fhyzpj;Jtj;jpw;Fk; etfhyzpj;Jtj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd

NtWghLfis gFg;gha;T nra;f.

J.DHARSHAN
EU/IS/2015/AC/55
CS5855
PSS 2222
 rkfhy murpay; fUj;jpay;fspy; fhyzpj;Jtk; kw;Wk; etfhyzpj;Jtk; vd;gd
gpujhd ghlg;gug;Gfshf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mj;NjhL ,d;Wk; ,itfs; gw;wpa Ma;TfSk;
Njly;fSk; mjpfupj;Jf; nfhz;Nl nry;fpd;wd. me;j tifapy; fhyzpj;Jtj;jpd;
njhlu;r;rpNa etfhyzpj;Jtk; vdf; $wg;gl;lhYk; ,t;tpU JiwfSf;Fkpilapy;
NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdbg;gilapy; fhyzpj;Jtk;> etfhyzpj;Jtk;
vd;git tiutpyf;fzk; uPjpahfTk; NtWghLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. fhyzpj;Jtj;jpd;
tuyhwhdJ jdpj;Jt r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay;> fyhr;rhu $Wfisf; jpzpj;jNj
MFk;. RUq;ff; $wpd; xU gyk; nghUe;jpa muR jd;id tpl gyk; Fd;wpa murpd;
Mjpf;fj;ijr; nrYj;jp RNjrpa kf;fspd; r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay;> fyhr;rhu
$Wfis mopj;J jq;fSila r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay;> fyhr;rhu $Wfis
jpzpg;gNj fhyzpj;Jtk; vd $wyhk;. ,t;thwhd fhyzpj;Jtj;jpd; njhlu;r;rpahdJk;
kiwKfkhdJk; nraw;ghNl etfhyzpj;Jtk; vdf; $wg;gl;lhYk;
fhyzpj;Jtj;jpypUe;J etfhyzpj;Jtk; gy NtWghLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
me;jtifapy; fhyzpj;Jt ehLfs; murpay; uPjpahf Rje;jpuj;ij mile;jhYk;
nghUshjhu uPjpahf njhlu;r;rpahd fhyzpj;Jtj;jpw;Fs; kiwKfkhd tbtpy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

fhyzpj;Jtk;
jdpj;Jt r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay;> fyhr;rhu ghuk;gupaq;fisAk;
ngWkhdq;fisAk; rpijj;J jdJ fyhr;rhuf; $Wfisj; jpzpj;jNj fhyzpj;Jt
Afj;jpd; gpujhd nraw;ghlhFk;. fhyzpj;Jtf;fhy mjpfhu ikaq;fspd; nraw;ghLfis
mt;tjpfhu ikaq;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l gz;ghl;L Vfhjpgj;jpaj;ij kpf El;gkhf
ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sdu;. fhyzpj;Jt ehLfspd; RNjr tu;j;jfj;jpy; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l
Rje;jpuk; Vw;Wkjp tu;j;jfj;jpy; VfNghfk; vd;gjhfNt ,Ue;jJ. cjhuzkhf
,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gl;l cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fis re;ijapy; tpw;gjw;Fk; gz;lkhw;WKiw
nra;tjw;Fk; cupik ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; fUth cw;gj;jpAk; Vw;WkjpAk; khj;jpuky;yhkhy;
rfy ntspehl;L tu;j;jfKk; fhyzpj;Jt murpd; VfNghfkhfNt ,Ue;jJ. RWq;fr;
nrhd;dhy; gpw ehl;Lf; fg;gy;fs; tUtjw;F mDkjp kWf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,yq;ifapy;
kl;Lkd;wp rfy fhyzpj;Jt ehLfspYk; FbNaw;w ehLfs; ,t;thwhd VfNghf
nfhs;ifia gpd;gw;wpapUe;jJ.
Mjpfhy gFjpapy; rPdh> ,e;jpah Nghd;w gy Mrpa ehLfs; INuhg;gpahit tpl
gy JiwfspYk; tsu;r;rpaile;jpUe;jd. INuhg;gpau;fSf;F Mrpahtpy; tpw;gjw;F
vJTk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy Mdhy; nfhs;isabg;gjw;fhd nghUshjhu tsq;fs; Vuhykhf
Mrpa fhyzpj;Jt ehLfspy; fhzg;gl;ld. me;jtifapy; Mrpa ehLfspd;
nghUshjhuj;ij jk; FbNaw;w ehl;L re;ijfSf;fhfTk; %yg;nghUl;fSf;fhfTk;
gad;gLj;j Mrpa ehLfis murpay; uPjpahf FbNaw;w ehLfs; mbikg;gLj;jp
itj;jpUe;jdu;. ,JNt fhyzpj;Jtk; vdf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

etfhyzpj;Jtk;
FbNaw;w ehl;L Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Gjpa muRfspd; rhu;ghdJk; jd;dyk;
rhu;e;jJkhd nghUshjhuq;fs; me;epau;fshy; jkJ eyd;fis Ngzj;jf;f tpjj;jpy;
Vw;Wkjpia Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;l tu;j;jfg; nghUshjhukhf khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ. Gjpa
muRfspy; r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay; mikg;Gf;fs; $l Nkw;F ehLfspd; epWtdq;fs;
me;ehLfspd; ngWkhdq;fis gpujpgspf;ff; $ba tifapy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; me;epa nraw;ghLfs; ,e;ehLfspy; epiyj;J tFf;fg;gl;L
tUfpd;wJ. ,t;tbg;gil fl;Lkhdj;ij fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; Gzuikf;fTk; mgptpUj;jp
nra;aTk; Nkw;F ehLfspd; cjtpAk; MNyhridfSk; ehlg;gLfpd;wJ. ,JNt
etfhyzpj;Jtj;jpd; %yf;fUthfTs;sJ. tpQ;Qhd> njhopEl;g cjtpfSf;fhf Nkw;F
ehLfspy; jq;fpapUf;f Ntz;ba epu;ge;jk; %d;whk; kz;ly ehLfSf;Fk; tsu;e;J
tUfpd;w Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfSf;Fk; Vw;gLfpd;wd. Fwpj;j ehLfs; %yg;nghUisAk;
Copaj;ijAk; mtu;fspd; cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fSf;F ,e;ehLfis re;ijahfg;
gad;gLj;Jtij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Nl mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh
Aj;jk; jkJ Mjpf;fk; kpf;f nghUshjhu epWtdq;fis cUthf;fp ru;tNjr
nghUshjhuk; kPjhd efu;Tfis ,Uf;fkhf;fpAs;sJ. me;jtifapy; Gjpa cyf
xOq;FKiw etfhyzpj;Jtj;ij murpay; kag;gLj;jNyhL Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
1945k; Mz;L ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk; Kbtile;jijj; njhlu;e;J xU Gjpa
ru;tNjr #oYk; Gjpa murpay;> nghUshjhu xOq;fikg;Gk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.
mJtiuf;fhyKk; ,Ue;j fhyzpaj;Jtk; Njhy;tp fhz etfhyzpj;Jtk; vdg;gLfpd;w
Gjpa Vfhjpgj;jpak; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. ,g;Gjpa Vfhjpg;gj;jpaj;jpd; jyik murhf
If;fpa mnkupf;fh jpfo;fpd;wJ. ,t;thwhd mnkupf;fh jiyikapyhd Nkw;F INuhg;gpa
ehLfs; etfhyzpj;Jt Mjpf;f muRfshf cUntLj;jd. ,e;j etfhyzpj;Jt Mjpf;f
muRfspd; mzpNa 1949k; Mz;L ];jhgpf;fg;gl;l Nel;Nlh vd;fpd;w mikg;G tyJrhup
vdg;gLfpd;w Kjyhspj;Jt rpe;jidiar; rpj;jhe;jkhff; nfhz;l gyk; tha;e;j
uhZtf;fl;likgg;ghFk; mNjNtis khf;]pa rpe;jidia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l
Nrhtpaj; A+dpad; jiyikapyhd Warsaw mikg;G 1955y; cUthfpaJ. ,t;tikg;G
rpe;jhe;j uPjpahd cwit tpl Gtprhu; murpaypd; Mjpf;fg; Nghl;b fhuzkhf Gjpa
#oYf;F Vw;g jdf;nfd Gjpa cj;jpfs; vjidAk; tFf;fhJ nraypoe;J Nghd
mikg;ghfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
Gjpa xOq;fpd; gb gy muRfis tpl rf;jptha;e;j gy;Njrpaf; fk;ngdpfs;
Njrpa vy;iyfisf; fle;J IMF,IBRD Nghd;w epWtdq;fis mnkupf;f INuhg;gpa
A+dpadhfpa etfhyzpj;Jt muRfspd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;F cw;gl;l xd;whfNt
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
,t;thW Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l mbg;gilapy; fhyzpj;Jtj;jpw;Fk;
etfhyzpj;Jtj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; mit Njhd;wpa #oy;> fhyk; vd;gtw;wpd;
mbg;gilapy; NtWghlhd jd;ikfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk; ,t;tpU
JiwfSf;Fkpilapy; fhzg;gLk; NtWghLfis Nehf;Fk; NghJ mit jq;fspd;
Nehf;fq;fis mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhd Nkw;nfhz;l cj;jpfspd; mbg;gilapy; NtWghL
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
fhyzpj;Jt ehLfs; jhq;fs; Ml;rp nra;j muRfspy; jq;fs; Nehf;fq;fis
mile;J nfhs;s> jkf;F vjpuhf Nghuhba Mgj;jhd epyg;gpuGj;Jt Kiwia
,y;yhnjhopj;J jkf;F rhjfkhd ek;gpf;ifahd Nkl;Lf;Fbapdiu cUthf;fpaik>
gpupj;jhSk; je;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp RNjrpa kf;fis jkf;F vjpuhf xd;Wgltplhky;
jLj;jik> RNjrpa fyhr;rhu ghuk;gupaq;fNshL jk;ehl;L ghuk;gupaf; $Wfis
tOf;fl;lhakhf jpzpj;jik Kjyhd cj;jpfis gpd;gw;wpdu;.
cjhuzk;:- INuhg;gpa fhyzpj;Jt ehlhd gpupj;jhdpa fpof;fhrpa ehLfisAk; Mgpupf;f
ehLfisAk; ,t;thwhd cj;jpKiwfisg; gad;gLj;jpNa murpay; uPjpahf mtu;fis
mbikg;gLj;jp jkJ nghUshjhu Nehf;fq;fis mile;J nfhz;ldu;.
Mdhy; etfhyzpj;Jtj;jpy; tsu;e;j Kjhyspj;Jt ehLfs; %d;whk; kz;ly
ehLfiaAk;> tsu;e;J tUfpd;w Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfisAk; kiwKfkhf mbikg;gLj;jp
jq;fspd; Nehf;fq;fis mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhf gpd;tUk; cj;jpfisf;
ifahs;fpd;wdu;.
 I. Kjyhspj;Jtk;

Kjyhspfs; njhopyhsu;fs; vd;Nghiu ,tw;wpy; ,dk;fz;L nfhs;syhk;

Kjyhspj;Jt cw;gj;jp Kiwapd; fPo; cw;gj;jprhjdq;fspd; gq;fPlhdJ xU
ghugl;rkhdjhfTk; rkj;Jtkw;wjhfTk; ,Ue;jJ. xU rpWgFjpapdu; KjYf;F
nrhe;jf;fhuu;fhshf (Kjyhspfs;) RfNghf epiyia mDgtpf;f
ngWe;njhifapdu; ciog;gpw;F nrhe;jf;fhuu;fshf (njhopyhsu;fs;) kpf
Nkhrkhd tho;f;ifia tho;e;jdu;. ,jehs; r%f fl;likg;G khw;wkilfpd;wJ.
Kjyhspj;Jt cw;gj;jpahdJ re;ijapy; yhgj;jpid milAk; Nehf;fpy;
nraw;gl;lNjhL njhopyhsu;fspd; eyd;fspy; mf;fiuapd;wp fhzg;gl;lJ.
Kjyhspj;Jtk; ,U fl;lq;fshf tsu;r;rpaile;jJ. ,t;thwhd
Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; Mjpf;f ehlhf mnkupf;fh jpfo;tNjhL ,d;W rPdh> [g;ghd;>
INuhg;gpa A+dpad;> u\;ah> ,e;jpah Mfpa ehLfs; Kjyhspj;Jt nghUshjhu
Kiwapd; rhaiyg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;L etfhyzpj;Jtj;jpy; jdJ nry;thf;fpidr;
nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.

II. G+Nfhskakhf;fy;

jw;fhyj;jpy; r%f khw;wkhdJ kpf tpiuthf ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. r%f>

nghUshjhu njhlu;Gfs; cyfk; KOtJk; tpUj;jpaile;J nry;fpd;wJ.
rkfhyj;jpy; kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiwapy; gy;NtW mk;rq;fs; mtu;fs; thOk;
Njrq;fspy; ,Ue;J gy;yhapuk; iky;fs; njhiytpy; cs;s
tisaikg;GfspD}lhf nry;thf;fpw;F cw;gLfpd;wd. vy;iyfisj; jhz;b
cyf efu;Tfspy; kf;fs; gq;F nfhs;fpd;wdu;. cyfk; RWq;Ffpd;wJ> gpugQ;rk;
fpuhkkhf khWfpd;wJ g+Nfhskakhf;fs; 90fspy; vOe;j nrhw;gjkhFk; ,jid
mwpKfg;gLfj;jpaJ mnkupf;fhthFk; NkYk; gzpg;Nghupd; gpd;du; Njhw;wk; ngw;w
g+Nfhskakhjy; Mjpf;fKila nghUshjhu je;jpNuhghaj;jpid
ntspg;gLj;jpapUe;jJ If;fpa mnkupf;fh mwpKfg;gLj;jpa g+Nfhykakhjy;
Nfhl;ghl;il ru;tNjr kf;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; nropg;ghd tho;it
ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk; vdTk; $wg;gl;lJ. tpUk;gpNah tpUk;ghkNyh ru;tNjr
ehLfs; g+Nfhykakhjy; Nfhl;ghl;il Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
,f;Nfhl;ghLfis Vw;Wf;nfhs;s kWf;fpd;w ehLfs; kPJ ntspg;gilahdJk;
ufrpakhdJkhd murpay; nghUshjhu uh[je;jpu mOj;jq;fs;
gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;ld. g+Nfhykakhf;fy; vd;w epfo;Tg;Nghf;fhdJ cw;gj;jp
tsu;r;rpiaAk; tho;f;if cau;r;rpiaAk; khj;jpuk; je;jjy;y khwhf mJ
fl;Lf;flq;fhj Kl;b Nkhjy;fisAk; nghUshjhu murpay; uh[je;jpu
neUf;fbfisAk; Vw;gLj;jp etfhyzpj;Jtj;jpy; jd; nry;thf;fpid
njhlu;r;rpahf nrYj;jp tUfpd;wJ.

III. gy;Njrpa fk;ngdp

etfhyzpj;Jt rfhg;j;jj;jpy; nghUshjhu uPjpapy; gy;Njrpa fk;ngdpfs; xU

Kf;fpa mk;rkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. etfhyzpj;Jt ehLfspy; jkJ jha;
epWtdj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;s ,g;gy;Njrpaf; fk;ngdpfs; jkJ fpisfis %d;whk;
kz;ly ehLfspy; mikj;Js;sJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf KFC, Coca Cola, LG, Adidas,
Microsoft Nghd;wtw;iwf; $wyhk;. ,g;gy;Njrpa fk;ngdpfs; %yk; %d;whk;
kz;ly ehLfspy; KjyPLfisf; nfhz;L mit re;ijg;gLj;jg;gl;L ngUksT
yhgj;ij <l;bf; nfhs;s Kay;fpd;wd. ,it ,e;ehLfis Rarhu;Gila
 nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpiag; ngw jilahf cs;sJ. Fwpg;ghf ,d;W tsu;e;J
tUfpd;w Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfSk;> %d;whk; kz;ly ehLfSk; jq;fsJ Njrpa
nghUshjhuj;ij mgptpUj;jp nra;tjpy; gy;Njrpaf; fk;ngdpfspd; nraw;ghLfis
ghupa rthyhf vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;wdu;. nghUshjhu Mjpf;fj;ij ,e;ehLfs; kPJ
nrYj;Jtjhy; ,e;ehLfs; nghUshjhu uPjpapy; Fiw tpUj;jpj; jd;ikapy; nrd;W
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. ,jid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gy;Njrpaf; fk;ngdpfs;
nghUshjhu Rwz;lypd; %yk; cyfj;ij xNu Filapd; fPo; nfhz;LtUk;
Kaw;rpapy; etfhyzpj;Jtj;jpy; jdJ nry;thf;ifr; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.

IV. ,uhZt cjtp

xU ehL jd;dhl;L ghJfhg;Gf; fUjp Vida ehLfSld; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jp

cwTfis NgzptUk; epiy jw;fhy cyfpy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. me;j
tifapy; etfhyzpj;Jtk; NkYk; rpwg;gila %d;whk; kz;ly ehLfspy;
,uhZt cjtpfs; gyk;ngWtijf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. %d;whk; kz;ly ehLfs;
fhyzpj;Jtj;jpypUe;J tpLgl;L Rje;jpuk; ngw;whYk; cs;ehl;by; mjw;F
gpd;duhd fhyg;gFjpapy; gytpjkhd murpay; neUf;fbfSf;F Kfk; nfhLf;f
Ntz;bAs;sJ. mNef ehLfs; may; ehLfSld; gifik fhzg;gLtNj xU
ehL ,d;DnkhU ehl;bd; kPJ jhf;Fjiy Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F ,uhZt cjtpfis
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ ,jd; %yk; ,uhZt cjtpfis toq;Fk; ehL ,d;ndhU
ehl;bid mlf;fpahs Kaw;rp nra;fpd;wd. cjhuzkhf ,e;jpah> ghfp];jhd;
Nghd;w ehLfspy; nfLgpb Aj;j fhyzpj;Jtj;jpd; gpd;dUk; fzprkhd msTf;F
ntspehl;L mr;RWj;jy; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,t;thW ,uhZt cjtpahdJ
etfhyzpj;Jt CLUTk; cj;jpKiwia nfhz;L jd; nry;thf;fpidr;
nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.

V. muR rhuh epWtdq;fs;

etfhyzpj;Jtj;jpd; Nehf;fj;jpid mile;Jnfhs;s gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Vida

cj;jpKiwfNshL etPd fhyj;jpy; muR rhuh epWtdq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,t;thwhd muR rhuh epWtdq;fs; ru;tNjr mikg;Gf;fspd; xU gFjpahFk; V
fh ,e;jpah vd;Dk; gy;Njrpa epWtdkhdJ Nfu; cyf ,af;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa
gq;f tfpf;fpd;wJ Kjd;ik epwtdq;fisg; Nghy; ,it epjpfisj; jpul;b
xUq;fpidj;J gpd;G midtUf;Fk; rkkhf toq;Ffpd;wJ. NkYk; cs;ehl;by;
jkJ gzpfis nra;tjD}lhf jd; Nehf;fj;jpid etfhyzpj;Jtj;jpy; mile;J
nfhs;fpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w mT];jpNuypah
murhq;fj;jpd; World Vision Fwpg;gplyhk;.

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l mbg;gilapy; fhyzpj;Jtk; kw;Wk; etfhyzpj;Jtk; vd;gd

jq;fsJ Nehf;fq;fis fhyzpj;Jt fhyj;jpy; mile;J nfhz;ljw;Fk; jw;NghJ
etfhyzpj;Jtj;jpy; mile;J nfhz;L tUtjw;Fkhd gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;w cj;jpfspd;
mbg;gilapy; ,uz;bw;Fk; NtWghL epyTfpd;wJ. NkYk; etfhyzpj;Jt Nghf;ifj;
jPu;khzpf;fpd;w fhuzpfshf ru;tNjr xg;ge;jq;fs;> nghUshjhu Gupe;Jzu;T xg;ge;jq;fs;>
ru;tNjr mikg;Gfspy; ehLfspd; mq;fj;Jtk;> muRfspd; ntspAwTf; nfhs;iffs;
Nghd;wit jw;fhy etfhyzpj;Jtj;jpd; Nghf;ifj; jPu;khzpf;Fk; gpujhd gz;Gfshf
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 mLj;J fhyzpj;Jt murpw;Fk; jw;NghJ fhzg;gLk; etfhyzpj;Jt
muRfSf;Fk; gz;Gfs; mbg;gilapYk; ,uz;bw;Fk; ,ilapy; NtWghLfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fhyzpj;Jt muR FbNaw;w ehl;bd; midj;J tu;f;fq;fisAk;
cs;slf;fpa KO r%fj;jpidAk; jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; itj;jpUf;Fk; Mdhy; ,d;W
fhzg;gLk; etfhyzpj;Jt muRfspy; midj;J tu;f;fq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpa KO
r%fj;jpdiuAk; Rje;jpukhf nraw;gLtjw;fhd toptiffis nra;j nfhLj;Js;sJ
fhuzk; xt;nthU muRk; Rje;jpukhf nraw;gLtjd; %ykhfNt etfhyzpj;Jtk; rPuhd
Nghf;fpy; nry;tNjhL jd; Nehf;fj;jpidAk; miltjw;F VJthf ,Uf;Fk;.
fhyzpj;Jt muR FbNaw;w ehl;L tu;f;fq;fSf;f ,ilapyhd cwTfspdhy;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy me;epa ehL xd;wpd; MSk; tu;f;fk; FbNaw;w ehl;L kf;fNshL
nfhs;Sk; cwtpd; jd;ikapNyNa mike;Js;sJ. Mdhy; etfhyzpj;Jtj;jpy;
midj;J cs;ehl;L muRfspy; fhzg;gLk; tu;f;fq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd fhzg;gLk;
cwTepiy kw;Wk; midj;J ehLfSf;F ,ilapyhd cwTepiyAk; jhd;
etfhyzpj;Jtj;jpid jPu;khdpf;Fk; gpujhd gz;ghf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. fhuzk; VjhtJ
xU ehL jd; ehl;bd; nghUshjhu jd;dpiwtpw;fhf gpw ehLfspy; jq;fpapUf;Fk; Njit
Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; ,e;ehLfSf;F ,ilapy; nghUshjhu Njitfs; fUjpa cwT
epiy fhzg;gLfpd;wNj jtpw fhyzpj;Jtj;jpidg; Nghd;W Fwpg;gpl;l xU fhyzpj;Jt
ehL Fwpj;j xU ehl;Lld; kl;Lk; cwT epiyia itj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Njit ,q;F
,y;iy. cjhuzkhf ,yq;ifahdJ mgptpUj;jp NjitfSf;fhf Nkw;Fyf
ehLfisAk; ney;ypy; jd;dpiwT miltjw;fhf rPdh Nghd;w fpof;Fyf ehLfisAk;
rhu;e;J nraw;gLtjidf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
fhyzpj;Jt muRfs; FbNaw;w ehl;L ve;j tu;f;fj;ijAk; jdJ Ml;rpapd;
gq;fhsu;fshf nfhz;bUg;gjpy;iy. fhuzk; murpay; uPjpahd mjpfhuk; RNjrpfsplk;
nrd;wile;jhy; fhyzpj;Jt ehLfs; FbNaw;w ehLfspd; nghUshjhu tplaj;jpy;
Neubahf jhf;fj;ij nrYj;Jtjpy; gpd;diltpid vjpu;Nehf;Fk;. cjhuzkhf
gpupj;jhdpah fpof;fhrpa ehLfspy; Fwpg;ghf ,yq;if> ,e;jpah Nghd;w ehLfspy;
Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd;duhd fhyg;gFjpapy; RNjrpfis murpaypy; gFjpasT khj;jpuNk
,izj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;. mt;thwhd gFjpastpy; murpaypy; fhzg;gl;l RNjrpfsplk;
cj;jpNahfg; gw;ww;w mjpfhuq;fs; khj;jpuNk fhzg;gl;ld. Mdhy; etfhyzpj;Jtj;jpy;
murpay; uPjpahf fhzg;gLk; mikg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa uPjpahd mikg;Gf;fs;
Nghd;wtw;wpy; midj;J ehLfSk; cWg;Gupikg; ngw;W fhzg;gLfpd;wNjhL ,jpy;
Kjhyspj;Jt ehLfSf;F fPo; fhzg;gLk; %d;whk; kz;ly ehlfs; kw;Wk; tsu;e;J
tUfpd;w Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfs; etfhyzpj;Jtj;Jf;Fs; cw;gLk; gpujhd
cWg;Gupikfis ngw;w ehLfshFk;.
fhyzpj;Jt Ml;rpapy; cs;Su; tu;f;fq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd Kuz;ghLfis
Neubahf jkf;F rhu;ghf fhyzpj;Jt ehLfs; cgNahfpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; ,jd; %yk;
jd;ehl;L murpay;> r%f> fyhr;rhu $Wfis FbNaw;w ehLfspy; fhyzpj;Jt ehLfs;
jpzpf;f VJthf ,Uf;Fk;. mjidj; njhlu;e;J FbNaw;w ehl;bd; nghUshjhuj;ij
,yFtpy; fhyzpj;Jt ehLfs; mile;J nfhs;Sk;. cjhuzkhf ,e;jpahtpy;
fhzg;gLfpd;w ghfp];jhd; ,e;jpa vy;iyg; gpur;rpidfis jkf;F rhjfkhf
gpupj;jhdpau; gad;gLj;jpaNjhL ,e;jpahtpy; Vw;gl;l ,e;J K];ypk; fytuq;fs;
fhyzpj;Jtf; fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpy; Vw;gl gpupj;jhdpau; ,t;thwhd cs;ehl;L
gpur;rpidfis jkf;Fr; rhu;ghf gad;gLj;jpf;nfhz;likahFk;. Mdhy;
etfhyzpj;Jtj;jpy; muRfSf;Fs; fhzg;gLk; Fwpg;ghf %d;whk; kz;ly ehLfSf;Fs;
fhzg;gLk; gpur;rpidfis Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfs; kiwKfkhd Kiwapy; jk;
nghUshjhu Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf murpay; gpzf;Ffs;>
Fog;gfukhd Ml;rp khw;wq;fs>; ,df;fytuq;fs; Kjyhd tplaq;fs; %yk; %d;whk;
kz;ly muRfis ifahSk; jpwid Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfs; tsu;j;Jf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
cjhuzkhf 2018.10.27k; jpfjp ,yq;ifapy; Vw;gl;l Ml;rp khw;wj;jpy; rPdh kw;Wk;
mnkupf;fh Nghd;w Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfspd; kiwKfkhd jiyaPLfs; fhzg;gl;ld.
fhyzpj;Jt Ml;rpapd; kw;WnkhU gz;G FbNaw;w ehl;L nghUshjhuj;ij
Neubahf Rwz;Lk; jd;ikia fhyzpj;Jt ehLfs; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. fhuzk;
fhyzpj;Jt ehl;bd; gpujhd Nehf;fk; nghUshjhu yhgj;ij ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy; MFk.
NkYk; fhyzpj;Jt ehL FbNaw;w ehl;bd; nghUshjhu tsq;fs;> njhopyhsu;fs;>
re;ijfs; Nghd;w nghUshjhu gpupTfis jkJ Neubahd fl; Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;L
tUk;. Mdhy; etfhyzpj;Jtj;jpy; Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfs; %d;whk; kz;ly kw;Wk;
tsu;e;J tUk; Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfis kiwKfkhd Kiwapy; nghUshjhu
Rwz;lYf;F cw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,t;thwhd kiwKfkhd Rwz;lyhdJ ,ul;ilj; jd;ik
tha;e;jjhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
1. Njrpa nghUshjhuk; Njrpa Kjyhspfshy; Neubahf Rwz;lg;gLjy;.
2. Njrpa nghUshjhuk; gy;Njrpa fk;ngdpfs; Clhf ru;tNjr Kjyhspfshy;
Rwz;lg;gLjy;.

vd;w mbg;gilfspy; Rwz;lg;gLfpd;wJ. gy;Njrpa fk;ngdpfspd; gq;Fjhuu;fshf

RNjrpah g+\;thf;fs; ,ize;J RNjrpa ghl;lhsp kf;fis Rwz;Lfpwhu;fs;. ,r;RNjrpa
g+\;thf;fs; Njrpa murpay; nghUshjhuj;jpy; nry;thf;f nrYj;JtNjhL gy;NtW
je;jpNuhghag; gq;Ffis vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;.

,t;thW Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l gz;Gfspd; mbg;gilapYk; fhyzpj;Jtj;jpw;Fk;

etfhyzpj;Jtj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mfNt xl;Lnkhj;jkhf
Nehf;Fk; NghJ fhyzpj;Jtk; vd;gj RaMjpf;fj;jpd; eilKiwg;gFjpahf
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,J xU Fwpg;gpl;l kf;fs; $l;lj;ijAk; murpidAk; ,d;ndhU kf;fs;
$l;lj;jpw;F kw;Wk; ,d;ndhU murpw;F mbgzpa itg;gij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L
nraw;gl;l murpay; fUj;jpayhFk;. etfhyzpj;JtkhdJ Gjpa fhyzpj;Jtk; Gjpa
Vfhjpgj;jpathjk; vd;W nrhy;yg;gl;lhYk; fhyzpj;Jtj;jpd; kiwKfj;
njhlu;r;rpahfNt ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. fhyzpj;Jt ehLfs; murpay; uPjpahf Rje;jpuj;ij
mile;j gpd;du; fhyzpj;Jtj;jpd; nghUshjhu khjpupapd; njhlu;r;rpahf
etfhyzpj;Jtj;ij tiuaWf;fyhk;. RWq;ff; $wpd; etfhyzpj;Jtk; vd;gJ
Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfs; %d;whk; kz;ly ehLfs; kPJk; tsu;e;J tUk Kjyhspj;Jt
ehLfs; kPJk; kiwKfkhf nrYj;Jk; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; xU tbtkhff; $wyhk;.
vt;thwpUg;gpDk; ,t;tpU fUj;jpay;fSf;F ,ilapy; mit fhyzpj;Jtk; Njhw;wk;
ngw;W tsu;e;J Kbe;j fhyk; etfhyzpj;Jtk; jw;NghJ tsu;e;J tUfpd;w fhyk;>
mit ,uz;Lk; jq;fspd; Nehf;fq;fis miltjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;Sk; cj;jpfs;
mbg;gilapYk; kw;Wk;; ,t;tpuz;L fUj;jpay;fSf;F ,ilapyhd gpujhd gz;Gfs;
vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapYk; fhyzpj;Jtk; kw;Wk; etfhyzpj;Jtk; vd;gd NtWghlhd
jd;ikfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ vdyhk;.
crhj;Jizfs;;
https://www.politicalmanac.com/books/98-blog/subject/comparative-politics/54-2013-09-
03-14- 56-28
https://maatram;org/?=5464

http://www.keetru.com/index.php
http://sammiltn.blogspot.com/2017/01/blog-post.html?m=1