic technique that is
able to hide acceptable amount of data without altering the
quality of the host-signal. In this paper, pixel-value
differencing (PVD) steganographic scheme and its two
modified versions, namely, enhanced pixel-value
differencing (EPVD) and tri-way pixel-value differencing
(TPVD) were implemented, analyzed and compared in
terms of invisibility, fidelity and impact of data hiding on
the compression efficiency. Experimental results indicate
that the EPVD scheme is capable of providing better
performance than other compared schemes.
Keywords: tri-way pixel-value differencing (TPVD); enhanced
pixel-value differencing (EPVD); watermark; steganography;
MPEG-2
I. INTRODUCTION
Data-hiding techniques are being developed to discover
new methods of protecting privileged or confidential
information from public access. The process of hiding
information in images and audio files has already been
investigated. However, embedding data in a video file is
currently the subject of several investigations to respond to the
needs and constraints of current applications [1]. Furthermore,
large video bandwidths mean that larger volumes of data can
be embedded in video files [2]. Even though video
steganography schemes that embed data in uncompressed
domains have already been proposed, researchers still attempt
to respond to application demands and embed private
information during or after the compression process. Although
significant effort has been devoted to this subject by the
scientific community, existing studies are still considered
insufficient in overcoming all data-hiding problems. In most
cases, the schemes used for embedding data in compressed
video should not be compatible with the ones used in
The work presented in this paper is supported by Universiti Kabangsan
Malaysia (UKM) grants DIP-2012-03 and DPP-2014-016.And also Libyan
ministry of higher education and University of Garyan through post graduate
scholarship.
978-1-4673-8374-5/15/$31.00 ©2015 IEEE
uncompressed video. Among the available video compression
standards, MPEG-2 remains the most considered because of its
high quality and the availability of hardware that supports this
format. The present study investigates and analyzes the impact
of embedding a large amount of data in an invisible manner
into the Y components (brightness) of the YUV color space of
an MPEG-2 compressed video. Thus, the use of unaffected Y
channel instead of the U and V channels of MPEG-2 intra- and
inter-frames (I-, P- and B-frames) results in low, undesirable
color distortions that may affect the output of stego frames.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section II,
the MPEG-2 video codec is presented. An overview of the
previous data embedding methods related to compression
domain and to this video standard is reviewed in Section III.
The implementation of the proposed system and performance
evaluation is presented in Section IV. Accordingly, EPVD and
TPVD algorithms are described. Experimental results are
presented and performance of the proposed method against the
existing ones is examined in Section V. Section VI offers the
conclusion of the paper.
II. REVIEW ON MPEG-2 COMPRESSION STANDARD
Due to the huge amount of the data present in motion video,
the MPEG-2 is designed as compressed digital video standard
which removes both the temporal and spatial redundancy.
Further reduction of the redundancy data is achieved by run
length and variable length coding. The MPEG-2 is split into a
hierarchy layers stared with video sequence layer and ended
with block layer. The video sequence layer consists of a
number of GOPs. The frames of each GOP in this study are
independently encoded and decoded. Usually, the GOP
structure consists of three types of pictures: intra-frame (I-
frame), bidirectional-frame (B-frame), and the predictive-frame
(P-frame) and the GOP may take different length (i.e.
composed of one I-frame, some B-frames and, possibly some
P-frames). However, it should not be too long to avoid error
that may occur. In this study, The GOP is chosen to be length
of six with the display order of “IBBPBB,”. Each of these
pictures is broken up into M number of slices where each slice
is further broken up into N numbers of macro-blocks (MBs)
and each MB has four 8 × 8 luminance blocks (Y) and two
chrominance blocks (U and V). The content of each block is a
2-D DCT coefficient that is quantized using uniform scalar
quantizer (USQ) specified by a fixed quantization table which
is then VLC coded. Given that Y-component (brightness)
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 2015 International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Communications (ATC)

blocks are located in an unaffected channel; these are used as better security compared with PVD-based method while still
host blocks to minimize the color distortion in the embedded retaining the advantage of hiding a large amount of data.
video.
IV. SYSTEM OVERVIEW
III. PREVIOUS WORK ON VIDEO STEGANOGRAPHY The proposed system is illustrated in Figure 1. Each frame
Numerous data-hiding methods have been proposed is first divided into N numbers of MBs each of which has four
recently for embedding information in images, sound and video 8 × 8 luminance blocks and two chrominance blocks. Each
signals. However, due to the requirements by some non-overlapped 8 × 8 block is transformed using DCT into 64
applications for larger embedding capacity and to insure better DCT coefficients (TCs). These TCs are subsequently quantized
security for both information and communication, the video using USQ. After this the selected steganographic scheme is
streams have attracted a lot attention recently. In this case, the applied where the embedding process only considers the AC-
confidential information can be hidden either into images QTCs of Y-channel of both intra- and inter-frames. Finally, all
(frames) or into audio part of the video streams. the QTCS are then zigzag scanned, and VLC coded.
Singh and Dubey [3] proposed data embedding scheme
based on the use of the quantization index modulation for
MPEG-2 video. The scheme embeds data into the DC-QTCs of
I- and P- frames during the MPEG-2 video encoding process.
Since the scheme was tested on video sequence with frame
resolution of 320 × 240, thousands of data bits were embedded
in just one selected frame type. To reduce the effect on the
visual video quality, QIM was adjusted according to the size of
DC-QTCs. To preserve the quality of the stego frame, [4]
proposed data embedding scheme in the compressed domain
based on use of the AC-QTCs with the lower frequency only.
The scheme embeds 2-D binary image watermarks into the
MPEG-2 bit streams by modifying the AC-QTCs.
The AC components with the higher frequencies in addition Figure1. Top level view of embedding process in compressed domain
to DC component were avoided. In [5] a blind video
watermarking scheme that embeds data into the I-frames in A. Embedding data using EPVD Technique
H.264 compressed domain has been proposed. Here, an To embed data bits, the selected AC-QTCs of the selected
inexpensive spatiotemporal analysis was performed to select frame are rearranged as a row vector of non-overlapping units,
the appropriate sub-MBs for embedding. As result, the
where each is composed of two consecutive QTCS (C i , C i +1 )
robustness of the watermark has increased and the impact on
visual quality has reduced. Dutta et al. [6] proposed similar as shown in Figure 2, where ݅ and ݆ represent the location of
scheme which embeds data bits into the P-frames of the coefficient in the cover. Subsequently, the difference value
H.264/AVC video. The scheme utilizes an appropriate block d is calculated by (Ci +1 − Ci ) , where the absolute difference
i

selection method to enhance the security of the method. Only value of di is used, di ∈ [0,255] , in locating the optimum
nonzero AC-QTCs in 4 x 4 blocks of P-frames are selected for
range in the range table R k , lk ≤ d i ≤ uk . The method utilized
embedding.
a modified width range of the original PVD method that
To embed larger amount of data, Sherly and Amritha [7] reduced the Rk width wk at the indexing k = 0 , and 5, as
proposed a compressed video steganographic scheme that
described in Table I. The following modified formula is used.
embeds data bits in the MBs of I-, B- and P-frames with
maximum extent of MVs. The scheme based on an
enhancement of the data hiding concept proposed in [8] which wk = (u k − l k + 1) / 2 (1)
is a modification of the original PVD method in [9]. Data
hiding operations were defined and executed entirely in the
compressed domain. Both DC- and AC frequencies
components of each employed frames are employed.
Experimental results prove that such a method can achieve
excellent performance. Another steganographic scheme based
video compressed domain is proposed by [10]. The proposed
scheme used an EPVD scheme which is another modification
of the original PVD method in [9]. The scheme reduced the
distortion drift caused by reversible data hiding within selected
AC-QTCs of both intra and inter frames for MPEG-2 video
during compression. Based on the their obtained simulation
results, the authors reported that the proposed scheme
Figure 2. Sample of vectorized 8 × 8 coefficients block in EPVD scheme.
successfully improves the perceived quality and achieves much

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 2015 International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Communications (ATC)

TABLE I. RANG TABLE selected QTCs block within a frame is classified as having
k 0 1 2 3 4 5 horizontal, vertical, or diagonal direction. Accordingly, four
[ lk uk ] 0-7 8- 15 16- 31 32- 63 64-127 128- 255 coefficients pairs in each block denoted by C(i, j ) , C(i, j +1) ,
wk 4 8 16 32 64 64 C(i +1, j ) , and C( i +1, j +1) are used for embedding. Thus, in each
ti 1 1 2 2 3 3 block, the four AC-QTCs pairs are denoted
by C0 = (C(i, j ) , C(i, j +1) ) , C1 = (C(i , j ) , C(i +1, j ) ) , C2 = (C(i, j ) , C(i +1, j +1) ) ,and
The number of data bits, n, that can be embedded within C3 = (C(i +1, j ) , C(i +1, j +1) ) . Therefore, four values
the two consecutive QTCs is determined by a new modified
related to the four pixel pairs can be derived
factor to decrease the changing of the magnitude of the
through the following equations:
coefficient value according to the following equation:

n = ¬log 2 ( wk )) / 2¼ (2) d 0 = (C(i , j +1) − C(i , j ) ) , d1 = (C(i +1, j ) − C(i , j ) ) (6)

The n bits are selected from the data binary stream, and
diverted into a decimal value denoted as b. Accordingly, a new
difference d i' is given by:
d 2 = (C( i +1, j +1) − C(i , j ) ) , d3 = (C( i +1, j +1) − C(i +1, j ) )
As in the original PVD method, the absolute difference
di'in the TPVD method is used to find a suitable range R k ,
k = (0,1,..., n − 1) , related to each di in the designed range table,

­ l + b if d i ≥ 0 respectively. Hence, the amount of bits to be embedded ( ti )

d i' = ® k (3) into each corresponding pair is calculated using the width of
¯− (l k + b ), if d i < 0 the nearest range ( wk ), ti = log 2 ( wk ) .
As result, newly modified consecutive coefficients are
obtained from the embedding process as defined below:

­ ª d i' − d i º « d i' − d i »
° (C i − « » , C i +1 + « » , if d is odd
' ' ° « 2 » «¬ 2 ¼» (4)
(C i , C i +1 ) = ®
° (C − « d i − d i » , C « d i' − d i » , if d is even
'

° i «¬ » i +1 + « »
¯ 2 ¼ «¬ 2 ¼»

Finally, the corresponding 2-QTCs in the block are

replaced with the new modified coefficients. These processes
are repeated for each unit in the vector until all bits in the data
stream are embedded. To retrieve the embedded data, the target
coefficients are first rearranged in the row vector of non-
overlapping units similar to the embedding phase. Then
difference di' is determined for each given pair of QTCs and the
optimum Rk range for absolute difference di is identified. At
this point, the total number of the embedded bits n can be
computed by defined b value as following:
b ' = d i' − l k
Figure 3. Sample of vectorized 8 × 8 coefficients block in TPVD scheme.
Furthermore, the TPVD method employs two branch
conditions to avoid undesirable visual distortions that result
from the embedding of a considerable amount of bits. In the
PVD method, if any of these conditions is satisfied, then the
data bits are embedded into C0 and C3 individually. By
contrast, in the TPVD method, the data bits are embedded into
the first three coefficients instead. As a result, new difference
values, di' , are calculated using Equation (3), and the modified
(5) coefficient pairs are obtained using Equation (7), where
m = di' − d i . As three coefficient pairs share C0 , three different

The obtained b ' value is transformed into a binary string
with n bits, where n is computed using Equation 1. Finally, the
processes are repeated until all embedded data bits are
extracted.
B. Embedding data using TPVD Technique
Here, data bits are embedded in different edge directions
of the coefficients block. Contrary to the PVD method, which
uses only 2-QTCs pairs on one-directional edge for embedding
a certain amount of bits, the TPVD method utilizes four
directions of four 2-QTCs pairs by portioning the QTCs block
into a series of 2 × 2 blocks as shown in Figure 3. Each
values are gained and denoted by C0' . The C0' value may affect
the difference di' in the other two coefficient pairs. Thus, the
TPVD scheme applies an optimal selection rule to select the
best reference pair to achieve the minimum MSE for C0' .
Therefore, the coefficients values in the other two coefficient
pairs are added to offset and preserve the di' value.
­ (C i − ªm 2 º, C i + 1 + ¬m 2 ¼), if C i + 1 ≥ C i & d 'i ≥ d i
°
° (C + ¬m 2 ¼, C i + 1 − ªm 2 º), if C i + 1 ≥ C i & d 'i < d i (7)
( C i' , C i' + 1 ) = ® i
° (C i + ªm 2 º, C i + 1 − ¬m 2 ¼), if C i + 1 < C i & d 'i ≥ d i
°
¯ (C i − ¬m 2 ¼, C i + 1 + ¬m 2 ¼), if C i + 1 < C i & d 'i < d i

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 2015 International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Communications (ATC)

In the process of retrieving data bits, the stego-signal is
segmented as performed in the embedding phase, and the di'
values are calculated using Equation (3). Then, for each AC-
QTCs block, the branch conditions are tested to check whether
the PVD or TPVD method has been applied to the block.
In this table, Vs is the source video file size, VP is the processed
video file size, Fm, n is the original frame, and Fm' ,n is the
modified frame. ȝ represents the mean intensity of the Fm, n and
, CS1 and CS 2 are constants. In addition, m and n are the
Fm' ,n

Therefore, if any of the mentioned branch conditions is coefficient coordinates in M × N frame.

satisfied, then the PVD method is applied to the block and the
decimal value of the embedded bits are retrieved from
d 0' and d3' ; otherwise, d 0' , d1' , and d 2' are used to retrieve the
embedded bits. The decimal value of the embedded bits is
computed as
b ' = d i' − lk , i = 0,...,3
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The system is implemented and simulated using MATLAB
version 7.17.0.739. "Foreman" CIF test video sequence with
150 frames, PAL (352 x 288) is used. A maximum of
embedded data payload rate of 32768 bpf is hidden within each
I, P- and first B-frames of each of the 25 GOPs of the
(8) compressed video.

C. Performance Evaluation A. Compression Performance

The performance evaluations of the methods are carried out Although the same amount of the data bits has been
embedded, each scheme provides a different size, CR, and
by examining the techniques in terms of their effects on the file
bitrate changes to the output stego video file as shown in
size and imperceptibility. Capacity refers to the amount of data Table III. Although the PVD scheme utilized the lower
that can be hidden in the cover frame. Transparency refers to number of QTC blocks compared with the EPVD technique,
the invisibility of the hidden data without the degradation of the alteration in the stego file size has increases considerably
the visual perception quality. Many quality metrics are used to this is because the EPVD has a minimal modification in the
measure and evaluate various compression and hiding selected AC-QTCs especially for those with magnitude zero.
techniques for images and videos. In this study, four Using the compressed file size as the reference, for I-, P- and
measurements are used to evaluate the performance of the B-frames, the average increase of the stego file size is 3.19%,
proposed method and are listed in Table II. CR has been 3.48% and 3.77%, respectively for PVD, 1.74%, 2.61% and
identified as the number of bits of the original video divided by 2.61%, respectively for EPVD, and 2.32%, 2.61% and 2.61%,
the number of bits used to represent the compressed video. respectively for TPVD. The relationship between CR and
Video file size is non-linear and exponential. Thus, the CR
MSE metric measures the difference between the reference and
decreases as the video file increases, and vice versa.
processed data signals. The large MSE value means that
modified signal is poor quality. PSNR works based only on the B. Imperciptibility Performance
measurement of the power of distortion present in the
Visual quality is very important in evaluating the
processed signal to the information in the reference signal.
performance of any steganographic system. To demonstrate
Larger PSNR value indicates a smaller difference between the the visual quality of MPEG-2 compression, a sample of the 3rd
reference signal and processed signal which in turn means that I-frame of MPEG-2 compressed sequence and MPEG-2
the distorted signal is good quality. The SSIM metric is based compressed sequence with embedded data using the methods
on structural content and estimates the similarity of two data in [8, 9, 10] at embedded data rate of 32768 bpf is shown in
signals by measuring the visible difference between distorted Figure 4 for all of the three data hiding schemes. Notably, for
and reference data signals. The output of SSIM value is all frame types, no noticeable visual distortion was observed
confined in the range between 0 and 1. If SSIM value is closed in the stego frame generated from applied EPVD method,
to 1, then the distorted signal is of good quality. which appeared to be identical while it is slightly appeared in
PVD method and considerably visible in the TPVD method.
TABLE II. LIST OF MEASUREMENTS USED TO EVALUATE THE To determine the effect of data hiding on the quality of the
PERFORMANCE OF THE EMBEDDING METHOD stego video sequences, the quality metrics given in Table II
Metric Name Description are used to evaluate the quality of stego video (compressed +
Compression Vs embedded) with respect to compressed video. On a frame-by-
CR = frame basis, the figures depicted in Figures 5 and 6 show the
ratio (CR) VP
M N
per-frame plots of the quality performances of Y-PSNR and
¦¦ (F
Mean square 1 Y-SSIM metrics respectively versus frame number for the
MSE = m, n − Fm' , n ) 2
error (MSE) MN “Foreman” video sequence when I-, first P- and B-frames are
m =1 n =1
Peak signal to § max(F 2 ) ·
considered and sample of the SSIM error map of the Y-
noise ratio PSNR = 10 log10 ¨
¨ MSE ¸
¸ channels of the intra stego frame within the 3rd GOP is given
(PSNR) © ¹ in Figure 7. Although the number of unchanged coefficients in
Structural (2μ μ F F'
)(
+ CS1 2σ ' + CS 2 ) the PVD and TPVD techniques is considerably lesser than the
number of changed coefficients of the EPVD technique, on
SSIM ( F , F ' ) =
( )( )
FF
Similarity Index
Metric (SSIM) μ F2 + μ ' + CS1 σ F2 + σ 2 ' + CS 2
2
average, Figures 5 and 6 show that EPVD achieved higher Y-
F F
PSNR and Y-SSIM values which demonstrate that the

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 2015 International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Communications (ATC)

embedded data introduces little influence on the video to previous work, the experimental results have demostrated
sequences. This finding satisfies the fact that the distortions that the proposed EPVD provides better invisibility than the
are invisible while the rest of the techniques have a significant PVD or TPVD schemes.
influence on the video and indicating that the distortions are
visible. For the I-, P- and B-frames, the average decrease in Y-
PSNR for EPVD is 9.44, 6.61 and 6.29 dB, respectively while
it is 10.67, 10.03 and 10.23 dB, respectively, for PVD scheme
and it is 15.86, 11.33 and 11.02, respectively, for TPVD
scheme. The average decrease in Y-SSIM for EPVD is
0.0907, 0.0708 and 0.0693 for the I-, P- and B-frames, (a) MPEG-2 I-frame (e) MPEG-2 P-frame (i) MPEG-2 B-frame
respectively, while it is 0.0970, 0.0966 and 0.0967,
respectively, for the same frame types when PVD scheme is
utilized and it is 0.0958, 0.0769 and 0.0704, respectively for
TPVD scheme. The SSIM map is more consistent with
observations related to the imperceptibility performances of
stego video sequences for all embedding schemes. Generally,
brighter blocks (SSIM values are closer to 1) correspond to a
higher similarity between the stego coded frame and its (b) I-frame with PVD (f) P-frame with PVD (j) B-frame with PVD
corresponding coded frames without data embedding. From
the Figure 7, an evident observation based on the maps is that
EPVD performs best among all other embedding schemes. Y-
SSIM map for EPVD vary minimally while it is significant for
the PVD scheme especially for the top side of the frame and
the frame generated by TPVD is are heavily distorted.
(c) I-frame with EPVD (g) P-frame with EPVD (k) B-frame with TPVD
VI. CONCLUSION
An adaptive video steganography based on enhanced
pixel-value differencing (EPVD) scheme was presented and
analyzed in terms of effectiveness in concealing data in the
MPEG-2 compressed video. The proposed scheme operates
directly in the compressed domain. The scheme embeds data
bits in the AC-QTCs of luminance components for both the
intra- and inter frames without altering the MV information or (d) I-frame with TPVD (h) P-frame with TPVD (l) B-frame with TPVD
any of the critical side information. The evaluations of the Figure 4. Visual quality samples of the I-, P- and B-frames within the 3rd
algorithms were analyzed and discussed based on the main GOP of the compressed-domain video steganography for “Foreman” clip.
steganography issues, such as invisibility, fidelity and the
impact of data hiding on the compression efficiency. Compared

TABLE III. DATA HIDING RESULTS WITH THE INTRA AND THE INTER FRAMES OF THE "FOREMAN" VIDEO SEQUENCE FOR DIFFERENT STEGANOGRAPHIC
TECHNIQUES FOR THE SCENARIO THAT THE DATA PAYLOAD OF 32768 BITS ARE EMBEDDED IN THE MPEG-2 ENCODER
Method in [9] Method in [10] Method in [8]
Sequence Properties Original File Compressed File
I P B I P B I P B
File size (MB) 21.7 3.45 3.56 3.57 3.58 3.51 3.54 3.54 3.53 3.54 3.54
Foreman Bitrate (Mbps) - 5.52 5.70 5.71 5.73 5.62 5.66 5.66 5.65 5.66 5.66
CR - 6.29 6.10 6.08 6.06 6.18 6.13 6.13 6.15 6.13 6.13

Per frame Y-PSNR quality performance Per frame Y-PSNR quality performance Per frame Y-PSNR quality performance
34 38 38

32 36
36
Y-PSNR [dB]

Y-PSNR [dB]
Y-PSNR [dB]

PVD scheme 34
30 PVD scheme
EPVD scheme
32 34 EPVD scheme
28 TPVD scheme
TPVD scheme
30
PVD scheme 32
26
28 EPVD scheme
TPVD scheme
24 26 30
5 10 15 20 25 1 5 10 15 20 25 1 5 10 15 20 25
Frame no Frame no Frame no
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 5. Per frame scatter plots for Y-components PSNR quality predicted values for the 25 I-, P- and B-frames of the 25 GOPs of the stego “Foreman” MPEG-
2 video at the embedded payload rate of 32768 bpf: (a) Y-PSNR for selected I-frames, (b) Y-PSNR for selected P-frames and (c) Y-PSNR for selected B-frames.

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Per frame Y-SSIM quality performance Per frame Y-SSIM quality performance Per frame Y-SSIM quality performance
0.9 0.92 0.92

0.89 0.9 0.9

Y -S S IM
Y -S S IM
Y -S S IM

0.88 0.88 0.88

0.87 PVD scheme 0.86 PVD scheme 0.86 PVD scheme

EPVD scheme EPVD scheme EPVD scheme
TPVD scheme TPVD scheme TPVD scheme
0.86 0.84 0.84
1 5 10 15 20 25 1 5 10 15 20 25 1 5 10 15 20 25
Frame no Frame no Frame no
(a) (b) (c)

Figure 6. Per frame scatter plots for Y-components SSIM quality predicted values for the 25 I-, P- and B-frames of the 25 GOPs of the stego “Foreman” MPEG-
2 video at the embedded payload rate of 32768 bpf: (a) Y-SSIM for selected I-frames, (b) Y-SSIM for selected P-frames and (c) Y-SSIM for selected B-frames.

(a) (b) (c)

rd
Figure 7. Samples of SSIM quality map for Y-components of the I-frame within the 3 GOP of the stego MPEG-2 “Foreman” at the embedded data rate of
32768 bpf using different steganographic methods: (a) PVD [9] ,(b) EPVD [10] and (c) TPVD [8].

This result can be attributed to the inability of the human eye
to distinguish a small change; thus, both stego frame and
reference frame (original) would look identical. Moreover, the
EPVD still satisfies the capacity constraints without adversely
affecting the overall file size, CR, bitrate and the SSIM/PSNR
of the stego video bitstream. This achieves the optimal
tradeoff between data payload and distortion to video quality
due to the embedded data bits.
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