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Week 1 PDF
Week 1 PDF
Week 1 PDF
References:
Main references:
▪ Marigan, M et al., Brock Biology of Microorganism, 14th edition, 2015
▪ Microbiology: An Introduction Tortora
Complementary references:
▪ Okafor, N and Okeke, B.C., Modern Industial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2nd edition
▪ Waites, M.J., et al., Industrial Microbiology: An Introduction
▪ Shuler, M.L., Bioprocess Engineering Basic Concepts, 2nd edition
Outline of Industrial Microbiology Course
Week 1
- Pengertian mikrobiologi
- Pengertian mikroorganisme
- Penamaan mikroorganisme
- Sejarah penemuan mikroorganisme
- Pengelompokan mikroorganisme
Introduction to Industrial Microbiology:
In industrial microbiology the microorganisms involved or their products are very valuable and the raison
d’etre for the existence of the industrial microbiology establishment.
Introduction to Industrial Microbiology
In a modern industrial microbiology organization these others may include chemical or production engineers,
biochemists, economists, lawyers, marketing experts, and other high-level functionaries.
Introduction to Industrial Microbiology
c. Determine the environmental conditions for the organism’s optimum productivity i.e., pH,
temperature, aeration, etc.
d. monitor the process for the absence of contaminants, and participate in quality control to
ensure uniformity of quality in the products
The science of microbiology is all about microorganism, and how they work, especially the bacteria, a very large
group of very small cells that have enormous basic and practical importance.
Microbial cells. (a) Bioluminescent (light-emitting) colonies of the bacterium Photobacterium grown in laboratory
culture on a Petri plate. (b) A single colony can contain more than 10 million (107) individual cells. (c) Scanning
electron micrograph of cells of Photobacterium
Introduction to Industrial Microbiology
Microorganisms are the smallest form of life. Nevertheless, they are the bulk of biomass of earth and carry out
many necessary chemical reactions for higher organism. Indeed, the very oxygen we breathe is the result of past
microbial activity.
Microbial communities. (a) A bacterial community that developed in the depths of a small Michigan lake, showing
cells of various phototrophic bacteria. The bacteria were visualized using phase-contrast microscopy. (b) A bacterial
community in a sewage sludge sample. The sample was stained with a series of dyes, each of which stained a specific
bacterial group. (c) Scanning electron micrograph of a microbial community scraped from a human tongue.
The Discovery of Microorganisms
Though Hooke’s microscope was capable of showing large cells, it lacked the
resolution that would have allowed him to see microbes clearly
(a) By holding his brass microscope toward a source of light, van Leeuwenhoek was able to observe living organisms too small to be
seen with the unaided eye. (b) The specimen was placed on the tip of the adjustable point and viewed from the other side through
the tiny, nearly spherical lens. The highest magnification possible with his microscopes was about 300× (times). (c) Some of van
Leeuwenhoek’s drawings of bacteria, made in 1683. The letters represent various shapes of bacteria. C–D represents a path of
motion he observed.
Pasteur and spontaneous generation
Until the second half of the nineteenth century, many scientists and philosophers
believed that some forms of life could arise spontaneously from non-living matter; they
called this hypothetical process spontaneous generation.
Pasteur and spontaneous generation
→He filled several short-necked flasks with beef broth and then
boiled their contents. Some were then left open and allowed to cool.
In a few days, these flasks were found to be contaminated with
microbes.
This process, called fermentation, is used to make wine and beer. Souring and spoilage are caused by different
microorganisms, called bacteria. In the presence of air, bacteria change the alcohol into vinegar (acetic acid).
Pasteur’s solution to the spoilage problem was to heat the beer and wine just enough to kill most of the bacteria
that caused the spoilage. The process, called pasteurization, is now commonly used to reduce spoilage and kill
potentially harmful bacteria in milk as well as in some alcoholic drinks.
The Impact of Microorganisms on Human
Death rates for the leading causes of death in the United States: 1900 and today
The Impact of Microorganisms on Human
Food and
Energy
beveragec
Microbiology
Environmental Agriculture
The Impact of Microorganisms on Human
Energy
Ethanol as a biofuel
The Impact of Microorganisms on Human
Introduction to Industrial Microbiology
Grouping of microorganisms
The Three-Domain System
Prokaryotes that do not have
peptydoglican in their cell
walls
Cells of Bacteria and Archaea
The typically small size of prokaryotes affects many aspects of their biology
In microbiology, the term morphology means cell shape
Cell morphologies. Beside each drawing is a phase-contrast photomicrograph of cells showing that morphology. Coccus (cell diameter in
photomicrograph, 1.5 μm); rod (1 μm); spirillum (1 μm); spirochete (0.25 μm); budding (1.2 μm); filamentous (0.8 μm). All
photomicrographs are of species of Bacteria. Not all of these morphologies are known among the Archaea, but cocci, rods, and spirilla are
common
Cells of Bacteria and Archaea
Why are the cells of a given species the shape they are?
- Optimization for nutrient uptake (small cells and others with high surface to volume ratios, such as
appendaged cells
Two very large Bacteria. (left) Epulopiscium fishelsoni. The rod-shaped cell is about 600 μm (0.6 mm) long and 75 μm wide
and is shown with four cells of the protist Paramecium (a microbial eukaryote), each of which is about 150 μm long. (right)
Thiomargarita namibiensis, a large sulfur chemolithotroph and currently the largest known of all prokaryotic cells. Cell
widths vary from 400 to 750 μm.
Cells of Bacteria and Archaea
The volume needed to house the essential components of a free living cell-proteins,
nucleic acids, ribosomes, and so on – a structure 0.1 µm in diameter or less is
insufficient to do the job, and structures 0.15 µm in diameter are the marginal