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Criminal Procedure Handout-2
Criminal Procedure Handout-2
LECTURE OVERVIEW
Second most important topic: Confessions, especially in the context of the Fifth
Amendment Miranda doctrine
2. Was the search or seizure of an area or item protected by the Fourth Amendment?
3. Did the government agent either (a) physically intrude on a protected area or
item to obtain information; or (b) violate an individual’s reasonable expectation
of privacy in a protected area or item?
4. Did the individual subjected to the search or seizure have “standing” to challenge
the government agent’s conduct?
If the search or seizure was conducted by someone who falls into one of the
categories above (and it likely will), move on to Question 2, which asks:
3. Unprotected items
There are certain categories of items whose routine exposure to third
parties renders them sufficiently “public” in nature that they merit no
Fourth Amendment protection, even if they are searched or seized by
government agents.
There are two ways in which searches and seizures by government agents can
implicate an individual’s Fourth Amendment rights:
OR
2. Privacy-based test: The agent’s search or seizure of a constitutionally
protected area violated an individual’s ____________________________
_____________________________ of privacy.
4. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE—MULTISTATE
QUESTION 4: Did the individual subjected to the search or seizure have “standing” to
challenge the government agent’s conduct?
2. if they do not own the premises, but they reside there? ___________
3. if they neither own nor reside in the premises searched, but they are
overnight guests there? _______________, as to areas overnights guests
can be expected to access
Examples: YES: living room; dining room; bathroom
NO: closet in host’s bedroom
4. if they neither own, nor reside, nor are staying overnight but are merely
using someone else’s residence solely for business purposes? __________
Example: Apartment of acquaintance used only to bag cocaine
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE—MULTISTATE 5.
If you find, at the end of ISSUE ONE, that a government agent has either
(1) physically intruded on a protected area or item to obtain information or
(2) violated an individual’s reasonable expectation of privacy in a
protected area or item and the person subjected to the search has standing
to challenge the agent’s conduct, the Fourth Amendment applies to the
search and/or seizure.
1. Probable cause
2. Particularity
To satisfy the particularity requirement, the search warrant must specify
two things:
Hypo: The police have probable cause to believe that Ted has murdered
his wife, Elaine. Forensic evidence has established that Elaine was
stabbed to death with a long, serrated knife. The district attorney applies
for a warrant to search Ted and Elaine’s apartment for the knife. The
warrant issued by the magistrate authorizes police to search “the entire
apartment, including all closed containers, for evidence linked to Elaine’s
murder.” Does this warrant satisfy particularity requirements?
What areas or items, if searched, would be outside the scope of the warrant?
A. _____________________; or
B. _____________________; or
C. would ___________________ the investigation.
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE—MULTISTATE 9.
“ESCAPIST”
E xigent Circumstances
S earch Incident to Arrest
C onsent
A utomobile
P lain View
I nventory
S pecial Needs
Terry “Stop and Frisk”
(Note: Your BARBRI materials organize these exceptions slightly differently, but
there is no substantive difference between the principles presented here and those
in your BARBRI books.)
3. Consent
A. Standard: Consent must be _____________________. For
consent to be valid, police officers do not need to tell someone that
she has the right to _____________ consent.
B. Scope of consent: An officer’s consent to search extends to all
areas for which a ___________________________________
would believe permission to search was granted.
C. “Apparent” authority: If a police officer obtains consent to search
from someone who lacks “actual” authority to grant it, the consent
is still valid under the Fourth Amendment, provided the officer
_____________________ believed that the consenting party had
“actual” authority.
12. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE—MULTISTATE
D. Shared premises:
(1) When adults share a residence, ______ resident can consent to
a search of common areas within it.
(2) However, if co-tenants who are present on the premises
disagree regarding consent to search common areas, the
____________________ party prevails, as to areas over
which they share dominion and control.
(a) But, if an objecting co-tenant is removed for reasons
unrelated to his refusal (e.g., a lawful arrest), the police
may rely on the consent of the ____________________,
consenting co-tenant.
4. “Automobile” Exception
A. Justifications: vehicles’ _______________________________
and individuals’ _____________ expectation of privacy in vehicles
B. Standard: Police officers need probable cause to believe that
___________________ or _____________________________
will be found in the vehicle.
C. Where can police officers search? The ______________ vehicle
and they may open any package, luggage, or other container that
may reasonably contain the item(s) for which there was probable
cause to search.
Hypo: Officer Evelyn has probable cause to believe that a car is being used to
transport a stolen 27" flat-screen television.
Hypo: A car is pulled over for speeding. When Officer Ed runs the
license plate through the computer, he discovers that the car has
been linked to drug trafficking activity through police surveillance.
He returns to the vehicle and proceeds to search it, finding a 5-lb
package of cocaine under the spare tire in the trunk.
Could Ed have lawfully searched the car before he ran the license
plate? _____
5. Plain View
While the officer had lawful access to the bedroom and the closet (the
“place”) and seized what he knew was contraband (“immediately
apparent” criminality), he did not have lawful access to the backpack (the
“item” searched).
6. Inventory Searches
A. Inventory searches most commonly occur in two contexts:
(1) Arrestees: when they are __________________________
(2) Vehicles: when they are ___________________________
B. Inventory searches are constitutional, provided:
(1) the regulations governing them are ___________________
__________________________;
(2) the search itself _____________________ with those
regulations; and
(3) the search is conducted in _________________________;
that is, it is motivated solely by the need to safeguard
the owner’s possessions and/or to ensure officer safety.
____. Martha was never seized since she did not _______________ to Alice’s
authority.
B. Terry Frisks
(1) WHAT IS A TERRY FRISK?
It is a ___________________ of the body and outer clothing for
__________________ that is justified by an officer’s belief that a
suspect is ______________ and ______________________.
(2) WHAT CAN YOU SEIZE IN A TERRY FRISK?
If, during a Terry frisk, an officer finds something she reasonably
believes to be a ______________, it can always be seized. If,
instead, the officer finds something she recognizes as
________________________ without manipulating the object,
she can seize it as well.
Hypo: When Officer Adele pulls Frank over for speeding, he storms out of
his car and begins screaming about how she is wasting his “valuable time”
and that he has “messed with people” for less. Afraid that he might have a
weapon, Adele frisks Frank. In his coat pocket, she detects what she
immediately recognizes to be a crack pipe. She seizes it. Is this seizure
justified?
Does Eve’s observation justify a Terry stop? ____. The teenagers’ conduct, coupled
with Eve’s corroboration of __________________ detail in the tip, provide
_________________________________ that criminal activity is present.
Does Eve’s observation justify a Terry frisk? Only if additional facts suggest that
either or both of the teenagers is _____________________________________.
3. They are warrantless and comply with the requirements and limitations
of one of the eight (8) categorical exceptions to the warrant requirement.
However, if none of these three scenarios applies to your facts, you are
faced with an unconstitutional search and seizure.
If so, you must now move on to ISSUE FOUR, which addresses the
extent to which evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment
is nonetheless admissible against a defendant in court.
V. SEARCH AND SEIZURE – ISSUE FOUR: To what extent can prosecutors use the evidence
gathered in an unconstitutional search and seizure against the defendant in court?
Hypo: The police obtained a warrant to search “John’s premises located at 2036
Park Avenue, third floor.” Upon arriving at the location, six police found two open
doors and, believing they were doors to a single, one-floor apartment, they entered
both. By the time they realized that there were two separate apartments, they had
seized drugs in Brad’s apartment, which they had entered in error. Are the drugs
admissible against Brad?
______. The belief that there was only one apartment was ________________,
based on what the officers knew, and they ______________ the search as soon as
they realized their mistake.
C _________: There must be probable cause that a specific crime has been
committed.
3. For what offenses does the Fourth Amendment permit a custodial arrest?
_____ offenses, even those punishable by a __________________________ only
4. When do you need an arrest warrant?
A. Police officers do not need a warrant to arrest someone in a ____________
_________________.
B. Absent an emergency, police officers need a warrant to arrest someone in
his or her ___________.
C. To arrest someone in the home of a third party, police officers need an
_______________ warrant and a ___________________ warrant.
VIII. CONFESSIONS (Second most important topic, especially Miranda)
1. Overview: There are three federal constitutional challenges that can be
brought to exclude a confession:
A. Fourteenth Amendment ________________________________
B. Sixth Amendment ________________________________
C. Fifth Amendment _________________________________
2. Excluding Confessions under the Due Process Clause:
What is the standard for excluding a confession under the Due Process Clause?
________________________________, which means that the confession is the
product of police coercion that ______________________ the suspect’s will.
Hypo: Believing that God has commanded him to do so, a man flies across the country
to confess to a murder he had committed years earlier. Before the officer takes his
confession, the officer gives the man his Miranda rights and obtains a waiver. In the
next 24 hours, the suspect decompensates mentally and becomes overtly psychotic. A
psychiatrist later testifies that he was psychotic at the time he confessed. Does
admitting the confession at trial violate due process, if it is found to be unreliable?
_____. The confession was ______________________ since the suspect’s will was not
_______________________ by police coercion.
Hypo: Kevin is charged with burglary. At the bail hearing, a public defender is
appointed to represent him and he is remanded to custody. Two weeks later,
during questioning by Assistant District Attorney Tamara outside the presence of
Kevin’s attorney, Kevin makes incriminating statements about the burglary and an
unrelated murder. Did Tamara’s conduct violate Kevin’s Sixth Amendment Right
to Counsel:
With respect to the murder? _____. Kevin had not been __________________
___________________ with the murder when Tamara questioned him about it.
A. Implied rights: Miranda rights are implied rights grounded in the Self-
Incrimination Clause of the _____________ Amendment.
B. There are four core Miranda warnings:
(1) the right to remain silent
(2) anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law
(3) the right to an attorney
(4) if you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed for you
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE—MULTISTATE 25.
(a) Part One: A reasonable person would have felt that she
was not at liberty to _________ the interrogation and
_______________; and
(b) Part Two: The environment presents the same
___________________________________ pressures as
the station-house questioning at issue in Miranda.
(c) Age and custody: While the custody inquiry is
_________________, it should take account of a juvenile
suspect’s age, where age is relevant and when the officer
knew or should have been aware of a child’s age at the time
of questioning.
(2) INTERROGATION: The Fifth Amendment Miranda doctrine defines
interrogation as any conduct the police _______ or ____________
________________________ was likely to elicit an incriminating
response.
*Remember: Miranda does not apply to incriminating statements
made __________________________, since they are not the
product of interrogation.
Miranda hypo 1: Four police officers entered the defendant’s bedroom at 4:00 AM. They
awakened him and immediately began questioning him about his involvement in a homicide
earlier that evening. After he gave his name, an officer told the defendant he was under
arrest. During the course of the interrogation, the defendant incriminated himself. The
prosecution argued that this in-home interrogation was not custodial for purposes of the
Miranda doctrine. Is this argument persuasive?
____. While the interrogation did not take place in an “official” setting, it was conducted by
four police officers at 4:00 AM in the bedroom of a suspect placed under arrest. Under
these circumstances: (1) a reasonable person would not feel free to _________ the
interrogation and ____________; and (2) the atmosphere reflected the same
__________________ pressures that existed in Miranda’s station-house interrogation.
26. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE—MULTISTATE
Miranda hypo 2: A police officer, posing as an inmate, is placed in a jail cell with the
defendant, who is being detained pending trial on a charge of aggravated battery. The
officer befriends the defendant and questions him about his involvement in an unrelated
murder. In response to the officer/inmate’s questions, the defendant incriminates himself.
Did the officer’s conduct violate the defendant’s Miranda rights?
her ample opportunity to _____________ the suspect before the line-up, the
_________________________ of the description she provided to the police, and the
__________________________of her identification demonstrate that the in-court
identification is based on the teller’s observations at the ____________________ and
the _________________, not at the uncounseled __________________.
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE—MULTISTATE 31.
X. GRAND JURIES
1. A valid plea: For a guilty plea to be valid, the judge must establish that it is
__________________________ and ___________________________.
2. “Plea-Taking Colloquy:” Before accepting the plea, the judge must conduct a
colloquy in open court in which she addresses on the record:
3. Withdrawing the plea: Once a defendant who has pled guilty is sentenced, it is
difficult for him to withdraw his plea. He may do so, however, if:
XIV. PUNISHMENT
1. Eighth Amendment standard:
The Eighth Amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment
disallows criminal penalties that are ___________________________
__________________________ to the seriousness of the offense committed.
Example: A repeat offender convicted of felony grand theft for stealing golf clubs
worth $1,200 was sentenced to life in prison under California’s “three strikes”
law, which greatly enhanced penalties for individuals with two or more prior
convictions for “serious” or “violent” felonies. HELD: In light of the defendant’s
long felonious history, the sentence was not grossly disproportionate to the
gravity of the offense and, thus, did not violate the Eighth Amendment.
(3) against defendants who were under the age of _____ at the time the
relevant offense occurred (not their present age)
(4) on crimes against individual persons, e.g., child rape, where the
victim did not _________
3. Sentence Enhancement:
A. Any fact that increases either the statutory maximum or the mandatory
minimum sentence for a crime must be found by the _________________,
not the _______________.
Example: Where evidence that a crime is motivated by hate allows a
sentence to be increased by 10 years beyond the statutory maximum, such
finding must be made by the jury, beyond a reasonable doubt.
XV. DOUBLE JEOPARDY (“…nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice
put in jeopardy of life or limb” by the same sovereign)
Example: If the SEC prosecutes civilly for insider trading, the U.S.
Attorney can later prosecute the same individual for securities fraud without
implicating double jeopardy.
A. General Rule: Two offenses are not the “same offense” for purposes of
the double jeopardy clause if each contains an ____________________
the other does not.
36. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE—MULTISTATE
Vehicular Manslaughter and Hit-and-Run are not the same offense for
double jeopardy purposes because:
Both offenses contain the first two elements; however, only Auto Theft
contains a third, additional element. Thus, Joyriding is a “lesser-included”
offense of Auto Theft.
(2) Is the reverse permissible? That is, if he is first tried for joyriding
(the lesser-included offense), can he later be prosecuted for auto
theft (the greater offense)?
A. Double Jeopardy bars retrial for the same offense by the same sovereign
ONLY. Who are the same sovereigns for purposes of the double jeopardy
clause?
3. Can the failure to assert the privilege in a civil proceeding undermine the ability
to assert it in a later criminal proceeding?
A. Grant of immunity:
(1) Prosecutors can grant “use and derivative use” immunity, which
bars the government from using your testimony or anything
___________________________________ to convict you.
Hypo: Erin testifies at Amanda’s trial that the two of them robbed a bank
together. Through a different witness, the prosecutor introduces footage
from the bank’s surveillance cameras that clearly show Erin and Amanda
perpetrating the crime. Can the prosecutor use this footage to convict
Erin of bank robbery in a separate trial if her testimony is subject to use
and derivative use immunity?
B. Taking the stand: By taking the stand, the defendant waives the ability to
“take the Fifth” as to anything properly within the scope of
_______________________________________.
C. Statute of Limitations: The privilege is unavailable if the statute of
limitations has run on the underlying crime since, in this circumstance, a
witness’s testimony could not expose him or her to _________________
_____________________________.
40. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE—MULTISTATE
INDEX
V. SEARCH AND SEIZURE – ISSUE FOUR (EXCLUSIONARY RULE AND ITS LIMITS) ..................19
1. Case-in-chief vs. cross-examination .............................................................................20
2. “Knock and announce” violations .................................................................................20
3. Police error.....................................................................................................................20
4. Officers’ reasonable mistakes ........................................................................................20
5. Fruit of the poisonous tree .............................................................................................20
a) General principles .............................................................................................20
b) Admitting tainted fruit.......................................................................................21
(1) “Independent source” doctrine ...................................................................21
(2) “Inevitable discovery” doctrine .................................................................21
(3) “Attenuation” doctrine ..............................................................................21
VI. WIRETAPPING AND EAVESDROPPING ....................................................................................22
1. Wiretapping ...................................................................................................................22
2. Eavesdropping ...............................................................................................................22
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE—MULTISTATE 41.
VIII. CONFESSIONS........................................................................................................................23
1. Overview........................................................................................................................23
2. Excluding confessions under Due Process Clause ........................................................23
3. Sixth Amendment right to counsel ................................................................................23
4. Fifth Amendment Miranda doctrine ..............................................................................24
a) Implied rights ....................................................................................................24
b) Core Miranda warnings ....................................................................................24
c) Core Miranda requirements ..............................................................................25
(1) Custody requirement ..................................................................................25
(2) Interrogation requirement ..........................................................................25
(3) Public safety exception ..............................................................................26
d) Respecting Miranda ..........................................................................................26
e) Miranda waivers .................................................................................................26
(1) Core requirements .....................................................................................26
(2) Executing the waiver .................................................................................27
(3) Burden of proof .........................................................................................27
f) Invoking Miranda rights .................................................................................27
(1) Right to remain silent ...............................................................................27
(2) Right to counsel ........................................................................................28
g) Limits on evidentiary exclusion .....................................................................28
IX. PRETRIAL IDENTIFICATION ..................................................................................................29
1. The three types of identifications ..................................................................................29
2. Substantive challenges to pretrial identifications ..........................................................29
a) Denial of the right to counsel ............................................................................29
(1) Fifth Amendment .....................................................................................29
(2) Sixth Amendment .....................................................................................29
b) Violations of due process .................................................................................30
3. Remedial considerations ..............................................................................................30
X. GRAND JURIES........................................................................................................................31
1. What they do ..................................................................................................................31
2. Private proceedings ........................................................................................................31
3. Mandatory or optional?..................................................................................................31
XI. PRETRIAL PROCEEDINGS .......................................................................................................31
1. “First Appearance” ........................................................................................................31
2. Evidentiary Standard .....................................................................................................31
3. Preliminary hearings ......................................................................................................31
42. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE—MULTISTATE