Solutions Gas Turbine Theory 4 PDF

Lecturer's Solutions Manual
GAS TURBINE THEORY
4TH EDITION
by
H Cohen, G F C Rogers and H I H Saravanamutoo
� © Addison Wesley Longman 1 9 9 6
Lecturers adopting the main text are permitted to photocopy the pack as required.
Preface
· Since the introduction of the Second Edition in 1972 many requests
for solutions have been received. The advent of modem word
processing systems has now made it convenient to p r e p ar e these in a
properly printed format and I am glad to do so.
All s i g n i fi c an t gas turbine calculations c arr i e d out in i n d u s t ry are
universally done by digital computer and the p u rp o s e of these
problems is to provide an u n d e r s t an d i n g of the engineering principies
involved. It is perhaps of historical s i g n i fi c an c e that all of these
calculations were originally done on a slide rule and many were former
examination questions.
This m an u a l will be available to instructors adopting the main text,
who are then p e rm i tt e d to photocopy the material, but it is hoped that
students will tackle the problems befare looking at the manual. I will
be very glad to h e ar of any corrections needed.
I am indebted to Mr P.M. Reddy, formerly a graduate student at
C ar l e t o n U n i v e r s i ty , for his invaluable as s i s t a n c e in p r e p ar i n g this
manual.
H.I.H. SARA VAN AM U T T O O
Ottawa, F e b r u ary 1 9 9 6
Gas Turbine Theory 4th edition
ISBN: O 582 23632 O © ADDISON WESLEY LONGMAN 1996 �

-·
•
� Problem 2 . T
4 5
LD A D
ir, ( -, - 1 )
To2 - T. = :� ( ( �:) ' - 1]
288
= [ 1 1 f.! - 1] = 345.598 K
0.82
Compressor and turbine work required per unit rnass flow is :
C,,a(To2 - Ta)
Wtc = = Cp,(Tos - To4)
'7m.
1.005 X 345.598
Ta3 - Ta4 = x 1.147 = 308.992 K
0_98
� Ta4 = 1 1 5 0 - 309 = 8 4 1 K
1�'
""" To3 - To• = 'IT To3 [1 - ( p

03)
Po.) l
3 08 . 9 9 2 = 0 . 8 7 X 1150 [1 - ( /
l ) ¡]
Pog Po4
3
Po = 4.382
Pa4
Pa3 = 1 1 . 0 - 0 . 4 = 1 0 . 6 bar
Pa4 = 2.418 b a r , P o s = r,
1
Ta4 - Tas = 0.89 x 8 4 1 [1 - ( ) t] = 148.254 K
2.418

e ADDISON WESLEY LONGMAN 1996 �
ISBN: O 582 23632 O
lspecific power output ·:
WN = 1 . 1 4 7 x 0.98 x 1 4 8 . 2 5 4 = 1 6 6 . 64 k W s/Kg
. 20 X l a3
H c n c e mass flow required = = 1 2 0 . 0 1 9 Kg/Sec
1 66 _ 6 4
To2 = 288 + 3 45 . 6 = 633.6 K
To3 - To2 = 1 1 5 0 - 633.6 = 5 1 6 . 4 K
Theoretical f = 0 . 0 1 4 1 5 ( from Fig. 2.15 )
Actual f = 0 . 0 1 4 1 5 / 0 . 9 9 = 0.01429
i .
S . F . C . = 3:0/ = 3600 x 0 . 0 1 4 2 9 = 0.308 kg/kW-h

N 1 66 . 6 4
ISBN: O 582 23632 O © ADDISON WESLEY LONGMAN 1996 ij

•
I Problem 2.8
T3 = T or T + sr
(Ps)7
and let e = (P
Pi2 ) � = p_.
T1
Compressor work = Q C p - ( c - 1)
'le
Turbine work = ( Q - éi.Q)Cp Ts '11 (1- D when T3 = T + sr
Heat supplieci = ( Q - e:.. Q ) e, (Ts - Ts)
� But T3 - Ts = Ts - T� = Ts '11 (1 - �)
then heat supplied = ( Q - éi. Q ) e, Ts n« ( 1 - � ) (T3 = T + éi. T )
. . (Q - e:.. Q ) ( T + e:..T) f'Jt (1 - i) - Q 1i ( c - 1)

W ith coolmg : ,., = '7c
( Q - e:.. Q ) ( T + e:..T) f'J t ( l - i)

• 1 T
T 'lt ( 1 - -) - .!..1. ( c - 1)
Without cooling : '1 = e '7c
T 'lt ( 1 - l)
These efficiencies are equal w hen:
( Q T 1 / '1 c ) ( c - 1 ) _ (T¡/r¡c)(c - 1 )
�� (Q - e:.. Q ) ( T + e:.. T ) 'l t ( l - �) - T 'l t ( l - l)
� Gas Turbine Theory 4th edition n

ISBN: 0 582 23632 () © ADDISON WESLEY LONGMAN 1996 l::!:i
i 1 _·.!_
( 1 - �)(T + 6T) - T
6Q T
or 1 - - = - - -
Q T+6T
6Q 6T/T .
Q = + ó.T /T and mdependent of r7c & '7c:
1
for the given plant : e = 6i.J' = 1 . 66 8
1
e - 1 = 0.668 & ( 1 - -) = 0.401
e
W i t h cooling :
_ l _ T1/'1c:(c - 1)
11
i - (1·- �)(1 + �) T '1 t ( l - t)
= l _ (288/0.87)(0.668) = l _ 0.516
11
0.95 X 1.25 X 1000 X 0.9 X 0.401
11 = 48.40%
Without cooling:
1J = l _ (288/0.87)(0.668) = 38.72%
1 00 0 X 0.9 X 0.401
( a) T h e percentage increase in efficiency :
9.68 �
= = 2 5 . 0 0 ;1 0
38.72
L)\Vithout c o o l i n g the specific power output
1
i v N = C p [ T 11 t ( l - � ) - T ( c - 1 ) ]
e '7 c
28�
= Cp [ 1 00 0 X 0 . 90 X 0.40 - X 0.668]
0.8,
= 1 3 8 . 8 6 8 Cp C h u / l b
\Vith c o o l i n g specific work o u t p u t :
ivN = cp [ ( 1 - il Q ) ( 1 + ó.T ) T 11 t ( l - �) - Ti ( e - 1 ) ]
Q T e 1J c
288
= Cp [ ( 0 . 9 5 X 1.25 X 1 00 0 X 0.9 X 0.401) - X 0.668]
. 0.87
1' = c p ( 4 2 8 . 5 6 8 - 2 2 1 . 1 3 1 ) = 2 0 7 . 4 3 7 cp Ch u/lb
Gas Turbine Theory 4th edition �
ISBN: 0 582 23632 0 © ADDISON WESLEY LONGMAN 1996 E::::j

i}(b) The percentage in�rease in speci.6.c work output
68.569
= = 49.3%
138.868
Plant with no heat e x ch an g e r :
Gain in specific work output would be unchanged. Gain in ef
ficiency would be much less, because a rise in cycle temperature
requires a much greater increase of heat input in the combustion
chamber than is the case when a heat exchanger is fitted. In other
11,words, if no heat exchanger is fitted, the higher temperature of the
exhaust gases is wasted.
N.B.:
[ 1 - 1 / ( l - �)(1 + �>]
% increase in efficiency: =
[(T/T1)(r¡ 0 r¡,/c) - 1]
% increase in specific work output:
[ ( 1 - AQ/Q)(l + AT/T) - 1]
[ 1 - (T1/T) x ( e/ r¡ 0 r¡,)]
ISBN: O 582 23632 O © ADDJSON WESLEY LoNGMAN 1996 �

o
� •
illiproblem 2 . 9
8LEE..!>
¡.
·(
288
�oz - r, = [ 3 . 8 /� - 1] = 157.3 K
0.85
?03 = 3 . 8 0 - 0 . 1 2 = 3 . 6 8 bar
?03 = 3 . 68
r.
1
T03 - T04 = 1050 x 0.88 [ 1 - ( 3 . � 8 ) '] = 256.87 K
N et work output
_ [( ) ( mCpa(Toz - Ta) l
iv - 1J m (Load) m - me Cpg To3 - To4) - _....;.._ ...;_
n-« ( c o m. p . r o t o r )
m X 1 . 00 5 X 15i.3]
,00 = 0 . 9 8 (m - 1 . 5 ) X 1.147 X 256.87 -
[
0_99
2 00 = 2 8 8 . i 3 m - 4 3 3 . 1 - 1 5 6 . 5 m
(a) m = 4.i88 kg/sec
W i t h no bleed fíow:
_ _ [ ... " _ 1.005 X 1 5 7 . 3 ]

N e t work output - 0.98 x 4 . , 8 8 1 . 1 4 , x ... 5 6 . 8 , - -----
0.99
= 6 3 3 . 1 1 k\V
(b) T h e power output with no b l e e d = 6 3 3 . l l k\V.
m,
ISBN: O 582 23632 O e ADDISON WESLEY LONGMAN 1996 �

_.
•
�roblem 2.10
lk.1 t_----1_
� H.E �------
7
s R
LP� F======�HP�t==========�T
,__ �-----2
' 3 4
n - 1 1 (1 - 1) 0.66
For compression : = - = = 0.4518
n '7ooc 1 0.88 X 1.66
. n - 1 (1 - 1) 0.88 X 0.66
For e x p a n s i ó n : = 'l oo t = = 0.3498
n 1 1.66
": ] [ o 4518 l
To2 - To1 = Ta1 [ ( P
Poi
o2) - 1 = 310 2 · - 1 = 114 K
To• - To3 = 300[2°-•sis - 1] = 110.3 K
To4 = 4 1 0 . 3 K and To5 = 700 K (given)
3
Q 500 X 10
To6 - Tos = -C = · · . = 535.2 K
m p 180 X 5.19
� .·. T06 = 1235.2 K
Po3 = 2 x 1 4 . 0 - 0.34 = 27.66 bar
Po4 = 2 x 2 7 . 66 = 5 5 . 3 2 bar
Pos = 5 5 . 3 2 - (0.27 + 1 . 0 3 ) = 54.02 bar
Po1 = 14.0 + 0.34 + 0.27 = 1 4 . 6 1 bar
P o s = 3.697
Po1
3498]
1
Tos - To1 = 1 2 3 5 . 2 [1 - ( ) o. = 453.3 K
3.697
iTo1 = i81.82 K

© ADDISON WESLEY LoNGMAN 1996 �
ISBN: O 582 23632 O
ltower output = mcp [2.T061 - ÁT034 - Á T 0 1 2 ] = 180 X 5 J 9 x 229.0
= 2 1 3 99 6 kW or 2 1 3 . 9 96 MW
. 2 1 3 . 996 %
Therrnal e ffi ciency = = 0.4279 or 42.8
500
700 410·3
H . E . effectiveness = Tos - To. = - = O. 7798 or 78%
To1 - To.e 7 8 1 . 8 - 410.3
n
�

•
<,
e � �
N
-----------
--
-
-....
�
/
1
2
3 4 s
n - 1 1
For compression : = == 0 . 3 2 8 4
• n 0.87 X 3.5
• . n - 1 0.87 n
For expanston : == -- = 0.2175 and = 4.5977
n 4 n - 1
A t 7000 m Pa. = 0 . 4 1 1 bar; Ta.=242.7 K
2 2
c 260
ª == 33.63 K
2cp 2 X 1.005 X 1000
To1 = 2 4 2 . 7 + 33.63 = 276.33 K
c2 ] �
Poi = r, [ 1 + tu Cp;a.
2
3·5
0.95 X 3 3 . 63 1
Po1 = 0 . 44 1
[
1 + = 0 . 63 3 bar
2 42 _ 7
Po2 = 8 x 0.633 = 5.068 bar
32
ITo2 - To1 = 276.33 [s.0º· 11< - 1] = 270.7 K
To2 = 547.02 K
,.,.. ,.,.. cr,a.(To2 - Toi) 1 . 00 5 x 270. 7 K

..L Q 3 - ..L Q 4 = = = 239.6
C p g f'/ m. 1.147 X 0.99
To4 = 1 2 0 0 - 2 3 9 . 6 To•·- 960.4 K Po3 = 5 . 06 8 ( 1 - .06) = 4.763 bar
4·5977
Po3 ( To3) n� 1 ( 1200 )
- = - = =2.784
Po4 To• 960.4
4.763
Po4 = = 1 . 7 1 0 bar
2 . 78 4
. Po_. 1.710
N ozz 1 e pressure ratio - = = 4.160
� e, 0.411

IV
�ince the critical presslire ratio is of the order of 1 . 9 th/nozzle is
clearly choked)
Po,. 1
- = • = 1.918
r. [1 -
1
0.95
(º·333)
2.333
l
1.710
Ps = P e = = 0 . 8 9 1 bar
1.918
2 2 X 960.4
Ts = Te = To• = = 823.3 K
, + 1 2.333
Pe 1 00 X 0.891 3
Ps = - = = O 377 kg/m
RTe 0.281 X 823.3 .
Is = ( 1 RTe) t = { l . 3 3 3 x 0.287 X 8 2 3 . 3 x 1000) í = 5 6 1 . 2 2 m/sec.
m 15
2
As = -- = = 0.0708 m
psCs 0.377 x 5 6 1 . 2 2
F = m(Ci - C0) + Ai(P; - Pa)
5
F = 1 5 ( 5 6 1 . 2 2 - 260) + 0 . 0 7 08 ( 0 . 8 9 1 - 0 . 4 1 1 ) 1 0
F = 4 5 1 8 . 3 + 3398.4 = 7916.7 N
Toz = 5 4 7 .02 K
To3 - Toz = 1 2 0 0 - 547.02 = 652.8 K
2bherefore theoretical f - 0 . 0 1 7 8 5 ( Fig. 2.15)
0.01785
Actual f = = 0.0184
0.97
0 . 0 1 8 4 x 3600 x 1 5 _ k /kN
S .F .e . = = 0.01250 g 1
7916.7

11
�Pro blem 3.2 •
>
3 4 s
¡From problem 3 . 1 Po.t = 1 . 7 1 0 bar
Pos = 1 . 1 7 0 { 1 - 0.03) = 1.658 bar
Pos
- = 1.918 as befare
Pe
Pos 1.658
-P. = = 0.8644 bar
e l .918 .
Since
2
Tos = 2000 K, Ts = Te = x 2000 = 1714.5 K
2_333
1 00 X 0.8644 3
,/5 = 0.287 X 1714.5 = 0.1756 kg/m •
Cs = { 1 . 3 3 3 x 0.287 x 1 7 1 4 . 5 x l O O O ) l° = 809.88 m/s
15
2
As= = 0.1054 m
0.1756 X 809.88
Percentage increase in area = 0 . 1 0 5 4 - 0.0708 = 48.97%
5
F = 1 5 ( 8 0 9 . 8 8 - 260) + . 0 . 1 0 5 4 ( 0 . 8 6 4 4 - 0 . 4 1 1 ) x 10
F = 8248 .2 + 4778.83 = 13027 .03 N
1 3 0 2 7 .03 - 7 9 1 6 . 7 ... 01.:
Percentage increase in thrust = = 64.�6 10
7916.7
G as Turbine Theory 4th edition
ISRN: O 582 23632 O e ADD!SON WESL"EY LONGMAN 1996 �

I Problem 3 . 3
'
i - - ----
' -
!
2.
3 4
Since Poi = P" = 1 bar
To1 = To = 288 K
288
To2 - To1 = [ 9 :s \ - 1] = 306.77 K
0.82
0.85 m Cpg (To3 - To") = m Cpo (To2 - To1)

'1 m
1.005 X 306. 77
To3 - To4 = x 1.147 x = 322.678 K
0_85 0_98
z=.!
To3 - T o • = !'/ ; To3[ 1 - (p PoJ , ]

03�
l
3'.!'.!.6i8 = O.Bi x 12i5 [ 1 - ( Po PoJ ¡]

3)
Po3
- = 3.
sss
::>::>
Po4
Po3 = 9.0 - 0.45 = 8.55 bar
Po4 = 2 . 1 6 1 bar
4 1
Po = 2.161 ------. = 1 . 9 1 8
r.
1
[ - o.1s (�:!!n l
S o n o z z l e is choking even while landing.
2.161
?5 = P e = = 1 . 1 2 6 bar
1.918
To4 = 1275 - 322.678 = 952.3 K
ISBN: O 582 23632 O © ADDISON WESLEY LoNGMAN 1996 �

l .)
� ( 2 ) . • 2 X 952.322
., Ts = Te = + l x To,. = = 816.4 K
1 2_333
= Pe = 1 00 X 1.126 = k /m!l
0_480
Ps RTe 0.287 X 816.4 g
l l
Cs = (,RTe) t = (1.333 X 0.287 x 8 1 6 . 4 x 1000) t = 5 5 8 . 8 6 m/s
(m - mb) = ps As Cs = 0 . 48 0 x 0 . 1 3 x 5 5 8 . 8 6 = 34.87 kg/sec
34.87
fflintake = 0.85 = 41.02
( N . B . - m� , bleed at 90º produces no thrust. Also, ram drag based
on intake flow)
� .
•
5
F = (34.87 X 558.86 - 41.02 X 55) + 0 . 1 3 ( 1 . 1 2 6 - 1) X 10
F = (19487.44 - 2256.1) + 1 63 8
F = 18869.34 N
or F = 1 8 . 8 7 kN
ISBN: O 582 23632 O e ADDISON WESLEY LoNGMAN 1996 �

14
�
yp� •
:cw Problem 3 . 4
---- �AN �
)r
- - - - - -
Isentropic expanston in nozzle:
Po" = � = 2.376
t r. 1.01
Po4
- _
_ ( ' + 1) � _
-
(2.333)" _
-1.851
Pe 2 2
h ki 2.4 b
C o mg; So P5 = Pe = = 1.296 ar
1.851
To" , + 1 2.333 1 00 0 x 2
- - - and Ts = T e = = 857.26 K
Te 2 2 2.333
Pe 1 00 X 1 . 2 96 3
Ps = - = ? _ .... ., = 0 . 5 2 6 kg/m
RT,= 0 .... 8 , x 8 5 , . .... 6
l l
Cs = (,RTefr = { 1 . 3 3 3 x 0.287 x 857.26 x 1000)1 = 572.68 m/s
m 23 2
As = = 0.0763 m
Ps Cs 0 . 5 2 6 x 5 7 2 . 68
5
!m) F = 23 x 5 7 2 . 68 + 0 . 0 7 6 3 ( 1 . 2 9 6 - 1 . 0 1 ) x 10
F = 13171.64 + 2182.18 = 15353.82 N
or F = 1 5 . 3 5 kN

•
�: = 1.75 and Par= 1.01 x 1.75 = 1.768 bar
T01 - T � = �: [ ( �: t- 1] = �-�� [(1.75)•'.• - 1 ] = 56.74 K
mh Cp1(To" - T o s ) = me Cpa(To1 - Ta)
me
But - = 2.0
mh
rt» ,,, _ 2 x 1.005 x 56.74 _ 99 K

..L º" - ..L os - - .4 3
1.147
Tos = 1000 - 99.43 = 900.57 K
D99.43 = 0.90 x 1000 [ 1 - (Po) PJ t] => ::: = 1 . 597
2.4
Pos = = 1.503 bar
1.597
Pos 1.503
- - - - = 1 . 48 8
e. 1.01
Hot nozzle is now unchoked, so Ps = P a = l . 0 1 bar
:!=.!.
Tos = (Pos) ., = 1 . 48 8 1 = 1 . 1 0 4 5
Ts Ps
900.57
Ts = = 815.36 K
1.1045
Tos - Ts = 8 5 . 2 K
IC6 = [2 c.(Tos - T s l ] k = (2 x 1 . 1 4 7 x 8 5 . 2 1 x 1 0 0 0 ) !
Cs = 442.12 m/s
H o t n o z z l e thrust:
Fh. = 23 x 442.12 = 10, 1 68 . 8 N
The cold nozzle pressure ratio: =l.i5, while the critica} pressure
ratio is:
3·5
Po1 ( 1.4 + 1)
-p = = 1.893
� e 2
�
ISBN: O 582 23632 O © ADDJSON WESLEY LoNGMAN 1996 �

liso this nozzle is also ü'nchoked. Since the expansion is isentropic:
To1 ...L
Ta = 1 . 7 5 3 . � = 1 . 1 7 3 3
_ 288 + 56. 7 4 _ K
T8 - . - 29 3 . 8 and To1 = 344.7 4
1.1733
To1 - Ts = 50.94 K
1
e, = [2 e, (To1 - Ta)] = (2 x 1.005 x 50.94 x 1000) t = 320 m/s
Cold thrust
Fe = 46 X 320 = 1 4 7 2 0 N
Dratal thrust : = 14720 + 10168.8 = 24888 N
ar F = 2 4 . 8 9 kN

T/
ffiw Problem 3 . 5
From solution of example in chap. 3 :
To3 = 734 K
To" - To3 = 1300 - 734 = 566 K
0.016
Actual f = 0.99 = 0.01617
m = 2 8 . 7 5 kg/s and F . = 30, 000 N
_ 0.01617 X 28.75 X 3600 _ k /N h

S . F .C. - - 0.0429 g -
30000
¡;
Pog = Poz - O.OS = 1 . 6 5 - 0.05 = 1 . 6 0 bar
S o n o z z l e is unchoked and P09 = 1 . 60

- (< RPoes)
� r.
Tos - T s = 11;Tog[l - (Pog�PJl.sl
= 0.95 X 1 0 0 0 [ 1 - (1.�0r.sl = 119.4 K
C8 = ( 2 x 1 . 0 0 5 x 1 1 9 . 4 x 1 00 0 ) , = 490 m/s
me = 8 6 . 2 5 kg/ s
N ew thrust : Fe = 8 6 . 2 5 X 490 = 42262.5 N
Total thrust = Unchanged Fh+new Fe = 1 3 7 00 + 4 2 2 6 2 . 5 = 5 5 9 6 2 . 5 N
To2 = 3 3 7 . 7 and To9 - To2 = 1000 - 3 3 7 . 7 = 6 6 2 . 3 K

ff1lti
::�
ISBN: O 582 23632 O e ADDJSON WESLEY LONGMAN 1996 �

· 1 0
� From F i g . 2 . 1 5 , theoretical f = 0.01715
0.01715
Actual f = = 0.01768 for by-pass chamber
0_97
S . F .C. = Total Fuel = (0.01768 x 86.25 + 0 . 0 1 6 1 7 x 2 8 . 7 5 ) x 3 600
Total thrust 55962.5
S . F .C. = 0 . 1 2 8 kg/kN

19
•
l)Problein 4.1
2 2) 2 2
Flow area = x- (15 - 6.5 = 57 4 cm = 0.057 4 m
C = . B.O = 139.37 m/s
p x 0 . 05 7 4 p
c2 Po (Tº)3.5
288
T, = - 201 O ' P. = T. '
P. 1 00 P. P,
348.4
P = R T, 0.287 T, = T,
We must find the axial velocity by iteration to satisfy continuity:
- .
Let Cm.a.: = 150 m/s
e (} e T, Ta/T, Pa/P, P, p c::
150 11.12 276.8 1.0405 1.149 0.870 1.095 127.3
127.3 8.05 279.94 1.0288 1.104 0.905 1.127 123.7
123.7 7.61 280.39 1.0271 1.098 0.910 1.131 123.1
123.1 7.54 280.46 1.0269 1.097 0.911 1.132 123.1
Ca = 1 2 3 . 1 m/s, T, = 280.46 K
At root, U = 1r x (.065 x 2 ) x 270 = 1 1 0 . 3 m/s
\\O· 3
1 2 3 . ¡
123.1 ·
tan ar = = 1.116
110.3
Gas Turbine Theory 4th edition n

ISBN: 0 582 23632 0 © ADDISON WESLEY LONGMAN 1996 f::::j
o ,
�
• lkr = 48 10
rn1
At tip, U=,r x ( O . I S x 2) x 270 = 2 5 4 . 4 m/s
123.1
tan ac = = 0.4839
254.4
o ,
ac = 25 48
2 2 2
At tip V = 254.4 + 123.1 = 79720.42 => V = 282.3 m/s
2 5 4 , 4
\ 2 3 · I
3
a = V l . 4 x 0 . 2 8 7 x 2 8 0 . 4 6 x 10 = 3 3 5 . 7 m/s
282.3
M = = 0.841
335.7

_.
•
iroblem 4.2
2
c12 230
T1 = To1 - ; To1 = 2 1 7 + 03 = 2 4 3 . 3 K
2C p 2 X 1.005 X 1
3·5
P o i = 0.23 = 0.343 bar

( 2 43 . 3 )
217
2 2) 2
A = ,r (0.33 - 0.18 = 0.060 m
4
3.6
m = p A C0 = p A Ccos25 � pC = 0.060 x 0.906
D
P e = 66 . 2 2
B u t based on stagnation conditions, far a first estimate
1 00 Po 1 00 x 0.343 k / 3
p = X - = = 0.491 g ID
0.287 To 0.287 x 2 4 3 . 3
66.22
. ·. C = = 134.87 m/s
0.491
First trial:C = 140 m/s
e Be T. To/T. Po/Pa p$ p pC
140 9.7 233.7 1.042 1.155 0.297 0.443 62
150 11.2 232.2 1.049 1.182 0.290 0.435 65.2

1
1 60 12.7 230.7 1.056 1.21 0.287 0.434 69.2
152.4 11.5 231.9 1.051 1.19 0.288 0.433 66.0
66.22 /
Take C = 1 5 2 . 4 x = 152.90 m s
· 66.0
C1w = 1 5 2 . 9 x sin 25 = 1 5 2 . 9 x . 4 2 2 6 = 6 4 . 6 1 m/s
R02 lf' ry c
.J. [ 2 l } 3.5
Poi = { 1 + CpToi all - Cw(rw)mean
+ 33) 1
Ue. = (rw)mean = (18
x - x 270 x 2,r = 2 1 6 . 3 m/s
� 2 X 100 2
::·';}
ISBN: O 582 23632 O © ADDlSON WESLEY LONGMAN 1996 �

mtr = 1f X 270 X 0.54 = 2158 m/ S
3 5
2 0·8
2
Po = {1 + l.04 x 03 [o.9 x 458 - 64.61 x 2 1 6 . 3 ] } º
Poi 1.005 x 2 4 3 . 3 x 1
2 3·5
Po = (1.595) = 5.12
Poi .
.' . Po2 = 5 . 1 2 x 0.343 = 1.756 bar
ISBN: O 582 23632 O © ADDJSON WESLEY LONGMAN 19% �

1P Pro blem 4.3 •
P o i = P¿ = 0.99 bar and Toi = Ta =288 K
1
7;
2)
T - Toi = 429 - 288 = Toi [ ( p º - 1] .
02
'7c Poi
l
. . �. = �:� ¡ (�::r· - 1J = 0.753
0.63,r
u = 1 - 17 = 0.8835
í6.5 /
U2 = ,r x x 765 = 3 97 . 1 m s
1 00
i Hence: C2u, = uU2 = 0 . 8 8 3 5 x 3 9 7 . 1 = 3 5 1 m/s
2
T _ _ Ci _ _ ( 351 ) _ C;2
2
429
- To2 2Cp - 2 x 1.005 x 10 3 2Cp
theref oreT2 = 367.7 - Or
1 00 X 1.92 669
P" = = -
• 0.287 X T2 T2
,r X 16.5 X 1.0 -' 2

A2 = lO-' = 51.83 X 10- m
C,. = m = 0.60 X ..!.._ = 115.76

2
p2A2 51.83 X 10-• P2 P2
B ,. is small - For the first tria! let T2=366 K
669
P2 = = 1 . 8 3 Hence Crz = 63.26 m/s
366
F in al trial :
64-.0 2.03 366 1.827 63.5
T2 = 366 K
Pu = ( T2t) s.s = ( 429) s.s = l . 7 43
¡t P2 T2 3 66

�::t = l . 92 x l . 7 43 = 3 . 3 4 7 bar
Po2 [ 141] 3·5

1
Poi . + '1imp X 288
3·5
3.347 ·[ 1411
0.99 = l + '7imp288
'1imp = 0.850
1 - 0.87
Fraction of loss in impeller = _ = 0.607
1 0_753
ISBN: O 582 23632 O © ADDJSON WESLEY LONGMAN 1996 �

troblem 4.4 •
(a) U2 = 7í x O.SO x 270 = 424.12 m/s
2
,_ 1.04 x 0.9 x 42 4 . 1 2 _ K
7
6. T - 1.005 X 1� - 16 .5
To2 = 455.5 K
R [ 0.90 x 1 6 7 . 5 ] 3·5 3·5

� = 1 + = (1.523) = 4.36
Poi 288 �
Po2 = 4.36 x 1 . 0 1 = 4.40 bar
1 . . ,r X 50 X 5
2
9{ b ) Flow area at tip : = lO' = 0.0785 m
C2w = 0.90 X 42 4 . 1 2 = 3 8 1 . 7 m/s
2 2
381·7) 969)
If C2r = 96 and O c: = ( + ( = 76.84
44.9 44.
3
( noting J2 x L005 x 10 = 44.9)
T2 = 455.5 - 76.84 = 3 7 8 . 6 6 K
Po2 = ( 455.5 )s.s = 1 . 90 9 P2 = 4.40 = 2 . 3 0 bar

P2 378.66 1.909
1 00 X 2.30
P2 = x = 2.12 p2A2Cr2 = 2.12x0.0785x96 = 15.9i
0_287 3 7 8 _ 66
The agreement is close since the required flow is 1 6 . 0 kg/sec.
:. Cr2 = 96 m/s
a = V0.287 x 1 . 4 x 3 7 8 . 6 6 x 1 03 = 390 m/s
2 2
Ci = 3 8 1 . 7 + 96 • •• C2 = 3 9 3 . 6 m/s
2
M = C = 393.6 = 1.0l
a 390
96 1
tan a = = 0.251 · a = 14°5

381.7 . .
�81, 7
Gas Turbine Theory 4th ed.ition
ISBN: O 582 23632 O © ADDJSON WESLEY LONGMAN 1996 �

•
(e) P3t = P2t = 4.40 bar
,r X 58 X 5
2
A = = 0 . 09 1 1 m
4
10
16.0 381.7 X 25
p3C3r = = 175.6 C3w = = 329 m/s
0.0911 29
We must find Cr3 by trial and error; as a first guess assume:
25
Cr3 = 96 X - = 82.75 m/s
29
To3 = To2 = 4 5 5 . 5 K
C3w 8w C3r e, (}
T3 To/T, Po/P, P, p pCr
329 53.6 82.75 3.4 57.0 3 98 . 4 1.143 1.596 2.755 2.41 1 99 . 5
73 2.64 56.2 3 99 . 2 1.140 1.581 2.78 2.43 177.5
72.4 2.60 56.2 3 99 . 1 1.140 1.581 2.78 2.43 176
C3r = 7 2 . 4 m/s, T3 = 399.1 K
C5 = 3 2 9 :: + 7 2 . 4 :! => C3 = 3 3 6 . 8 7 m/s
3
� a = J 1 . 4 x 0.287 x 399.1 x 10 = 400.44 m/s
M = 336.87 = 0.841
4 00 . 4 4
,
72.4
tan B = - = 0.22 f3 = 1 2 ° 2 4
. 329
•
ISBN· O 582 23632 O © ADDJSON WESLEY LONGMAN 1996 �

�,
•
fim) Problem 4.5
T
O?:/
- . 1/ ------- �,
� 288 [ o 286 l
lll' .6.To13 = 4 · - 1 = 175.1 K
0_80
pqU:2 U:2 _ 1.005 X 175.1 X 103 _ .. s

2
.6.To13 = = 175.1 2 - l . 0 4 x 0 . 90 -l.8,6x10
3
Cp X 10
. ' . U2 = 433 m/s

433
d = = 0 . 68 9 m
íT X 200
To3 = To2 = 175.1 + 2 8 8 = 4 63 . 1 K
. M 'T1 2 463 . 1 .
At tip =l.O .l 2 = T 0 2 x = =385.9K
'l + 1 1.2
a= v' l . 4 X 0.287 X 385.9 X 103
� C2 = a = 393.7 m/s
��'7'
C2w = 0 . 90 X U2 = 0 . 90 X 433 = 389.7 m/s
c?r = 393.72 - 389.72 = 3133.6
C2r = 55.97 m/s
W i t h a 50% loss in impeller , 11 1 = 0 . 9 0
.6.T 012 = 0 . 90 x 1 7 5 . 1 = 1 5 7 . 5 9 K
5
Paz [ 157.5913·
� = 1 + = 4 . 60 7
ro1 288 .
© ADDISO� WESLEY LONGMAN 1996 �

ISBN: O 58?. 23632 O
- Po2 = 1 X 4.60'T = 4.607 bar -·
+ 1) �
p;
Po.,
=
('
2
= 1.2
3·5
= 1.893
p. _ 4.607 _
2 - 1 . 8 9 3 - 2 . 4 3 4 bar
_ 1 00 X 2.434
3
2·198
P'l - 0.287 X 385.9 = kg/m
. A 14.0
2
m = P Ac2r . . = = 0.1138 m
2.198 X 55.97
h = .1138 _
1r x x 100 - 5.257 cm
0_689

t Problem 5 . 1 •
l o 8 · I
I S o
200
D At m e a n 'radius, mOAC10 = mCr,AT
3
1 . 00 5 X 20 X 10
.'. ACw = X = 108.1 m/s
0_93 200
2 00 - 1 0 8 . 1
Cow = = 45.95 m/s
22
45.95
tan a0 = = 0.307
150
,
200 - 45.95
tan a1 = = 1 . 02 7 ª1 = 45º44
150
With free vortex, Cwr = constant i , e . Cwu = constant
2So
Tip
Cow X 2 5 0 = 46.0 X 200
.'. Cow = 3 6 . 8 m/s
JSRN: O 582 23632 O

e ADDISON WESLEY LONGMAN 1996 �
--
A C _ 1 08 . 1 x 200 _ 86 _:/
.ó.Cwu = constan] . ' . u w - - . 4 m s
250
36.8 º •
tan ao = = 0.245, ao = 1 3 46
150
· . 250 - 36.8 •
0
tan a1 = = 1.421, a1 = 54 53
150
250 - (36.8 + 86.4) 0

,
tan a2 = = 0.845, a2 = 40 1 4
150
36.8 + 86.4 ,
tan a3 = = 0.821, a3 = 39°26
150
\ 4 4
.·\
·- \
\
'
\./
-< 1 5 0
Root
Cow X 1 5 0 = 46 X 200 Cow = 6 1 . 3 m/ s
108 X 200
.ó.Cw = = 144 m/s
� 150
2J 61.3 º ,
tan ao = -- = 0.409, ao = 22 15
150
150 - 6 1 . 3 ,
0
tan a 1 = = 0.591, a¡ = 30 36
150
150 - ( 1 4 4 + 61.3) 9 o I
tan o- = = -0.36 , a2 = -20 15

- 150
144 + 61.3 . º 1
tan C'. 3 = = 1.369, a3 = 53 51

150
static enthalpy rise in rotor T1 - T o

A =
stagnation e n t h a l p y rise in stage 20
2
c 0 ) et 1
cJ - e; ) �
Now Tia -1- - -1- 20 = T1 +- T1 - T o = 20+ (
( ' 2Cp ' 2Cp 2Cp 2Cp 10
ISBN: O 582 23632 O © ADDISO� WESLEY LONGMAN 1996 �

-' 1
150 150
154·5 Ti-To= 2 0 + 1 1 . 1 9 - 1 8 . 8 = 1 3 . 1
Co = ces 13°46' = 0.9712 =
150 150 13.1 %

C1 = , = = 194.1 A = - = 65.5 o
cos as-ze 0.1124 20
Root
2 2
150 150
T -T. _ � ( 162.1 _ 254.2 )
Co = , = = 162.1 20
cos 22° 1 5 0.9255 l O - + 103 2 X 1.005 2 X 1.005
150 150
C1 = c o s · S 3 0 5 1 , = 254.2 T1 - T o = 20 + 1 3 . 0 7 - 3 2 . 1 5
0_5899
D
0.92 %
. . . T1 - To = 0 . 92 , A = W = 4.6 o
(N.B.: A is very sensitive to small errors in Co and Ci)
,
.
.

�roblem 5 . 2
Velocity diagram at mid span is as in previous question.
6.C"' : mean = 1 08 , tip = 8 6 . 3 , root = 144 m/s
Equal work at ali radius
I
I
I
'
i , · .·
1 / ,,
·
/ /'
,._._ . . -------------�
- 2 5o -
Tip
250 - 86.3
Cow = .., = 8 1 . 8 5 m/s
..
81.85 I
tan Qo = = 0.546, Qo = 28º36 ( = a: 2 )

150
� 250 - 8 1 . 8 5
tan Q1 = = 1.121
150

»»
Root
Cow = 150 - 144 = 3

2
1
3 º
tan ao = -= 0.0020 ao = a2 = O 7
150
1
150 - 3 . º
tan a 1 = = 0.980 a¡ = as = 44 25
150
1
.. - 1 4 4
>-¡
I S O

.., .
•
I Problem 5 . 3
(a) With no inlet guide vanes the inlet velocity is axial.
_ "88 _ 140 x 140 1 _ B ,, K

T - - X - - 27 .-5
2 X 1.005 1 03
a = .JilIT = V l . 4 x 0 . 2 8 i x 2 7 8 . 2 5 x 1 03 = 3 3 4 . 4 m/s
.'. V = 0.95 x 3 3 4 . 4 = 3 1 7 . 7 m/s
2 2 2 2 2 2
v = u + c .- . u = 311.1 - 140 = 81333.3
. ' . U = 2 8 5 . 2 m/s
285.2
1í x D x N = 285.2 .'. D = = 0 . 90 8 m
1í X 100
� .'. Tip radius = 0.454 m or 4 5 . 4 0 cm
3·5 3·5
,w
(b)
Po
- -
(T
-
º) -
( 288 )
- 1 1"8
P - T - 2 7 8 . 25 - . ..
1.01
P = = 0 . 8 9 5 bar
1.1�8
= 0.895 X 1 00 = 1.l2l k CJ' / m 3

P
o ·-
11 3 -
I X
9-3
- I
11 -
• ..;.� •
o
Dhub = 0.60 X 0.908 = 0 . 5 4 5 m
:íT ( ., ") .,
A = 0.908· - 0.545· = 0 . 4 1 4 3 m"
4
m = 1 . 1 2 1 x 0 . 4 1 4 3 x 140 = 6 5 . 0 2 or m = 65 k g / s
3·5
Po2 [ 0.89 x 2 0 ]
( e) - = 1 + = 1.2335
Poi 288
D
ISBN: O 582 23632 O © ADDISON WESLEY LONGMAN 19% �

D ( el) At the root we have axial inlet velocity . Free vortex gives con
stan t work at all radii and constant axial velocity.
--' - · ·
1 7 1 · 1
U h = 0 . 60 X 285.2 = 1 7 1 . 1 m/s
1
mU �Cwn l 03 = mCp�T
3 3
_ Cp�T x 10 _ 1.005 x 20 x 10 _ 126 /
� e,,, - - - .3 m s
un 171.1 X 0.93
171.1 . o I
tan a1 = = 1.2221 . . a1 = 50 44
140
171.1-126.3 0
,
tan a2 = = 0.320, a2 = 17 46
140
At tip
C) �Cw = 126.3 X 0 . 60 = 75.78 m/s
285.2 . º ,
tan a1 = = 2 . 03 7 1 . . a1 = 63 50
140
285.2 - 7 5 . 7 8 0
,
tan o- = = 1.4958, a2 = 56 14
• 140
Power input = 65 x 1.005 x 20 = 1 3 0 6 . 5 k\.V

!ffl'Problem 5 . 4 •
n-l - � - O 325
n - 0.88 - ·
To2 = ( 4.0)o.32s = 1.569

To1
�Ton= 2 8 8 [ 1 . 5 6 9 - 1] = 163.9 K
1 63 . 9
N um b er of stages = = 6.556 i.e. 7 stages
25
6. T 1 63 . 9
f = = 2 3 . 4 K/stage
# o stages 1
Tout 288 + 23 . 4 _ 08
(DF'or first stage : - - - l. -12
T¡n 288
325
1.0812 = (R)º· • '. R¡irJt = 1.271
F or last stage :
Tout = 288 + 1 63 . 9 = 451.9 K
Ti« = 4 5 1 . 9 - 23.4 = 428.5 K; Tout = 1.0546

r:
325
1.0546 = (R)º· Rza.,t = 1 . 1 7 8
-
!'
I
' /
· , /
1 /• . . • >--� I G S
_,,,,/_/ <,
I / .
},¿'_ ...
1
m O. U 6.Cw- = mCpAT; (note that C a = 165cos 2 0 )
3
10
D. C w = U - 2C sin 2 0 = U - 330 sin 20
OU(U - 112.9) _!_ = CpAT

3
10
i,
ISBN: O 582 23632 O e ADDISON WE.SLEY LONGMAN 1996 �

,2 - 112.9U = 1 . 005 X. 23.4 X 1 a3
0.83
2 3
u - 1 1 2 . 9 U - 2 8 . 3 x 10 = o
112.9 ± \!' 1 1 2 . §2 + 4 X 28.3 X 103 1 1 2 . 9 ± 354.9

U = =-----
2 2
.'. U = 233.9 m/s

60 233·9
1r DN = 233.9 · N = X = 2 4 8 1 7 . 5 rpm
60 . . ,r X 0.18
At the entry to last rotor:
4 X 1.01
Po= = 3 . 43 bar
1.178
2
1 65
C = 1 65 m/s · T = 428.5 - 2 . 0 1 x 103 = 414.96 K
Po = (Tº)3.s = ( 428.5 )!!.s = 1.1189
P T 414.96
3.43 b
P = = 3.07 ar
1.1189
1 00 X 3.07 k / 3
2·58
. . . p = 0.287 X 4 1 4 . 96 = g m
( ;r D h ) p X c(J = m
;r x 0 . 1 8 x h x 2.58 x 1 65 c os 20 = 3 . 0
3.0
h = = 0.01326 m
1r X 0.18 X 2.58 X 165 X 0.9397
h = 1 . 3 2 6 cm
ISBN: O 582 '23632 O © ADJllSON WESLEY LONGMAN 1996 �

..
I Problem 5 . 5
0 0
Axial : n�l = = 0.311 Centrifuga}: n�i = = 0.3446
0�9826 0�8836
Fer axial t:,.T = 4 x 30 = 120 K .' . T2 = 288 + 120 = 408 K
Ti 408 (R ) o.311
� = - = 1 / 4 1 7 = � · Po2 = 3.07
Toi 288 Poi · · Poi
---1·
Po3 = 1 0 . 0 = •
3_257
Po2 3.07
A..xial : \'50
m U dCwO = mCpt:,.T y
i --
D.Cw = U - 2Catan 20 = U - 300 X 0.364 = U - 109.2
3
·(u· 10 X 1.005 X 30 3
U - 1 0 9. 2 ) = = 35.05 X 10
0.86
3
u -:. - 1 0 9 . 2 u - 3 5 . 0 5 x 10 = o
2 3
U = 1 0 9 . 2 ± \/' 1 09 . 2 + 4 X 35.05 X 10 = 1 09 . 2 ± 3 90
2 2
U = 249.6 m/s
'lf DN 2 4 9 . 6 x 60
249.6 = 1.V = = 1 9 0 68 rpm
60 1í X 0.25
N (axial) = 19068 rpm
D Centrifugal:
Ti ( p. ) 0_3445
34 " 6
� = � = (3.257)- = 1.502
To2 Po2
.6.T0-:.3 = 0 . 5 0 2 x 408 = 2 04 . 8 2 K
3
<n!·Ul 0 . 9 0 x J. . 0 4 x U; U; = 1.005 x 10 x 204.82
� T = . -
3
e, 1 . 0 0 5 x 10 - 0.90 X 1.04
U2 = 4 6 8 . 9 5 m/s
4 68 . 9 5 X 60
1V (Centrifugal) = = 2 7 1 4 0 rpm
1í X 0.33
ISBN: O 582 2363?. O © ADDISON WESLEY LONGMAN 1996 �

., .,
lvProblem 6.1 •
( a) From Fig. 2.15, for T1 =298 K and �T=583 K, theoretical
f 0.0147.
0.0147
0·980
"6 = 0.0150 =
(b) F r o m F ig . 2 . 1 5 , forf 0 . 0 1 5 0 a n d T1=298 K, theeretical.6.T = 593 K .
583
'76 = - = 0.983
593
D (e) mass of CO per kg of fu e l :
28
m = X 0.04 X 0.8608 = 0.0803 kg
12
Actual released energy = 4 3 1 00 - (0.0803 x 1 0 1 1 0 )
Efficiency based on released energy :
43100 - (0.0803 X 10110)

r¡ = 43100 = 1 - 0.0188
r¡ = 0.9812
ISBN: O 582 23632 O e ADDISON WESLEY LONGMAN 199ó �

The combustion equation :
132kg 2080 6846 440 108 1664 6846
. . 132
F ue 1/ air ratio = ( ) = 0.0148
2080 + 6846
S i n c e the H20 will b e in vapour phase, we require 6.Hua.p, given by:
1 1 08
�Huap = -42500 + X 2442 = -40500 kJ/kg of C 1 0 H 1 z.
132
Energy equation is :
where the first stage is 325 K far C 1 0 H 1 2 and 450 K for air
· . 450 + 298
Mean t e m p e r a t u r e of reactants 02 and Nz. is = 37 4 K
2
From fi g . '.2 . 1 5 for f 0 . 0 1 4 8 and for an initial temperature of 450 K
for a i r , t e m p e r a t u r e rise .ó.. T = 5 65 K .
:!!) H e n c e approximate final temperature T 2 = 5 6 5 + 4 5 0 = 1 0 1 5 K
First guess at mean temperature of products = (1015 + 298)/2 =
656.5 K. Mean values of Cp from tables are: R - reactants, P -
· Products.
R's p' s l"t Guess 2nd Guess mCr,

1
O: 0.934 co, 1.105 1.047 460.7
S: 1.042 Hz.O 2.051 2.041 220.4
0-:. 1.019 1.014 1 68 7 . 2
1V2 1.088 1.084 7 42 1 . 1
9789.4

© ADDISo,; WESLEY LONGMAN 1996 �
ISBN: O 582 23632 O
•
(Tr 298) { ( 440x 1 . 1 0 5 ) + ( 1 08 x 2.051 ) + ( 1 6 64 x 1.019)+ (6846x 1 . 0 8 8 ) }
-(132 X 40500) - ( 4 5 0 - 298)((2080 X 0.934) + (6846 X 1.042)]
-(325 - 198)[132 X 1.945)
= (T2 - 298) x 985.5 - 5 , 350, 000 - 152 x 9073 - 27 x 257 = O
6736000
T2 = 298 + = 982 K
9855
Second guess at mean temperature of products =1280/2=640 K

i . )
6736000
Hence T2 = 298 + = 986.1 K
9789.4

� .
Problem 6.3
U nder design conditions:
2 2
· C Pi m
Toi = Ti + 2Ci = -R + 2 2A2C

,, Pi Pi i P
2
4.47 X 100 9.0
475 = + ----,�----,-----�
2 3
0 . 2 8 7 Pi 2p¡ X 0.0389 X 1 . 00 5 X 10
1557 26.70
=--+ .,
Pi Pi
475p¡ - 1 5 5 7 Pi - 26.10 = O
2
la . 1557 ± y1 1 5 5 7 - 4 X 475 X ( - 2 6 . 7 6 )
!W'from which : Pi = X
2 475
3
Pi = 3 . 2 9 4 kg/m
5
0.27 x 1 0 K ( 1023 )
Hence: --------- = 1 9 . 0 + ., -- - 1
2 2
9.0 /2 X 3.294 X 0.0975 .. 475
2 0 . 8 8 = 1 9 '. 0 + 1.153 K2
. . Kz. = 1 . 63 0
Part-Ioad conditions:
2
3.52 X 100 7.4 1226.5 18.004
439 = + --------- --+ .,
D 0 . 2 8 7 Pi
2
2pi x 0.0389 x 1 . 00 5 x 103 Pi Pi
.,
439p¡ - 1 2 2 6 . 5 p i - 1 8 = O
... P i = 2 . 8 0 8 kg/m3
2
5
10 ilPo = ') ., 7 .4 _ _ ., [19.0 + 1 . 63 0 ( - 3 - 1) l
900
.. X - . 8 0 8 X 0.09 I ;:>• 4 9
�Po = 0 . 2 1 3 bar
m 9.0 ..,. /
At design : C1 = = ,0.24 m s
PiA1 3.294 X 0.0389
7.4 /
At part load : Ci = = 67.75 m s
2.808 X 0.0389
- Pi - 4.47 x 1 0 0 - 472.8 K
At d e s i g n : Ti
:� R p i 0.287 x 3.294
.
: -,.:..
•
ISBN: O 582 23632 O

© ADDISON WESLEV LONGMAN 1996 �
43
3·5
t (To1) '7/'7-.l • ( 475 )
Poi = Pi -T = 4.47 = 4.543 bar
1 472.8
�Po 0.27
Poi = 4.543 = 0.0594
3.52 X 1 00
At part load : T1 = = 436.78 K
0.287 X 2.808
3·5
439 )
Poi = 3 . 5 2 = 3.583 bar
(
436.78
�Po 0.213
Poi = 3.583 = 0.0595
ISBN: O 582 23632 O e ADDISON WF.SLEY LONGMAN 1996 �

•
9roblem 7 . 1
u ::: 8�o
Ca 2 60
C2 = = 615.2 m/s
cos 65 0.4226
2 2
Cw2 = V615.2 - 260 = 557.5 m/s
5 5 7 . 5 - 360 o I
tan f32 = = O . 7596 {32 = 37 13

260
Cw3 = 260 tan 1 0 = 260 X 0.1763 = 45.84 m/s
360 + 45.84 O I
tan {33 = = 1.5609 {33 = 5 7 22

260
S i n c e C1 = C3 and Ca is constant:
A C.:1 ( ) 2 60 ,.. )
u = ZU tan {33 - tan f3?. = x ( 1 . 5 6 0 9 - O . , 596
2 360
A = 0.289
T e m p e r a t u r e drop c o e ffi c i e n t :
2Cp�To.. 2U ac.; 2 (557.5 + 45.84)

t.L' - - - - 3 35
- · - u : - u 2 - 360 - ·
Power o u t p u t = m U �Cw = 20 X 360 X (557.5 + 45.84)
P = 4343i60 \V or 4344 k \V
2
e: 615.2
T']. = To1 - -.,
C -- = 1000 - ,, ,, 9 4 = 835 K
� p ._ _
e
© ADDISON WESLEY LONGMAN 1996 �
ISBN: O 582 23632 O
. .,,
2
I I e/ . • 615.2
12 - T2 = AN-c = o.os x = 8.25 K
2 ,, 2294
T
2
= 835 - 8.25 = 826.75 K
7 / -, - l
Poi (To1) ( 1000 )"
2 14
P2 = T� = 826.75 = º
4
.' . P2 = = 1.869 bar
2 . 1 40
For isentropic flow, critica! pressure ratio Pe:/ Pa=l.853.
Poi
p > 1.853 . . ' . The nozzle is choking
2
'he throat conditions are :
4.0 ( 2 ) 2
Pe= = 2 . 1 5 8 bar, T e: = xT01 = X 1000 = 8 5 7 K
1.853 ¡ + 1 2.333
Pe 2.158 X 1 00 3
0· 877
Pe = RTc: = 0.287 X 857 = kg/m
3
Ce: = V l . 3 3 3 x 0 . 2 8 7 x 857 x 10 = 572.6 m/s
m 20
1
Athroat = Pc:Cc: = X = 0.0398 m
0_877 572_6
ISBN: O 582 23632 O © ADDISON WESLCY LONGMAN 1996 �

,v
il>roblem 7.2 •
1]
= o.88 x 1 0 s o [ 1 - G) = 141 K
To3 = 1 0 5 0 - 147 = 903 K
With zero outlet swirl :
jnd wi th free vortex ,
Cwr = constant
H e n c e at root
3
) Cp�To13 1 . 1 4 7 x 147 X 10 /
(e w :? r = U = 300 = 562 m s
T2 - T 3
N ow at root , A = O .·. T T = O hence T2 = T3
1 - 3
C;" C�
To: - Cp = To3 - Cp; To2 = To1 and C3 = C03 = 275 m/s
2 2
2
C; 275
h e n c e ----=!.. = -- + 147 = 180 K
2Cp 2294
ü!f e; = 6 4 2 . 6 m/s
< C vv ¿ .._
}.
C o. i = 3 1 1 , to
( .,... , ?<: \.-- pc8e)

© ADDISON WESLEY LoNGMAN 1996 �
ISBN: O 582 23E32 O
47
•
. -1 562 . -1 o 87 6 o
Cl2,. = sin = sin . 4 = 61
642 . 6
2 2
(C 0 2 ) ,. = V642.6 - 562 = 3 1 1 . 6 m/s
( C..,2 ),. - U,. 562 - 300

tan f32r = ( Ca::),. = = 0.8406
311.6
o ,
f31.,. = 40 4
rt
( Ca2)t = ( Ca:z),. = 3 1 1 . 6 m/s and - = 1 . 4
r,.
562
( Cui1.)t = - = 401.4 m/s
1.4
e · -1 401.4 -1
ª"t = tan = = tan 1.2882

.. 311.6
• o ,
. . 01.t = 52 10
Cu = v'4 0 1 . 4 2 + 311.6
2
= 5 0 8 . 1 5 m/s
h . . 1 ,,, ,,, 2751. K

W .1t no exit swir ..t 3t = ..t 3,. = 903 - -- = 870
2294
2
5 08 . 1 5
Tu = 1050 - = 937 .5 K
2294
(T1 - Ts) = �To1s because C1 = Cs with no inlet or exit swirl
Tu - Tst 937.5 - 870

A tip = = = 0.46
T1 - T3 147
2
� h , Ci,. 6 42 . 6
@' At t e root T1.,. - T.. ,. = AN-c = o.os X
.. 2 P 2294
T2,. = ( 1 05 0 - 180) - 9.0 = 861 K
Poi (To1)'/,-l ( 1 05 0 ) " 3.8

p = T� = = 2.21 P2 = = 1 . 7 1 9 bar
2 861 2_21
4
Po3 ( To3) , ¡ .., - i ( 903) 3.8/2
p = T = = 1.16 .' . ?3 = l.l6 = 1 . 6 3 8 bar
3 3 870

•
[ü)roblem 7 . 3
2
c ( ) ,.002
T3 = To3 - fa; = 1200 - 1 5 0 -
229_.
= 980.2 K
320
or rm = = 0.2037 m
2,r X 250
1
LlT013 = •1tT01 [ 1 - ( Poi� Po ) -¡ ]

3
1 ) r = 1 - �To13 = 1 - . 150 = 0.8611

(
Poi/ Po3 11tToi 0.90 x 1 2 00
Poi 8
� = 1.818 .', Po3 = = 4 . 4 bar
�03 1.818
4.4
Po3 = ( T º 3 ) "1 / ' i - i = ( 1050 )" =
1 316 P3 = = 3 . 3 4 3 bar
P3 T3 980.25 º l. 3 16
P3 3.343 X 1 00 3
9
P
3
= RT3 = 0 . 2 8 7 x 980.25 = l.l kg/m
m 36 2 )
A3 = -- = = 0.0756 m ( N . B . C3 = Ca3
p3C3 1 . 1 9 x 400
A 0.0756
h = ,., = 0 . 05 9 1 m
2 rr r m ... 1r X 0.2037
:!. = 0.2037 + (0.0591/2) = 0.233 = 1.34
rr 0.�037 - {0.0591/2) 0.17 41
A ::? = A 3
�a:? must satisfy C a :? = m and Ca2 = _ fc1. - C!2

P2A2 y
IV., = C w z U = Cp�Toi3 ( because 0: 3 = O)
1.147 X 150 X la3 .. /

Cw" = = �37.6 m s
- 320
2 2
l f Ca:? = 346 m/s Q? = 346 + 537.6 => C2 = 639 m/s
2
C; C; 639
T::? = Ta2 - ?C.. = Toi - ?C. = 1 2 0 0 - ,,')94 = 1 0 2 2 K
- p - p .. ..,
, e?
T.. = T.. - >.N-c = 1022 - 0 . 0 1 x 1 1 8 = 1 0 0 9 . s K
- - 2
p
Poi 8.0 8.0

P« = = = 4.008 bar
4 4
l, . (T
01
/T�) (1200/1009.5) 1.995
ISBN: O 582 23632 O © ADOISON WESLEY LONGMAN 1996 �

49
e, 4.008 X 1 00 • k / 3
p 2
= 0.287 X 1 02 2 = 1.366 g m
m 36
C a :: = = = 348 m/s (agrees with given 346 m/s)
C2A3 1 . 3 6 6 x 0.0756
At the root, for free vortex design, we ha ve:
rm = 0.2037 = l . l 7
r; 0.1741
( C w 2 ) ,. = (C,a::)m X rm = 537.6 X 1.17 = 629 m/s

r;
Ca:: is constant at 346 m/s. Hence:
D
2 2
C2,. = V629 + 346 = 7 1 7 . 9 m/s
2
718
T2,. = 1200 - = 975.3 K
2294
320
U,. = - = 273.5 m/s
1.17
V:z,. = J,......
3 4 _6
_ _
2 +_(
_ 6
- 2
9---2
- 7
3--
.5
)
- 2 = 496.1 m/s
3
a2,. = V,RT2r = J 1 . 3 3 3 X 0 . 2 8 7 X 975.3 X 10 = 6 1 0 . 8 6 m/s
496.1
( Mu2 ) ,. = = 0.812
6 10.8 6
�
�ill1v'
ISBN: O 582 23632 O © ADDISON WESLRY I.Ol'GMAN 1996 �

� •
�_,,roblem 7 . 4
\J
0:2 = constant (1)
Cwzr = constant (2)
From ( 2 ) , since Ca-:. = Cw2 cot 0:2
c.zr = constant and c.2 = ( c.2)m ( r;)

2
Also U = Um. ( .!.._)

rm 2
u
Now, - = tan 0:2 - tan f32
� Caz
2
tan f3-:. = tan 0:2 - Um (.!.._)

(Ca2)m rm/ 2
tan a: :: = ( t a n a: -:. ) m. = tan 5 8 º 2 3 ' = 1 . 6 2 4
Um. , ,
( ) = tan 5 8 ° 2 3 - tan 2 0 º 2 9 = 1 . 6 2 4 - 0.37 4 = 1.25
Ca: m
( � . B . F l o w c o e ffi c i e n t ( C 11 / U ) m = 0 . 8 far this mean diameter design)
H e n c e tan f32 = 1 . 6 2 4 - 1 . 2 5 ( � )
rm 2
ISB?\T: O 582 ?3632 O e ADDISON WESLEY LONGMAN !996 �

.::n
•
1
h>
-·
(�)2 (�); tan /h /J2
root 1.164 1.357 0.709 35°20'
tip 0.877 0.769 o Oº
W e therefore ha ve un twisted nozzles.
202 258°231
Cw2r== constant where x = sin = sin = 0.726 With
o 2 =constant, we also have C 02 r==constant.
�ence C02 = (C 0 2)m ( r�):

This with
U = Um. ( �) yields
rm 2
r ):+1 ( M )
tan /J2 . tan 02 - (- -e
rm 2 a2 m
root 1 . 3 00 0.662 33°30
tip 0.797 0.056 3º12

�oblem 7 . 5 •
Assuming isen tropic expansion,
A v'2G;
m = X
R
For t h e g i v e n inlet conditions m is a m á x im u m when 3TJ =O i.e. when:
2 (Ti - �T ) T ( J - ..., ) / ( -r - 1 ) - 1 + 1 T./.. 1 = O

01 w 3 1 3
1 - 1 1 -
T3 = ._ (To1 - .ó.Tw)
1 + 1
lence, writing K = A� X �(��-l)
01
� [ ( 2 ) ., : 1 ( 2 ) ., : 1 ( 2 \ l
( T o 1 - !);.T ) ., 1 - J
w 1 + 1 1 + 1 1 + 1 1
1
But CP =
R , - 1
© ADDISON WESLEY LoNG"AN 1996 �

ISBN: O 582 ?.3632 O
•
,
AP01 A ,r, ) l.±! ( 2 I ) 2 :;-=-i ( j - 1)
m ---- �01
(,r, - u� 111 ..,-i - l.±!
ma: - r,h/'l-1)
R ; - 1 ( ; + l ) .., - 1
01
1
v'Tcñ
m ma :z: i ( 2 ) :r�i (l _ �T"') 4!! rJ¡+ h-l)
AP01 R ¡ + 1 T01 r. b + l h - 1 )
01
mma:z: v'Tcñ
1- ( ( 2 ) (l _ � T ., ) ] �
AP01 R ;+ 1 To1
Hence maximum mass flow will vary with N/v'Tcñ because �Tw
9varies with Poi/ Pos-
ISBN: O 582 23632 O

•
�roblem 8 . 1
Note : In the problems for Chapter 8 , we are dealing with stagnation conditions at
all times and the su.ffix 'O' has dropped throughout.
( o \o"'f' p
33-4
Flow compatibility is expressed by :
m� = my"T; X P3 X {Ti
P1 P3 P1 V ;¡;
and:
P3
��
p; 6.903 �
�
5.0 34.515 32.9
4.i 32.444 33.8
4.5 31.064 34.3
Frorn curves, equilibrium poin t is a t :
p.,
my'Tí = 3 3 4
p: = 4.835,
P1 . '
n, = 0.795
ISBN: O 582 23632 O e ADDISON WESLEY l,ONGMA.: 1996 �

1 .
Ps
- = 0. 95 X 4.835 = 4.59
P1
and from turbine characteristic graph : 'lt = 0.8497
33.4 x 1.01 K /
m = . Mo'o = l . 98 8 g s
v288
1
N et power output = mCpgAT3,c - -mCpaAT12
'lm
Poutput = 1 . 98 8 X 1.147 X 0.8497 X 1 1 0 0 [ 1 - (-1-) ¡]

D . 4.59
- 1 . 98 8 X 1 . 00 5 X
288 [ 1
( 4.835) D° - 1
l
0.795
Poutput = 6 7 5 . 1 8 9 - 4 1 1 . 6 2 0 = 263.989 Kw
Net power output = 264 Kw
ISBN: O ·"S2 23632 O © ADDISON WESLEY LONGMAN 1996 � .

� Problem 8 . 2 •
¡ 2 - 2 7
?3
r = - and f'J t = 0.85
?-4
?3/?4 (?3/ ?4) r ó.T3,4/T3 T,4/T3 vT•7T3 m,/T;,/ ?3 my'T¡/P•
2.00 1.189 0.135 0.865 0.930 88.2 164.05
2.25 1.2247 0.156 0.844 0.918 90.2 186.31
D
., �o
.... . o 1.257 0.174 0.826 0.909 90.2 205.0
?3
mvl'i = 188 when - = 2.270 (graphical solution)
?4 . ?4
m� = 9 0 . 2
?3
4
�T3
T = 0.85
[
1 -
( 1 ) il = 0.1575
3 2.27
ISBN: O 582 2�632 O � ADDISON WESLEY LONGMAN 1996 �

'rom compatibility oí ffow : -·
{f; = 90.2 ;!;¡ 1

(A)
Y Ti m 1 P1
e: compatibility of w o r k :
sr sr T3 Cpgf'Jm 0.1575 X 1.147 X 0.98 T3 T3

- = -- = = 0.1762- . . . . . . . . . (B)
T¡ T3 T1 e; 1.005 T1 T1
6.T12 = �[(P2)0.2ss - 1]
T1 '7e P1
( mv'T1} (�) 0.286

� P1 �
r¡ (!
tlfi¡'l
R- ( = ( 0.1 �62 ) { *))
(A) * (B)
ffiflS
'"�.2 220 2.13 4.54 0.82 1.602 0.734 4.17
5.0 236 1.91 3.65 0.83 1.584 0.704 3.99
4.8 244 1.77 3.15 0.82 1 . 5 66 0.690 3.92
P2 T3
Pi = 5.105 and Ti = 4 . 06 , from graphical solution
hence T3 = 1 1 7 0 K

•
1 ¡h
�
,c 'rro
bl em 8 . 3
At outlet of gas generator turbine
m..;r; = my'Tj° x Ps x fj¡

r, · P3 P,. Y "f;
and �: = 1 - ,¡, [ 1 - c ;P.fl 3
_
m.¡r¡
_ T= my'Ti x _
4 P3 { l _ 'lt [i _ ( 1 ) il } !
P4 P3 P,.. P3/ r,
TJ t = 0.85
1
·
- ---------------------------------------------------------------
(�) t l ( 1 ) i { 1 - '1t [ 1 - ( p p.) il } t

� - P37P, 3� � � �
1.3 1.0678 0.064 0.972 20.0 25.27 1.92
1.5 1.1067 0.097 0.958 44.0 63.22 1.664
1.8 1.1583 0.137 0.940 62.0 104.90 1.387
T h e value of P4/ Pa in the table is found from
Pi P4 P3 P: P4 r,
�n = - - -- = -- X 0.96 X 2.60 = 2 . 4 9 6 -
�a ?3 P-:. r, P3 P3
',,, 3 3. t . º "' t I e le
H e n c e curves - from which power t u r b i n e pressure ratio is r = 1 . 5 5
1 •

© A•JDISON �ESLEY LONGMAN 1996 �
ISBN: O 582 7�632 O
flnd gas generator turbine pressure ratio r = 1 . 6 1
Use work compatibility equation to find T3
T1 must be given . Compressor efficiency from compressor characteristic once oper
ating point found from "''(;1 = "''(;3 x � X ¡Ti; where T3 unknown, so trial and
error method required.
j
i 1 1 . 1
' j
. ' n
I S P. N : O 582 'B612 O © ADDISON WESLEY LONGMAN 1996 �

�Problem 8 . 4 •
�H}1
For gas generator turbine
and rJ t is constant.
Thus : mi{i = « �) frorn gas generator turbine characteristics.
Since power turbine is choking at all conditions considered, the gas generator turbine
Dis operating at a fixed pressure ratio and hence fixed value of � :;; • .
( a) At 95 % of speed, work compatibility yields
At 100 % s p e e d we have sirnilarly :
�
'& T CpaTl [ 4 . 6 3 . l> - 1) C
pa T1 0 . 5 4 6 5
� 3'4 = = _;.. _
rJ m. C p g 0 . 8 5 9 rJ m C p g 0 . 8 5 9
But:
(�T34) ( il T 3 4 )
1075 9 5 % .s p e e d T3 1 00 % .s pe e d
Therefore ;
5455 0·863
T3 = 1 0 í 5 x º· x = 1214.5 K.
0.859 0.486
(b) 95 % mechanical speed at 273 K .
ISBN: O 58?. 23632 O

0 1
Jri: (% design) �·95vm = 97.57 %
From the operating line � = 439, R = 4.29 and '7 e = 0.862
273
285
6.T = [4.29°· - 1 ) = 1 6 3 . 6 K.
0_862
439 X 0.76
m = y'273 = 20.19 Kg/s.
273
Power = 20.19 x 1.005 x 1 6 3 . 5 = 3 3 1 8 Kw.
4 3 3
- z�
I o c,
1 :

© ADDIS01' WESLEY LONGMAN 1996 �
ISBN: O 582 23632 O
� •
i ili! P r o b l e m 8 . 5
Work compatibility yields :
At design point :
[ 4 :n- - 1 ]
l
[ 1 - ( t ) Ll l
1
� = me - m b = 0.6622
mb = 1 - 0.6622 = 0.3378 = mb vT i / Pi
m, m c vf 1 / P 1
Therefore at design point :
m b vfí
P1 = 0 . 3 3 7 8 x 2 2 . 8 = 7 . 70
(me - mb)vT3
P3.jl - �
and JTj is constant.
2 2
m, - mb ?3 JI - 1/r r y' l - 1 / r
(m, - mb)J - (P3)d Ji - l / r 1 - rd.jl - 1/r�
rJI - 1/r2 Jr� - 1
4Jl - 1 / 1 6 JI5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . ( 1 )

<i'J I\DDISON WESLEY LONGMAN 1996 �
ISBN: O 582 23632 O
-'
tAlso from work compatibility:
3.5
mcJTi/ Pi - mr,JTi/ Pi _ 0.4457(ri/ - 1]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
meJTi/ Pi [l _ ( �) 1/3.5]
Now: m1,JTi/ Pi = f X 7.7 = 5.775
2
From ( 1 ) : mcJTi/ P i = 5.775 + 3.889v'r - 1
(2) becomes:
1 3·5
5.775 0.4457[r 1 - 1]
1 - - solve by trial and error
ID 5.115 + 3.s9� - r1 _ (l/r)l/3.s ,
1
r r2 v'r� - 1 3.899\I' r
2
- 1 (5.775 + 3.89�) left - hand - si
3.5 12.25 3.35 1 3 . 08 18.85 0.694
3.0 9.0 2.83 11.05 16.82 0.657
2.5 6.25 2.29 8.94 14.71 0.607
2.25 5.06 2.015 7.865 1 3 . 63 0.576
e
r .v»» 0.4457[r 1
1 3·5
- 1] (1 - 1/rl/3.5) right - hand - side
3.5 1.430 0.192 0.301 0.638
3.0 1.369 0 . 1 64 0.2i0 0.607
"
... ...
, ;) 1.299 0.133 0.230 0.578
2.25 1.261 0.116 0.207 0.560
From curves , r = 2.08
o
© ADDISON WRSLEY l.ONGMAN 1996 �
ISBN: O 582 23631 O
•
lence;
me.JTi. ,.¡ 2
Pi . = 5.775 + 3.8992.08 - 1 = l � ..886
ISBN· O 582 23632 O © ADll!SON WESLEY LONGMAN 1996 �

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Lecturer's Solutions Manual

GAS TURBINE THEORY

H Cohen, G F C Rogers and H I H Saravanamutoo

� © Addison Wesley Longman 1 9 9 6

· Since the introduction of the Second Edition in 1972 many requests

for solutions have been received. The advent of modem word

processing systems has now made it convenient to p r e p ar e these in a

properly printed format and I am glad to do so.

All s i g n i fi c an t gas turbine calculations c arr i e d out in i n d u s t ry are

universally done by digital computer and the p u rp o s e of these

problems is to provide an u n d e r s t an d i n g of the engineering principies

involved. It is perhaps of historical s i g n i fi c an c e that all of these

This m an u a l will be available to instructors adopting the main text,

who are then p e rm i tt e d to photocopy the material, but it is hoped that

be very glad to h e ar of any corrections needed.

I am indebted to Mr P.M. Reddy, formerly a graduate student at

C ar l e t o n U n i v e r s i ty , for his invaluable as s i s t a n c e in p r e p ar i n g this

H.I.H. SARA VAN AM U T T O O

Gas Turbine Theory 4th edition

ISBN: O 582 23632 O © ADDISON WESLEY LONGMAN 1996 �

To2 - T. = :� ( ( �:) ' - 1]

Compressor and turbine work required per unit rnass flow is :

""" To3 - To• = 'IT To3 [1 - ( p

Gas Turbine Theory 4th edition

To2 = 288 + 3 45 . 6 = 633.6 K

To3 - To2 = 1 1 5 0 - 633.6 = 5 1 6 . 4 K

Theoretical f = 0 . 0 1 4 1 5 ( from Fig. 2.15 )

S . F . C . = 3:0/ = 3600 x 0 . 0 1 4 2 9 = 0.308 kg/kW-h

Gas Turbine Theory 4th edition

ISBN: O 582 23632 O © ADDISON WESLEY LONGMAN 1996 ij

Turbine work = ( Q - éi.Q)Cp Ts '11 (1- D when T3 = T + sr

Heat supplieci = ( Q - e:.. Q ) e, (Ts - Ts)

then heat supplied = ( Q - éi. Q ) e, Ts n« ( 1 - � ) (T3 = T + éi. T )

. . (Q - e:.. Q ) ( T + e:..T) f'Jt (1 - i) - Q 1i ( c - 1)

( Q - e:.. Q ) ( T + e:..T) f'J t ( l - i)

These efficiencies are equal w hen:

�� (Q - e:.. Q ) ( T + e:.. T ) 'l t ( l - �) - T 'l t ( l - l)

� Gas Turbine Theory 4th edition n

for the given plant : e = 6i.J' = 1 . 66 8

( a) T h e percentage increase in efficiency :

L)\Vithout c o o l i n g the specific power output

\Vith c o o l i n g specific work o u t p u t :

Gas Turbine Theory 4th edition �

ISBN: 0 582 23632 0 © ADDISON WESLEY LONGMAN 1996 E::::j

Plant with no heat e x ch an g e r :

Gain in specific work output would be unchanged. Gain in ef­

ficiency would be much less, because a rise in cycle temperature

requires a much greater increase of heat input in the combustion

chamber than is the case when a heat exchanger is fitted. In other

11,words, if no heat exchanger is fitted, the higher temperature of the

exhaust gases is wasted.

% increase in specific work output:

Gas Turbine Theory 4th edition

ISBN: O 582 23632 O © ADDJSON WESLEY LoNGMAN 1996 �

T03 - T04 = 1050 x 0.88 [ 1 - ( 3 . � 8 ) '] = 256.87 K

(a) m = 4.i88 kg/sec

_ _ [ ... " _ 1.005 X 1 5 7 . 3 ]

(b) T h e power output with no b l e e d = 6 3 3 . l l k\V.

ISBN: O 582 23632 O e ADDISON WESLEY LONGMAN 1996 �

To• - To3 = 300[2°-•sis - 1] = 110.3 K

To4 = 4 1 0 . 3 K and To5 = 700 K (given)

� .·. T06 = 1235.2 K

Po3 = 2 x 1 4 . 0 - 0.34 = 27.66 bar

Gain in specific work output would be unchanged. Gain in ef