Background Books

 Edward Wadie Saïd, Orientalism (Vintage Books, 1978)

 Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (Penguin, 1967, orig. French 1961)
 Partha Chatterjee, The Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993)
 Vivek Chibber, Postcolonial Theory and the Specter of Capital (UK: Verso, 2013)
 Lauren Benton, Law and Colonial Cultures: Legal Regimes in World History, 1400-1900
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002)

Session One: Basic concepts to view Int’l law from a from the perspective of the South and then
a critique of this alternative perspective

= Antony Anghie, Time Present and Time Past: Globalization, International Financial
Institutions, and the Third World, 32 N. Y. U. Journal of International Law & Politics 243 (1999-
2000) [not available]

=A Claire Cutler, Critical Reflections on the Westphalian assumptions of International Law and
organization: a crisis of legitimacy, Review of International Studies, Vol. 27, Issue 2, pp.133-150
(2001) [vvv imp-introductory-available]

[Critique of Traditional Westphalian-inspired assumptions about power and authority in

contemporary political economy]

Positivism

- Antony Anghie, Finding the Peripheries: Sovereignty and Colonialism in Nineteenth-Century

International Law, Vol. 40, No.1, Harvard Int’l L. J. 1 (1999) [basic, compulsory -sovereignty-
imperialism and positivism]

--Duncan Kennedy, Two Globalizations of Law and Legal Thought: 1850-1968, 36 Suffolk U. L.
Rev. 631 (2002-2003) [EEEOOO-compulsory-may be recommended also with above article of
Anghie- it is about the history of law globally-available]

- Antony Anghie, The Evolution of International Law: colonial and post-colonial realities,
(2006) 27 (5) THIRD WORLD QUARTERLY, 739-753 [very good but recommended. It is about the
history of Int’l Law from colonialism to post-colonialism]

Concept of ‘Third World’

-Balakrishnan Rajagopal, Locating the Third World in Cultural Geography, 1998-99, Third
World Legal Studies 1, pp1- [EEEEOO- vvimp-available-compulsory and a very good
discussion of ‘Third World’ in postmodern perspective- put it next to Chimni also explaining
what is third world in TWAIL]

-James Thuo Ghattii, International law and Eurocentricity (review of two books), European
Journal of International Law, Vol. 9, pp. 184-211, 1998 [available- not that important but
recommended-Eurocentricity]

-Anthony Carty, Critical International Law: Recent Trends in the Theory of International Law, 2
European Journal Int’l L. 66 (1991) [VVV.imp. introductory essay-available][recommended-
postmodern approach to international law

Concept of Hegemony in Int’l Law

-Nico Krisch, International Law in Times of Hegemony: Unequal Power and the Shaping of
International Legal Order, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 16, Issue 3, pp.369-408
[EEOOO-vv-imp. available][hegemony, power and dominance in Int’l Law-introductory-
compulsory]

- Karin Mickelson, Taking Stock of TWAIL Histories, (2008) 10 INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY

LAW REVIEW, 355-419 [This shows how the public law concepts of Int’l Law like territory,
jurisdiction, and formal war and ignores those aspects that deal with the universal operation of property
and contract at private level-recommended for above hegemony]

What is TWAIL

- B.S. Chimni, Third World Approaches to International Law: A Manifesto, (2008) 8

INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY LAW REVIEW, 3-27 [compulsory without doubt]
-Antony Anghie, What is TWAIL?: Comment, (2000) 94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN
SOCIETY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW, 39-41[compulsory]
-Vijay Prashad, The Darker Nations: A People’s History of the Third World (New Press, 2008) –
Introduction [available-recommended]
-Makau Mutua, "What is TWAIL?" (2000) 94 American Society of International Law
Proceedings, 31-38 [recommended]
Optional:
-Karin Mickelson, Rhetoric and Rage: Third World Voices in International Legal Discourse,
(1998) 16 WISCONSIN INTERNATIONAL LAW JOURNAL, 353
-James Thuo Ghattii, Alternative and Critical: The Contribution of Research and Scholarship on
Developing Countries to International Legal Theory, Harvard Law Journal, Vol. 41, No. 263,
2000 [a good summary of all the articles in this issue about TWAIL- good, basic, introductory-
available-compulsory]

Method of Twail
-Obiora Okafor, "Critical Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL): Theory,
Methodology, or Both?" (2008) 10 International Community Law Review, 371-378

Recommended Readings to know the method of Int’l Law

-Lassa Oppenheim, The Science of International Law: Its Task and Method (1908) 2 American
Journal of International Law 313-356 [available- more about method of Int’l law-very important
and recommended]
- Anne-Marie Slaughter, Appraising the Methods of International Law: A Prospectus for Readers,
American Journal of International Law April, 1999 Symposium On Method In International Law [critique
of above article of Lassa Oppenheim-available]

-Arthur Nussbaum, A Concise History of the Law of Nations (New York: Macmillan, 1947),
Excerpts (pp 102- 125)

See also Hart/Fuller debate

-H.L.A. Hart, Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals, (1958) 71 (4) HARVARD LAW
REVIEW, 593–629

-Lon L. Fuller, Positivism and Fidelity to Law — A Reply to Professor Hart, (1958) 71(4)
HARVARD LAW REVIEW, 630–672

Concept of state

-Begoña Aretxaga, Maddening States, (2003) 32 ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANTHROPOLOGY, 393-410

[very good view of the changing but still resilient concept of the state-compulsory]

-Michel-Rolph Trouillot, The Anthropology of the State in the Age of Globalization: Close
Encounters of the Deceptive Kind, (2001) 42 CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY, 125-138 [this is about
changing concept of nation state in globalization-this is ethnographic/anthropology position of
state--good but only recommended-available]

-James Ferguson & Akhil Gupta, Spatialising States: Toward an Ethnography of Neoliberal
Governmentality, (2002) 29 AMERICAN ETHNOLOGIST, 981-1002 [available -ethnographic study
of Indian state and challenge to new understanding under globalization-I think it is interesting
and should be recommended]

-Achille Mbembe, At the Edge of the World: Boundaries, Territoriality, and Sovereignty in
Africa, (2000) 12(1) PUBLIC CULTURE, 259-284 [just recommended-available ]

Critique
-Philip Alston, Remarks on Professor B. S. Chimni’s, A Just World under Law: A View from the
South, 22 American University International Law Rev. (2007) pp. 221-236 [available-
compulsory-Critique]

-B. S. Chimni, A Just World under Law: A View from the South, 22 American University
International Law Rev.(2007) pp. 199- [EEEEOOO-available-recommended]

-John D. Haskel, TRAIL-ing TWAIL: Arguments and Blind Spots in TWAIL, Canadian Journal
of Law and Jurisprudence, Vol. XXVII, No. 2, 2014 [available-compulsory-it is about mapping
and critique of TWAIL]]

Critique lecture 2

-Eyal Benvenistic and George W. Downs, Political Economy and the Fragmentation of
International Law, Stanford Law Review, Vol. 60, No.2 (2007), pp. 595-631 [EEOOO-
compulsory, a critique from main stream perspective-available] [keep above two as the main
critique]

--Yosef Lapid, The Third Debate: On the Prospects of International Theory in a Post-positivist
Era, International Studies Quarterly, (1989), pp [critique of Twail]-available-put it with Anghie

-Andrew L. Paulus, International Law after Postmodernism: Towards Renewal or Decline of

International Law? Leiden Journal of International Law, Vol. 14, Issue 4, (2001), pp. 727-755
[not available]

=Antony Anghie, Imperialism, sovereignty, and the Making of International Law (Cambridge,
2004) [book is needed]

-Upendra Baxi, New Approaches to the History of International Law, Leiden Journal of
International Law, Vol. 19, Issue 2, pp. 555-566 (2006) [review of Anghie’s book-
-sophisticated internal critique-EEOOO-available-recommended]

[Baxi gives a critique of position of Anghie and Gerry Simpson in their books Anthony Anghie,
Imperialism, Sovereignty, and the Making of International Law, Cambridge, Cambridge
University Press, 2005; Gerry Simpson, Great Powers and Outlaw States: Unequal Sovereigns
in the International Legal Order, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004]

Race and international law

-Ediberto Roman, A Race Approach to International Law (RAIL): Is there a Need for yet another
Critique of International Law UC Davis Law Review, Vol. 33, NO.4, 2002, PP.1519-1545
[available- vvv-imp. Race][race perspective in relation to other critical perspectives-good but
can be a recommended reading]

-Makau Mutua, Critical Race Theory and International Law: The View of an Insider-Outsider,
45 Vill. L. Rev. 841 (2000) [EEOO-available-recommended]

-Ruth Gorden, Critical Race Theory and International Law: convergence and Divergence, 45
Villnova Law Rev. 827 (2000) [available-compulsory- compulsory Lec.no.2]

--Antony Anghie, Civilization and Commerce: The Concept of Governance in Historical

Perspective, 45 Vill. L. Rev. 887 (2000) [EEEEOOO-Race and international law-a historical
perspective-available-compulsory Lec. no.1]

-Amr A. Shalabang, Arbitration and the Third World: A Plea for Reassessing Bias under the
Specter of Neoliberalism, 41 Harvard International Law Journal 419 (2000) [arbitration-
available]

-Patricia Lundy and Mark Govern, Whose Justice? Rethinking Traditional Justice from the
Bottom Up, Journal of Law and Society, Vol. 35, Issue 2, pp. 265-292 (2008) [vvv imp. Ireland
conflict-available-OK but not necessary]

-David A. Westbrook, Islamic International Law and Public International Law: Separate
Expressions of World Order, 33 Vs. J Int’l L. 819 (1992-93) [not available]

Feminist approaches to Int’l Law

-Hilary Charlesworth et al, Feminist Approaches to International Law, 85 Am. J. Int’l L. 613
(1991) [available- but I think it is the answer of critique by Hilary only and find the actual article
which I have in numbers]

Reply- Fernando R. Teson, Feminism and International Law: A Reply, 33 Va. J. Int’l L. 647
(1992-1993) [women’s rights-gender-recommended]

-Reply by feminists, Hilary Charlesworth, Feminists Critiques of International Law and Their
Critics, Third World Legal Studies, Vol 13, Women’s Rights and Traditional Law: A Conflict
[Recommended ]

Session Two-Application of critical perspective from the South in of Int’l Law

Conflict, IHL
-Antony Anghie & B.S. Chimni, "Third World Approaches to International Law and Individual
Responsibility in Internal Conflicts,"  (2003) 2 Chinese Journal of International Law, 77-103
[This is TWAIL’s perspective about criminal responsibility of the individual in case of conflict
and IHR--EEOOO-compulsory]

Terrorism

-Obiora Chinedu Okafor, Newness, Imperialism, and International Legal Reform in our Time: A
TWAIL perspective, 43 Osgoode Hall Law Journal 171 (2005) [EEOOO-9/11, Terroroism-
available][ a critique of changes in Int’l Law after 9/11]

-Obiora Chinedu Okafor, The Third World, International Law, and the “Post-9/11 Era”: An
Introduction, 43 Osgoode Hall Law Journal 1 (2005) [place it with security state bill of Obama--
available][same as above- that is, a critique of changes in Int’l Law after 9/11][both above
articles are compulsory]

-Zarbe-azab article around drones and international law  -Skinder’s book chapter [recommended]

-Christine Gray, President Obama’s 2010 United States’ National Security Strategy and
International Law on the Use of Force, Chinese Journal of International Law, 10(1) (2010),
pp.35-53 [EEEOOO-Use of force-terrorism-available][compulsory for next lecture on
Terrorism]

-Ibironki T. Odumsu, Challenges for the (Present/) Future of Third World Approaches to
International Law, International Community Law Review, Vol. 10, Issue 4, pp. 467-477 (2008)
[not available- critique of TWAIL, vvv-imp]

Foreign Investment/tax on Corporations

-Ibironke T. Odumosu, Locating Third World Resistance in the International Law on Foreign
Investment, International Community Law Review, Vol. 9, Issue 4, pp. 427-444 [not available-
about foreign investment]

-Jalia Kangave, Taxing TWAIL: A Preliminary Inquiry into TWAIL’s Application to the
Taxation of Foreign Direct Investment, International Community Law Review, Vol. 10, Issue
4, pp.389-400 [not available- taxation on corporations]

IP and Int’l Law

-Keith Aoki, Neo-colonialism, Anti-commons Property, and Biopiracy in the (Not-so-Brave)

New World Order of International Intellectual Property Protection, Indiana Journal of Global
Legal Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1, (1998), pp. 11-58 [compulsory-IP-available]
-Nigel Purvis, Critical Legal Studies in International Law, 32 Harv. Int’l L. J. 81 (1991)
[EEEOOO-not available]

-B. S. Chimni, International Institutions Today: An Imperial Global State in the Making,
European Journal of International Law, Vol. 5, Issue 1, pp. 1-37 [available]

-Brenda Cossman, Gender Performance, Sexual Subjects and International Law, Canadian
Journal of Law and Jurisprudence, Vol. 15, Issue 2, pp. [not available]

-Richard Price, Christian Reus, Dangerous Liaisons? Critical International Theory and
Constructivism, European Journal of International Relations, ??? [critique of TWAIL, seems
strong and interesting-not available]

-David Kennedy, My Talk at the ASIL: What is New Thinking in International Law?
Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law, Vol. 94 (2000), pp.
104-125 [introductory professional-available]

-Anna Carline, Zoe Pearson, Complexity and Queer Theory Approaches to International Law
and Feminist Politics: Perspective on Trafficking, Canadian Journal of Women and Law, Vol.
19, No. 1, 2007, pp.73-118 [interesting-gender-not available]

-David Kennedy, The Mystry of Global Governance, 34 Ohio Northern University L. Rev. 827
(2008) [available]

Environment

-Usha Natarajan, TWAIL and Environment: The State of Nature, The Nature of State, and the

Arab Spring, 14 Or. Rev. Int’l L. 177 (2012) [EEEOO-available -Environment]

Constitutionalism
-Issa Shivji, Three Generations of Constitutions and Constitution-Making in Africa: An
Overview and Assessment in Social and Economic Context, in: Issa Shivji, Where is Uhuru?
Reflections on the Struggle for Democracy in Africa (Fahamu Books, 2009), 50-57 [EEOOO-
compulsory to understand history of constitutionalism by imperial powers]
--Paul Nugent, States and Social Contracts in Africa, (2010) 63 NEW LEFT REVIEW, 35-68
[compulsory-available- it is about state and social contract in Africa]

-Petra Dobner, More Law, Less Democracy? Democracy and Transnational Constitutionalism,
in: Petra Dobner & Martin Loughlin (eds.), The Twilight of Constitutionalism? (Oxford
University Press, 2010), 141-161 [not available-but recommended]
-Hauke Brunkhorst, Constitutionalism and Democracy in the World Society, in: Dobner &
Loughlin (eds.), [see previous reference-not available], 179-198
-H.Kwasi Prempeh, Africa’s ‘Constitutional Revival’: False Start or New Dawn?, (2007) 5 INT’L
J OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, 469-506 [good but recommended-available]

Development

 Sundhya Pahuja, Decolonizing International Law: Development, Economic Growth and

the Politics of Universality (Cambridge University Press, 2011), Chapters 1, 2 and 6; pp.
1-9, 10-43, 254-260
 Eduardo Escobar, Preface to the 2nd Edition, Encountering Development: The Making
and Unmaking of the Third World (Princeton University Press, 2011), vii-xliii
 Arturo Escobar, Discourse and Power in Development: Michel Foucault an dthe
Relevance of his Work to the Third World, Alternatives 10:3 (1984), pp. 377
[development-not available ]

Alternatives [take it to the last next to struggles]

-Boaventura de Sousa Santos (2007), Beyond Abyssal Thinking: From Global Lines to Ecologies
of Knowledges, (2007) XXX (1) REVIEW, 45-89 [EEEOOO-a detail of modern thinking around
law for subjugation and exclusion and resistance of subalterns-recommended but can be
compulsory also-available]
-Boaventura de Sousa Santos, João Arriscado Nunes and Maria Paula Meneses, Introduction:
Opening up the Canon of Knowledge and Recognition of Difference, in: Boaventura de Sousa
Santos (ed.), Another Knowledge is Possible. Beyond Northern Epistemologies (London: Verso,
(2008), ix-lxii [this should be the compulsory-available]
-Amar Bhatia, The South of the North: Building on Critical Approaches to International Law
with Lessons from the Fourth World, 14 Or. Rev. Int’l L. pp. 131- (2012) [VVV-imp- critique of
TWIL-available][recommended-next to Baxi]

-Arnulf Becker-Lorca, International Law in Latin America or Latin American International

Law? Rise, Fall, and Retrieval of a Tradition of Legal Thinking and Political Imagination,
(2006) 47(1) HARVARD INT’L L J, 283-305
-Struggles

- Balakrishnan Rajagopal, The Role of Law in Counter-hegemonic Globalization and Global

Legal Pluralism: Lessons from the Narmada Valley struggle in India, (2005) 18(3) LEIDEN
JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW, 345-387 [available-very important-keep it for struggles-
compulsory]

-César Rodríguez-Garavito, ETHNICITY.GOV: GLOBAL GOvernance, Indigenous Peoples, and the

Right to Prior Consultation in Social Minefields (2011) 18 INDIANA JOURNAL OF GLOBAL
LEGAL STUDIES, 263-305 [available-recommended]