No further reproduction or distribution is permitted.
2013 SECTION V
ARTICLE 2
RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION
T-210 SCOPE
The radiographic method described in this Article for
examination of materials including castings and welds
shall be used together with Article 1, G eneral R eq uire-
ments. D efinitions of terms used in this Article are in
M andatory Appendix V of this Article.
C ertain product- specific, techniq ue- specific, and
application- specific req uirements are also giv en in other
M andatory Appendices of this Article, as listed in the table
of contents. These additional req uirements shall also be
complied with when an Appendix is applicable to the
radiographic or radioscopic examination being conducted.
T-220 GENERAL REQ U IREMENTS
T-221 PROCEDU RE REQ U IREMENTS
T-221. 1 W r i t t e n Pr o c e d u r e . R adiographic examina-
tion shall be performed in accordance with a written pro-
cedure. E ach procedure shall include at least the following
information, as applicable:
(a) material ty pe and thick ness range
(b) isotope or maximum X - ray v oltage used
(c) source- to- obj ect distance ( D in T- 274.1)
(d) distance from source side of obj ect to film ( d in
T- 274.1)
(e ) source siz e ( F in T- 274.1)
(f ) film brand and designation
(g) screens used
T-221. 2 Pr o c e d u r e De m o n s t r a t i o n . D emonstration of
the density and image q uality indicator ( I Q I ) image re-
q uirements of the written procedure on production or
techniq ue radiographs shall be considered satisfactory
ev idence of compliance with that procedure.
T-222 SU RF ACE PREPARATION
T-222. 1 Ma t e r i a l s In c l u d i n g Ca s t i n g s . S urfaces shall
satisfy the req uirements of the applicable materials speci-
fication or referencing C ode S ection, with additional con-
ditioning, if necessary , by any suitable process to such a
degree that the images of surface irregularities cannot
mask or be confused with the image of any discontinuity
on the resulting radiograph.
T-222. 2 W e l d s . The weld ripples or weld surface irre-
gularities on both the inside ( where accessible) and out-
side shall be remov ed by any suitable process to such a
ARTICLE 2
degree that the images of surface irregularities cannot
mask or be confused with the image of any discontinuity
on the resulting radiograph.
The finished surface of all butt- welded j oints may be
flush with the base material or may hav e reasonably uni-
form crowns, with reinforcement not to exceed that speci-
fied in the referencing C ode S ection.
T-223 B ACK SCATTER RADIATION
A lead sy mbol “B,” with minimum dimensions of 1/2 in.
( 13 mm) in height and 1/16 in. ( 1.5 mm) in thick ness, shall
be attached to the back of each film holder during each ex-
posure to determine if back scatter radiation is exposing
the film.
T-224 SY STEM OF IDENTIF ICATION
A sy stem shall be used to produce permanent identifica-
tion on the radiograph traceable to the contract, compo-
nent, weld or weld seam, or part numbers, as
appropriate. I n addition, the M anufacturer’s sy mbol or
name and the date of the radiograph shall be plainly and
permanently included on the radiograph. This identifica-
tion sy stem does not necessarily req uire that the informa-
tion appear as radiographic images. I n any case, this
information shall not obscure the area of interest.
T-225 MONITORING DENSITY LIMITATIONS OF
RADIOGRAPHS
E ither a densitometer or step wedge comparison film
shall be used for j udging film density .
T-226 EXTENT OF EXAMINATION
The extent of radiographic examination shall be as spe-
cified by the referencing C ode S ection.
T-23 0 EQ U IPMENT AND MATERIALS
T-23 1 F ILM
T-23 1. 1 Se l e c t i o n . R adiographs shall be made using
industrial radiographic film.
T-23 1. 2 Pr o c e s s i n g . S tandard G uide for C ontrolling
the Q uality of I ndustrial R adiographic Film P rocessing,
S E - 999, or paragraphs 23 through 26 of S tandard G uide
for R adiographic E xamination S E - 94 shall be used as a
guide for processing film.
7
 No further reproduction or distribution is permitted.
ARTICLE 2 2013 SECTION V

T-23 2 INTENSIF Y ING SCREENS

Ta b l e T-23 3 . 2
I ntensify ing screens may be used when performing W i r e IQ I De s i g n a t i o n , W i r e Di a m e t e r , a n d W i r e
radiographic examination in accordance with this Article. Id e n t i t y
Se t A Se t B
T-23 3 IMAGE Q U ALITY INDICATOR ( IQ I) DESIGN W ir e W ir e W ir e W ir e
D ia m e te r , in . ( m m ) Id e n t i t y D ia m e te r , in . ( m m ) Id e n t i t y
T-23 3 . 1 St a n d a r d IQ I De s i g n . I Q I s shall be either the
0 .0 0 3 2 (0 .0 8) 1 0 .0 10 (0 .25) 6
hole ty pe or the wire ty pe. H ole- ty pe I Q I s shall be manu-
0 .0 0 4 (0 .10 ) 2 0 .0 13 (0 .3 3 ) 7
factured and identified in accordance with the req uire- 0 .0 0 5 (0 .13 ) 3 0 .0 16 (0 .41) 8
ments or alternates allowed in S E - 10 25. W ire- ty pe I Q I s 0 .0 0 63 (0 .16) 4 0 .0 20 (0 .51) 9
shall be manufactured and identified in accordance with 0 .0 0 8 (0 .20 ) 5 0 .0 25 (0 .64) 10
the req uirements or alternates allowed in S E - 747, except 0 .0 10 (0 .25) 6 0 .0 3 2 (0 .81) 11
that the largest wire number or the identity number
Se t C Se t D
may be omitted. AS M E standard I Q I s shall consist of those
in Table T- 23 3 .1 for hole ty pe and those in Table T- 23 3 .2 W ir e W ir e W ir e W ir e
D ia m e te r , in . ( m m ) Id e n t i t y D ia m e te r , in . ( m m ) Id e n t i t y
for wire ty pe.
0 .0 3 2 ( 0 .81) 11 0 .10 0 ( 2.54) 16
T-23 3 . 2 Al t e r n a t i v e IQ I De s i g n . I Q I s designed and 0 .0 40 ( 1.0 2) 12 0 .126 ( 3 .20 ) 17
manufactured in accordance with other national or inter- 0 .0 50 ( 1.27) 13 0 .160 ( 4.0 6) 18
national standards may be used prov ided the req uire- 0 .0 63 ( 1.60 ) 14 0 .20 0 ( 5.0 8) 19
0 .0 80 ( 2.0 3 ) 15 0 .250 ( 6.3 5) 20
ments of either ( a) or ( b) below, and the material
0 .10 0 ( 2.54) 16 0 .3 20 ( 8.13 ) 21
req uirements of T- 276.1 are met.
(a) H o l e Ty p e I Q I s . The calculated E q uiv alent I Q I S ensi-
tiv ity ( E P S ), per S E - 10 25, Appendix X 1, is eq ual to or bet-
ter than the req uired standard hole ty pe I Q I .
(b) W i r e Ty p e I Q I s . The alternativ e wire I Q I essential
wire diameter is eq ual to or less than the req uired stan-
dard I Q I essential wire.

Ta b l e T-23 3 . 1
Ho l e -Ty p e IQ I De s i g n a t i o n , Th i c k n e s s , a n d Ho l e Di a m e t e r s
4T H o l e
IQ I Th i c k n e s s , i n . 1T H o l e D i a m e t e r , i n . 2T H o l e D i a m e t e r , i n . D ia m e te r , in .
IQ I D e s i g n a t i o n ( m m ) ( m m ) ( m m ) ( m m )
5 0 .0 0 5 ( 0 .13 ) 0 .0 10 ( 0 .25) 0 .0 20 ( 0 .51) 0 .0 40 ( 1.0 2)
7 0 .0 0 75 ( 0 .19) 0 .0 10 ( 0 .25) 0 .0 20 ( 0 .51) 0 .0 40 ( 1.0 2)
10 0 .0 10 ( 0 .25) 0 .0 10 ( 0 .25) 0 .0 20 ( 0 .51) 0 .0 40 ( 1.0 2)
12 0 .0 125 ( 0 .3 2) 0 .0 125 ( 0 .3 2) 0 .0 25 ( 0 .64) 0 .0 50 ( 1.27)
15 0 .0 15 ( 0 .3 8) 0 .0 15 ( 0 .3 8) 0 .0 3 0 ( 0 .76) 0 .0 60 ( 1.52)
17 0 .0 175 ( 0 .44) 0 .0 175 ( 0 .44) 0 .0 3 5 ( 0 .89) 0 .0 70 ( 1.78)
20 0 .0 20 ( 0 .51) 0 .0 20 ( 0 .51) 0 .0 40 ( 1.0 2) 0 .0 80 ( 2.0 3 )
25 0 .0 25 ( 0 .64) 0 .0 25 ( 0 .64) 0 .0 50 ( 1.27) 0 .10 0 ( 2.54)
3 0 0 .0 3 0 ( 0 .76) 0 .0 3 0 ( 0 .76) 0 .0 60 ( 1.52) 0 .120 ( 3 .0 5)
3 5 0 .0 3 5 ( 0 .89) 0 .0 3 5 ( 0 .89) 0 .0 70 ( 1.78) 0 .140 ( 3 .56)
40 0 .0 40 ( 1.0 2) 0 .0 40 ( 1.0 2) 0 .0 80 ( 2.0 3 ) 0 .160 ( 4.0 6)
45 0 .0 45 ( 1.14) 0 .0 45 ( 1.14) 0 .0 90 ( 2.29) 0 .180 ( 4.57)
50 0 .0 50 ( 1.27) 0 .0 50 ( 1.27) 0 .10 0 ( 2.54) 0 .20 0 ( 5.0 8)
60 0 .0 60 ( 1.52) 0 .0 60 ( 1.52) 0 .120 ( 3 .0 5) 0 .240 ( 6.10 )
70 0 .0 70 ( 1.78) 0 .0 70 ( 1.78) 0 .140 ( 3 .56) 0 .280 ( 7.11)
80 0 .0 80 ( 2.0 3 ) 0 .0 80 ( 2.0 3 ) 0 .160 ( 4.0 6) 0 .3 20 ( 8.13 )
10 0 0 .10 0 ( 2.54) 0 .10 0 ( 2.54) 0 .20 0 ( 5.0 8) 0 .40 0 ( 10 .16)
120 0 .120 ( 3 .0 5) 0 .120 ( 3 .0 5) 0 .240 ( 6.10 ) 0 .480 ( 12.19)
140 0 .140 ( 3 .56) 0 .140 ( 3 .56) 0 .280 ( 7.11) 0 .560 ( 14.22)
160 0 .160 ( 4.0 6) 0 .160 ( 4.0 6) 0 .3 20 ( 8.13 ) 0 .640 ( 16.26)
20 0 0 .20 0 ( 5.0 8) 0 .20 0 ( 5.0 8) 0 .40 0 ( 10 .16) .. .
240 0 .240 ( 6.10 ) 0 .240 ( 6.10 ) 0 .480 ( 12.19) .. .
280 0 .280 ( 7.11) 0 .280 ( 7.11) 0 .560 ( 14.22) .. .

8

2013 SECTION V
T-23 4 F ACILITIES F OR V IEW ING OF
RADIOGRAPHS
V iewing facilities shall prov ide subdued back ground
lighting of an intensity that will not cause reflections, sha-
dows, or glare on the radiograph that interfere with the in-
terpretation process. E q uipment used to v iew radiographs
for interpretation shall prov ide a v ariable light source suf-
ficient for the essential I Q I hole or designated wire to be
v isible for the specified density range. The v iewing condi-
tions shall be such that light from around the outer edge of
the radiograph or coming through low- density portions of
the radiograph does not interfere with interpretation.
T-260 CALIB RATION
T-261 SOU RCE SIZ E
T-261. 1 V e r i f i c a t i o n o f So u r c e Si z e . The eq uipment
manufacturer’s or supplier’s publications, such as techni-
cal manuals, decay curv es, or written statements docu-
menting the actual or maximum source siz e or focal
spot, shall be acceptable as source siz e v erification.
T-261. 2 De t e r m i n a t i o n o f So u r c e Si z e . W hen manu-
facturer’s or supplier’s publications are not av ailable,
source siz e may be determined as follows:
(a) X - R ay M ach i n e s . For X - ray machines operating at
50 0 k V and less, the focal spot siz e may be determined
by the pinhole method,5 or in accordance with S E - 1165,
S tandard Test M ethod for M easurement of Focal S pots of
I ndustrial X - R ay Tubes by P inhole I maging.
(b) I r i di u m - 1 9 2 S o u r ce s . For I ridium- 192, the source
siz e may be determined in accordance with S E - 1114, S tan-
dard Test M ethod for D etermining the Focal S iz e of
I ridium- 192 I ndustrial R adiographic S ources.
T-262 DENSITOMETER AND STEP W EDGE
COMPARISON F ILM
T-262. 1 De n s i t o m e t e r s . D ensitometers shall be cali-
brated at least ev ery 90 day s during use as follows:
(a) A national standard step tablet or a step wedge cali-
bration film, traceable to a national standard step tablet
and hav ing at least 5 steps with neutral densities from
at least 1.0 through 4.0 , shall be used. The step wedge ca-
libration film shall hav e been v erified within the last y ear
by comparison with a national standard step tablet unless,
prior to first use, it was maintained in the original light-
tight and waterproof sealed pack age as supplied by the
manufacturer. S tep wedge calibration films may be used
without v erification for one y ear upon opening, prov ided
it is within the manufacturer’s stated shelf life.
(b) The densitometer manufacturer’s step- by - step in-
structions for the operation of the densitometer shall be
followed.
(c) The density steps closest to 1.0 , 2.0 , 3 .0 , and 4.0 on
the national standard step tablet or step wedge calibration
film shall be read.
9
No further reproduction or distribution is permitted.
ARTICLE 2
(d) The densitometer is acceptable if the density read-
ings do not v ary by more than ± 0 .0 5 density units from
the actual density stated on the national standard step ta-
blet or step wedge calibration film.
T-262. 2 St e p W e d g e Co m p a r i s o n F i l m s . S tep wedge
comparison films shall be v erified prior to first use, unless
performed by the manufacturer, as follows:
(a) The density of the steps on a step wedge comparison
film shall be v erified by a calibrated densitometer.
(b) The step wedge comparison film is acceptable if the
density readings do not v ary by more than ± 0 .1 density
units from the density stated on the step wedge compari-
son film.
T-262. 3 Pe r i o d i c V e r i f i c a t i o n .
(a) De n s i t o m e t e r s . P eriodic cablibration v erification
check s shall be performed as described in T- 262.1 at the
beginning of each shift, after 8 hr of continuous use, or
after change of apertures, whichev er comes first.
(b) S t e p W e dge C o m p ar i s o n Fi l m s . V erification check s
shall be performed annually per T- 262.2.
T-262. 4 Do c u m e n t a t i o n .
(a) De n s i t o m e t e r s . D ensitometer calibrations req uired
by T- 262.1 shall be documented, but the actual readings
for each step do not hav e to be recorded. P eriodic densit-
ometer v erification check s req uired by T- 262.3 ( a) do not
hav e to be documented.
(b) S t e p W e dge C al i br at i o n Fi l m s . S tep wedge calibra-
tion film v erifications req uired by T- 262.1( a) shall be
documented, but the actual readings for each step do
not hav e to be recorded.
(c) S t e p W e dge C o m p ar i s o n Fi l m s . S tep wedge compari-
son film v erifications req uired by T- 262.2 and T- 262.3 ( b)
shall be documented, but the actual readings for each step
do not hav e to be recorded.
T-27 0 EXAMINATION
T-27 1 RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQ U E6
A single- wall exposure techniq ue shall be used for
radiography whenev er practical. W hen it is not practical
to use a single- wall techniq ue, a double- wall techniq ue
shall be used. An adeq uate number of exposures shall be
made to demonstrate that the req uired cov erage has been
obtained.
T-27 1. 1 Si n g l e -W a l l Te c h n i q u e . I n the single- wall
techniq ue, the radiation passes through only one wall of
the weld ( material), which is v iewed for acceptance on
the radiograph.
T-27 1. 2 Do u b l e -W a l l Te c h n i q u e . W hen it is not prac- ð13 Þ
tical to use a single- wall techniq ue, one of the following
double- wall techniq ues shall be used.
(a) S i n gl e - W al l V i e w i n g. For materials and for welds in
components, a techniq ue may be used in which the radia-
tion passes through two walls and only the weld ( materi-
al) on the film- side wall is v iewed for acceptance on the

ARTICLE 2
radiograph. W hen complete cov erage is req uired for cir-
cumferential welds ( materials), a minimum of three expo-
sures tak en 120 deg to each other shall be made.
(b) Do u bl e - W al l V i e w i n g. For materials and for welds in
components 3 1/2 in. ( 89 mm) or less in nominal outside
diameter, a techniq ue may be used in which the radiation
passes through two walls and the weld ( material) in both
walls is v iewed for acceptance on the same radiograph.
For double- wall v iewing, only a source- side I Q I shall be
used.
(1 ) For welds, the radiation beam may be offset from
the plane of the weld at an angle sufficient to separate the
images of the source- side and film- side portions of the
weld so that there is no ov erlap of the areas to be inter-
preted. W hen complete cov erage is req uired, a minimum
of two exposures tak en 90 deg to each other shall be made
for each j oint.
(2 ) As an alternativ e, the weld may be radiographed
with the radiation beam positioned so that the images of
both walls are superimposed. W hen complete cov erage
is req uired, a minimum of three exposures tak en at either
60 deg or 120 deg to each other shall be made for each
j oint.
(3 ) Additional exposures shall be made if the req uired
radiographic cov erage cannot be obtained using the mini-
mum number of exposures indicated in ( 1) or ( 2) abov e.
T-27 2 RADIATION ENERGY
The radiation energy employ ed for any radiographic
techniq ue shall achiev e the density and I Q I image req uire-
ments of this Article.
T-27 3 DIRECTION OF RADIATION
The direction of the central beam of radiation should be
centered on the area of interest whenev er practical.
T-27 4 GEOMETRIC U NSHARPNESS
T-27 4 . 1 Ge o m e t r i c U n s h a r p n e s s De t e r m i n a t i o n .
G eometric unsharpness of the radiograph shall be deter-
mined in accordance with:
where
Ug = geometric unsharpness
F = source siz e: the maximum proj ected dimension of
the radiating source ( or effectiv e focal spot) in the
plane perpendicular to the distance D from the weld
or obj ect being radiographed
D = distance from source of radiation to weld or obj ect
being radiographed
d = distance from source side of weld or obj ect being
radiographed to the film
D and d shall be determined at the approximate center
of the area of interest.
No further reproduction or distribution is permitted.
2013 SECTION V
N O TE : Alternativ ely , a nomograph as shown in S tandard G uide for
R adiographic E xamination S E 94 may be used.
T-27 4 . 2 Ge o m e t r i c U n s h a r p n e s s Li m i t a t i o n s . R e-
commended maximum v alues for geometric unsharpness
are as follows:
M a t e r i a l Th i c k n e s s , i n . ( m m ) Ug M a x i m u m , i n . ( m m )
U nder 2 ( 50 ) 0 .0 20 ( 0 .51)
2 through 3 ( 50 75) 0 .0 3 0 ( 0 .76)
O v er 3 through 4 ( 75 10 0 ) 0 .0 40 ( 1.0 2)
G reater than 4 ( 10 0 ) 0 .0 70 ( 1.78)
N O TE : M aterial thick ness is the thick ness on which the I Q I is based.
T-27 5 LOCATION MARK ERS
L ocation mark ers ( see Figure T- 275), which are to ap-
pear as radiographic images on the film, shall be placed
on the part, not on the exposure holder/cassette. Their lo-
cations shall be permanently mark ed on the surface of the
part being radiographed when permitted, or on a map, in a
manner permitting the area of interest on a radiograph to
be accurately traceable to its location on the part, for the
req uired retention period of the radiograph. E v idence
shall also be prov ided on the radiograph that the req uired
cov erage of the region being examined has been obtained.
L ocation mark ers shall be placed as follows.
T-27 5 . 1 Si n g l e -W a l l V i e w i n g .
(a) S o u r ce - S i de M ar k e r s . L ocation mark ers shall be
placed on the source side when radiographing the
following:
(1 ) flat components or longitudinal j oints in cy lindri-
cal or conical components;
(2 ) curv ed or spherical components whose concav e
side is toward the source and when the “source- to-
material” distance is less than the inside radius of the
component;
(3 ) curv ed or spherical components whose conv ex
side is toward the source.
(b) Fi l m - S i de M ar k e r s
(1 ) L ocation mark ers shall be placed on the film side
when radiographing either curv ed or spherical compo-
nents whose concav e side is toward the source and when
the “source- to- material” distance is greater than the inside
radius.
(2 ) As an alternativ e to source- side placement in
T- 275.1( a)( 1), location mark ers may be placed on the film
side when the radiograph shows cov erage bey ond the lo-
cation mark ers to the extent demonstrated by
Figure T- 275, sk etch ( e), and when this alternate is docu-
mented in accordance with T- 291.
(c) E i t h e r S i de M ar k e r s . L ocation mark ers may be placed
on either the source side or film side when radiographing
either curv ed or spherical components whose concav e
side is toward the source and the “source- to- material” dis-
tance eq uals the inside radius of the component.
10
 No further reproduction or distribution is permitted.
Source side
acceptable
Film side Source side
unacceptable acceptable
Film side
Film side Source side unacceptable
unacceptable acceptable

Flat component or longitudinal seam Curved components with radiation source to Curved components with convex surface
[See T-275.1(a)(1)] film distance less than radius of component towards radiation source

Lo c a t i o n Ma r k e r Sk e t c h e s
[See sketch (e) for alternate] [See T-275.1(a)(2)] [See T-275.1(a)(3)]
(a) (b) (c)

2013 SECTION V
F i g u r e T-27 5
11

Either side
location marker
is acceptable
D

x Mf x
Source side
unacceptable Film side
Source side marker alternate
acceptable
Flat component or logitudinal seam
Curved components with radiation source to x = (t / D) (Mf / 2) Curved components with radiation source
film distance greater than radius of curvature x = additional required coverage at center curvature
[See T-275.1(b)(1)] beyond film side location marker [See T-275.1(c)]
(d) t = component thickness (f)
Mf = film side location marker interval
LEGEND: Radiation source — D = source to component distance
[See T-275.1(b)(2)]
Location marker — (e)

ARTICLE 2
Component center —
 No further reproduction or distribution is permitted.
ARTICLE 2 2013 SECTION V

T-27 5 . 2 Do u b l e -W a l l V i e w i n g . For double- wall v iew- (b) W e l ds W i t h o u t R e i n f o r ce m e n t s . The thick ness on

ing, at least one location mark er shall be placed adj acent to which the I Q I is based is the nominal single- wall thick ness.
the weld ( or on the material in the area of interest) for Back ing rings or strips shall not be considered as part of
each radiograph. the weld thick ness in I Q I selection.

T-27 5 . 3 Ma p p i n g t h e Pl a c e m e n t o f Lo c a t i o n Ma r - T-27 6. 3 W e l d s J o i n i n g Di s s i m i l a r Ma t e r i a l s o r W e l d s
k e r s . W hen inaccessibility or other limitations prev ent W i t h Di s s i m i l a r F i l l e r Me t a l . W hen the weld metal is of an
the placement of mark ers as stipulated in T- 275.1 and alloy group or grade that has a radiation attenuation that
T- 275.2, a dimensioned map of the actual mark er place- differs from the base material, the I Q I material selection
ment shall accompany the radiographs to show that full shall be based on the weld metal and be in accordance
cov erage has been obtained. with T- 276.1. W hen the density limits of T- 282.2 cannot
be met with one I Q I , and the exceptional density area( s)
is at the interface of the weld metal and the base metal,
the material selection for the additional I Q I s shall be based
T-27 6 IQ I SELECTION on the base material and be in accordance with T- 276.1.

T-27 6. 1 Ma t e r i a l . I Q I s shall be selected from either

the same alloy material group or grade as identified in
S E - 10 25, or S E - 747, as applicable, or from an alloy mate-
rial group or grade with less radiation absorption than
the material being radiographed.
T-27 6. 2 Si z e . The designated hole I Q I or essential
wire shall be as specified in Table T- 276. A thinner or
thick er hole- ty pe I Q I may be substituted for any section
thick ness listed in Table T- 276, prov ided an eq uiv alent
I Q I sensitiv ity is maintained. S ee T- 283 .2.
(a) W e l ds W i t h R e i n f o r ce m e n t s . The thick ness on which
the I Q I is based is the nominal single- wall thick ness plus
the estimated weld reinforcement not to exceed the max-
imum permitted by the referencing C ode S ection. Back ing
rings or strips shall not be considered as part of the thick -
ness in I Q I selection. The actual measurement of the weld
reinforcement is not req uired.
T-27 7 U SE OF IQ IS TO MONITOR RADIOGRAPHIC
EXAMINATION
T-27 7 . 1 Pl a c e m e n t o f IQ Is .
(a) S o u r ce - S i de I Q I (s ). The I Q I ( s) shall be placed on the
source side of the part being examined, except for the con-
dition described in ( b).
W hen, due to part or weld configuration or siz e, it is not
practical to place the I Q I ( s) on the part or weld, the I Q I ( s)
may be placed on a separate block . S eparate block s shall
be made of the same or radiographically similar materials
( as defined in S E - 10 25) and may be used to facilitate I Q I
positioning. There is no restriction on the separate block
thick ness, prov ided the I Q I /area- of- interest density toler-
ance req uirements of T- 282.2 are met.
(1 ) The I Q I on the source side of the separate block
shall be placed no closer to the film than the source side
of the part being radiographed.

Ta b l e T-27 6
IQ I Se l e c t i o n
IQ I
So u r c e Si d e F ilm Si d e
No m i n a l Si n g l e W a l l M a t e r i a l Th i c k n e s s H o l e Ty p e Es s e n t i a l W i r e Ty p e H o l e Ty p e Es s e n t i a l W i r e Ty p e
Ra n g e , i n . ( m m ) D e s ig n a tio n H o le Es s e n t i a l W i r e D e s ig n a tio n H o le Es s e n t i a l W i r e
U p to 0 .25, incl. ( 6.4) 12 2T 5 10 2T 4
O v er 0 .25 through 0 .3 75 ( 6.4 through 9.5) 15 2T 6 12 2T 5
O v er 0 .3 75 through 0 .50 ( 9.5 through 12.7) 17 2T 7 15 2T 6
O v er 0 .50 through 0 .75 ( 12.7 through 19.0 ) 20 2T 8 17 2T 7
O v er 0 .75 through 1.0 0 ( 19.0 through 25.4) 25 2T 9 20 2T 8
O v er 1.0 0 through 1.50 ( 25.4 through 3 8.1) 3 0 2T 10 25 2T 9
O v er 1.50 through 2.0 0 ( 3 8.1 through 50 .8) 3 5 2T 11 3 0 2T 10
O v er 2.0 0 through 2.50 ( 50 .8 through 63 .5) 40 2T 12 3 5 2T 11
O v er 2.50 through 4.0 0 ( 63 .5 through 10 1.6) 50 2T 13 40 2T 12
O v er 4.0 0 through 6.0 0 ( 10 1.6 through 152.4) 60 2T 14 50 2T 13
O v er 6.0 0 through 8.0 0 ( 152.4 through 20 3 .2) 80 2T 16 60 2T 14
O v er 8.0 0 through 10 .0 0 ( 20 3 .2 through 254.0 ) 10 0 2T 17 80 2T 16
O v er 10 .0 0 through 12.0 0 ( 254.0 through 3 0 4.8) 120 2T 18 10 0 2T 17
O v er 12.0 0 through 16.0 0 ( 3 0 4.8 through 40 6.4) 160 2T 20 120 2T 18
O v er 16.0 0 through 20 .0 0 ( 40 6.4 through 50 8.0 ) 20 0 2T 21 160 2T 20

12

2013 SECTION V
(2 ) The separate block shall be placed as close as pos-
sible to the part being radiographed.
(3 ) W hen hole- ty pe I Q I s are used, the block dimen-
sions shall exceed the I Q I dimensions such that the outline
of at least three sides of the I Q I image shall be v isible on
the radiograph.
(b) Fi l m - S i de I Q I (s ). W here inaccessibility prev ents hand
placing the I Q I ( s) on the source side, the I Q I ( s) shall be
placed on the film side in contact with the part being ex-
amined. A lead letter “F” shall be placed adj acent to or
on the I Q I ( s), but shall not mask the essential hole where
hole I Q I s are used.
(c) I Q I P l ace m e n t f o r W e l ds — H o l e I Q I s . The I Q I ( s) may
be placed adj acent to or on the weld. The identification
number( s) and, when used, the lead letter “F,” shall not
be in the area of interest, except when geometric config-
uration mak es it impractical.
(d) I Q I P l ace m e n t f o r W e l ds — W i r e I Q I s . The I Q I ( s) shall
be placed on the weld so that the length of the wires is per-
pendicular to the length of the weld. The I Q I identification
and, when used, the lead letter “F,” shall not be in the area
of interest, except when geometric configuration mak es it
impractical.
(e ) I Q I P l ace m e n t f o r M at e r i al s O t h e r Th an W e l ds . The
I Q I ( s) with the I Q I identification and, when used, the lead
letter “F,” may be placed in the area of interest.
T-27 7 . 2 Nu m b e r o f IQ Is . W hen one or more film
holders are used for an exposure, at least one I Q I image
shall appear on each radiograph except as outlined in
( b) below.
(a) M u l t i p l e I Q I s . I f the req uirements of T- 282 are met
by using more than one I Q I , one shall be representativ e
of the lightest area of interest and the other the dark est
area of interest; the interv ening densities on the radio-
graph shall be considered as hav ing acceptable density .
(b) S p e ci al C as e s 7
(1 ) For cy lindrical components where the source is
placed on the axis of the component for a single exposure,
at least three I Q I s, spaced approximately 120 deg apart,
are req uired under the following conditions:
(- a) W hen the complete circumference is radio-
graphed using one or more film holders, or;
(- b) W hen a section or sections of the circumfer-
ence, where the length between the ends of the outermost
sections span 240 or more deg, is radiographed using one
or more film holders. Additional film locations may be re-
q uired to obtain necessary I Q I spacing.
(2 ) For cy lindrical components where the source is
placed on the axis of the component for a single exposure,
at least three I Q I s, with one placed at each end of the span
of the circumference radiographed and one in the approx-
imate center of the span, are req uired under the following
conditions:
(- a) W hen a section of the circumference, the
length of which is greater than 120 deg and less than
240 deg, is radiographed using j ust one film holder, or;
13
No further reproduction or distribution is permitted.
ARTICLE 2
(- b) W hen a section or sections of the circumfer-
ence, where the length between the ends of the outermost
sections span less than 240 deg, is radiographed using
more than one film holder.
(3 ) I n ( 1) and ( 2) abov e, where sections of longitudi-
nal welds adj oining the circumferential weld are radio-
graphed simultaneously with the circumferential weld,
an additional I Q I shall be placed on each longitudinal weld
at the end of the section most remote from the j unction
with the circumferential weld being radiographed.
(4 ) For spherical components where the source is
placed at the center of the component for a single expo-
sure, at least three I Q I s, spaced approximately 120 deg
apart, are req uired under the following conditions:
(- a) W hen a complete circumference is radio-
graphed using one or more film holders, or;
(- b) W hen a section or sections of a circumference,
where the length between the ends of the outermost sec-
tions span 240 or more deg, is radiographed using one or
more film holders. Additional film locations may be re-
q uired to obtain necessary I Q I spacing.
(5 ) For spherical components where the source is
placed at the center of the component for a single expo-
sure, at least three I Q I s, with one placed at each end of
the radiographed span of the circumference radiographed
and one in the approximate center of the span, are re-
q uired under the following conditions:
(- a) W hen a section of a circumference, the length
of which is greater than 120 deg and less than 240 deg, is
radiographed using j ust one film holder, or;
(- b) W hen a section or sections of a circumference,
where the length between the ends of the outermost sec-
tions span less than 240 deg is radiographed using more
than one film holder.
(6 ) I n ( 4) and ( 5) abov e, where other welds are radio-
graphed simultaneously with the circumferential weld,
one additional I Q I shall be placed on each other weld.
(7 ) For segments of a flat or curv ed ( i.e., ellipsoidal,
torispherical, toriconical, elliptical, etc.) component where
the source is placed perpendicular to the center of a length
of weld for a single exposure when using more than three
film holders, at least three I Q I s, one placed at each end of
the radiographed span and one in the approximate center
of the span, are req uired.
(8 ) W hen an array of components in a circle is radio-
graphed, at least one I Q I shall show on each component
image.
(9 ) I n order to maintain the continuity of records in-
v olv ing subseq uent exposures, all radiographs exhibiting
I Q I s that q ualify the techniq ues permitted in accordance
with ( 1) through ( 7) abov e shall be retained.
T-27 7 . 3 Sh i m s U n d e r Ho l e -Ty p e IQ Is . For welds, a
shim of material radiographically similar to the weld metal
shall be placed between the part and the I Q I , if needed, so
that the radiographic density throughout the area of
 No further reproduction or distribution is permitted.
ARTICLE 2 2013 SECTION V

interest is no more than minus 15% from ( lighter than) T-28 3 IQ I SENSITIV ITY
the radiographic density through the designated I Q I adj a- T-28 3 . 1 Re q u i r e d Se n s i t i v i t y . R adiography shall be
cent to the essential hole. performed with a techniq ue of sufficient sensitiv ity to dis-
The shim dimensions shall exceed the I Q I dimensions play the designated hole- ty pe I Q I image and the essential
such that the outline of at least three sides of the I Q I image hole, or the essential wire of a wire- ty pe I Q I . The radio-
shall be v isible in the radiograph. graphs shall also display the I Q I identify ing numbers
and letters. I f the designated hole- ty pe I Q I image and es-
sential hole, or essential wire of a wire- ty pe I Q I , do not
T-28 0 EV ALU ATION show on any film in a multiple film techniq ue, but do show
T-28 1 Q U ALITY OF RADIOGRAPHS in composite film v iewing, interpretation shall be per-
mitted only by composite film v iewing.
All radiographs shall be free from mechanical, chemical,
or other blemishes to the extent that they do not mask and T-28 3 . 2 Eq u i v a l e n t Ho l e -Ty p e IQ I Se n s i t i v i t y . A thin-
are not confused with the image of any discontinuity in the ner or thick er hole- ty pe I Q I than the designated I Q I may
area of interest of the obj ect being radiographed. S uch be substituted, prov ided an eq uiv alent or better I Q I sensi-
blemishes include, but are not limited to: tiv ity , as listed in Table T- 283 , is achiev ed and all other re-
(a) fogging; q uirements for radiography are met. E q uiv alent I Q I
(b) processing defects such as streak s, watermark s, or sensitiv ity is shown in any row of Table T- 283 which con-
chemical stains; tains the designated I Q I and hole. Better I Q I sensitiv ity is
(c) scratches, finger mark s, crimps, dirtiness, static shown in any row of Table T- 283 which is abov e the
mark s, smudges, or tears; eq uiv alent sensitiv ity row. I f the designated I Q I and hole
(d) false indications due to defectiv e screens. are not represented in the table, the next thinner I Q I
row from Table T- 283 may be used to establish eq uiv alent
I Q I sensitiv ity .
T-28 2 RADIOGRAPHIC DENSITY
T-28 2. 1 De n s i t y Li m i t a t i o n s . The transmitted film T-28 4 EXCESSIV E B ACK SCATTER
density through the radiographic image of the body of I f a light image of the “B,” as described in T- 223 , appears
the designated hole- ty pe I Q I adj acent to the essential hole on a dark er back ground of the radiograph, protection from
or adj acent to the essential wire of a wire- ty pe I Q I and the back scatter is insufficient and the radiograph shall be con-
area of interest shall be 1.8 minimum for single film v iew- sidered unacceptable. A dark image of the “B” on a lighter
ing for radiographs made with an X - ray source and 2.0 back ground is not cause for rej ection.
minimum for radiographs made with a gamma ray source.
For composite v iewing of multiple film exposures, each
film of the composite set shall hav e a minimum density
of 1.3 . The maximum density shall be 4.0 for either single
or composite v iewing. A tolerance of 0 .0 5 in density is al-
lowed for v ariations between densitometer readings.
T-28 2. 2 De n s i t y V a r i a t i o n . Ta b l e T-28 3
(a) The density of the radiograph any where through the Eq u i v a l e n t Ho l e -Ty p e IQ I Se n s i t i v i t y
area of interest shall not
H o l e Ty p e D e s i g n a t i o n Eq u i v a l e n t H o l e Ty p e D e s i g n a t i o n s
(1 ) v ary by more than minus 15% or plus 3 0 % from
2T H o l e 1T H o l e 4T H o l e
the density through the body of the designated hole- ty pe
10 15 5
I Q I adj acent to the essential hole or adj acent to the essen-
12 17 7
tial wire of a wire- ty pe I Q I , and 15 20 10
(2 ) exceed the minimum/maximum allowable den- 17 25 12
sity ranges specified in T- 282.1 20 3 0 15
W hen calculating the allowable v ariation in density , the 25 3 5 17
calculation may be rounded to the nearest 0 .1 within the 3 0 40 20
3 5 50 25
range specified in T- 282.1.
40 60 3 0
(b) W hen the req uirements of ( a) abov e are not met, 50 70 3 5
then an additional I Q I shall be used for each exceptional 60 80 40
area or areas and the radiograph retak en. 80 120 60
(c) W hen shims are used with hole- ty pe I Q I s, the plus 10 0 140 70
120 160 80
3 0 % density restriction of ( a) abov e may be exceeded,
160 240 120
and the minimum density req uirements of T- 282.1 do 20 0 280 140
not apply for the I Q I , prov ided the req uired I Q I sensitiv ity
of T- 283 .1 is met.

14

2013 SECTION V
T-28 5 EV ALU ATION B Y MANU F ACTU RER
The M anufacturer shall be responsible for the rev iew,
interpretation, ev aluation, and acceptance of the com-
pleted radiographs to assure compliance with the req uire-
ments of Article 2 and the referencing C ode S ection. As an
aid to the rev iew and ev aluation, the radiographic techni-
q ue documentation req uired by T- 291 shall be completed
prior to the ev aluation. The radiograph rev iew form re-
q uired by T- 292 shall be completed during the ev aluation.
The radiographic techniq ue details and the radiograph re-
v iew form documentation shall accompany the radio-
graphs. Acceptance shall be completed prior t o
presentation of the radiographs and accompany ing docu-
mentation to the I nspector.
T-29 0 DOCU MENTATION
ð13 Þ T-29 1 RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQ U E
DOCU MENTATION DETAILS
The M anufacturer shall prepare and document the
radiographic techniq ue details. As a minimum, the follow-
ing information shall be prov ided.
(a) the req uirements of Article 1, T- 190 ( a)
(b) identification as req uired by T- 224
(c) the dimensional map ( if used) of mark er placement
in accordance with T- 275.3
(d) number of radiographs ( exposures)
15
No further reproduction or distribution is permitted.
ARTICLE 2
(e ) X - ray v oltage or isotope ty pe used
(f ) source siz e ( F in T- 274.1)
(g) base material ty pe and thick ness, weld thick ness,
weld reinforcement thick ness, as applicable
(h ) source- to- obj ect distance ( D in T- 274.1)
(i ) distance from source side of obj ect to film ( d in
T- 274.1)
(j ) film manufacturer and M anufacturer’s ty pe/
designation
(k ) number of film in each film holder/cassette
(l ) single- or double- wall exposure
(m ) single- or double- wall v iewing
T-29 2 RADIOGRAPH REV IEW F ORM
The M anufacturer shall prepare a radiograph rev iew
form. As a minimum, the following information shall be
prov ided.
(a) a listing of each radiograph location
(b) the information req uired in T- 291, by inclusion of
the information on the rev iew form or by reference to
an attached radiographic techniq ue details sheet
(c) ev aluation and disposition of the material( s) or
weld( s) examined
(d) identification ( name) of the M anufacturer’s repre-
sentativ e who performed the final acceptance of the
radiographs
(e ) date of M anufacturer’s ev aluation