1) Vector- A vector is a collection of numbers in a definite order.

If a vector has n numbers, then it is n-dimensional

Vector is denoted by
Vector Operations:
Addition of Vector

3 4
6 7
A = B =
2 3

Therefore
7
13
A+B =
5

Scalar vector

5 1 3
3 5 15
A= 3A=3
2 3 = 9
1 2 6
Therefore

Solve A+2B+3C

3 1 5
A= B= C=
2 4 9

3 + 2(1) + 3(5)
=
2 + 2(4) + 3(9)
20
=
37

Transpose of vector
 2
3
A=
5
6

Therefore AT = 2 3 5 6

Where T denotes Transpose

A= 1 5 7

1
5
=
7
AT

Dot Product or Inner Product or Scaler Product of Vector

 a⃗ . b⃗  

⃗ 1 ⃗ 2
2 4
a = b
3 1

1 2
⃗ ⃗
2 4
a .b = .
3 1
 

= (1 x 2) +( 2 x 4) +(3 x 1)
=2+8+3
= 13

Cross product
 ⃗ 1 ⃗ 2
2 4
a = b =
3 1

⃗ ⃗ 2 x 1 -3 x 4
2 -12 -10
=
a x b = 3 x 2 -1 x 1 6 -1 A = 5
1 x 4 -2 x 2 4 -4 0

2) Matices- A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers (or functions) enclosed in brackets.

Determinant of a matrix – A determinant of a SQUARE MATRIX is a computed single value,
which is calculated from that matrix.
a) 2x2 matrix

3 4
A =
2 2

Det (A) = l A l = (3x2 - 4x2) = (6-8) = 2

b)3x3 matrix

3 4 2
A = 1 5 8
2 6 7

5 8 1 8 1 5
A = 3 - 4 + 2
6 7 2 7 2 6

= 3(35- 48) – 4(7-16) +(6-10)

=3 (- 13) -4 (-9) +2 (-4)
= -39+36-8
l A l = -11

3) Eigen Values and Vectors

1 -1
A =
2 4

(A – λ I ) . V = 0
1 0 λ 0
λI = λ . 0 1
=
0 λ

1 -1 λ 0 1-λ -1
A- λI = - =
2 4 0 λ 2 4-λ

1-λ -1
Det = 0
2 4-λ

= (1-λ ).( 4 -λ)-(-1).(2) = 0

= 4 -λ - 4 + λ2 + 2 = 0
= λ2 -5 λ +6 =0

λ = -(-5) ± √ (−5 ) 2−4.1.6

2

= 5 ± √25−24
2

= 5 ±1

2
6 4
= 2 ,2
λ = 3 , 2 → eigen values
Substituting value of λ =3, in A - λ I

1-λ -1 1-3 -1 -2 -1
= =
2 4-λ 2 4-3 2 -1
since (A – λ I). V = 0

-2 -1 V1
. = 0
2 1 V2

→ -2 V1 - V2 = 0 ; 1st equation
2 V1 + V2 = 0 ; 2nd equation

→ 2 V1 =- V2
Or, -2 V1 = V2

1 -1
A =
2 4

If V1 = 1, then V2 = - 2

1
Eigen vector =
-2

Now we need to the Verify, A.V = λ.V

1 -1 1 1
. = 3.
2 4 -2 -2

3 3
=
-6 -6

LHS = RHS

When λ = 2, then
 1-λ -1 1-2 -1 -1 -1
A- λI = = =
2 4-λ 2 4-2 2 2

since (A – λ I). V = 0
-1 -1 V1
. = 0
2 2 V2

-V1 - V2 = 0
Therefore V1 = - V2
If V1 = 1, V2 = - 1

1
Eigen vector =
-1

Now we need to the Verify, A.V = λ.V

1 -1 1 1
. = 2.
2 4 -1 -1

2 2
=
-2 -2

LHS = RHS

4 & 5)

Subspaces
A subspace is a term from linear algebra. Members of a subspace are all vectors, and they all
have the same dimensions. A subspace of a vector space V is a subset M of V that has three
properties.
a). The zero vector of V is in M.
b) For each u and v are in M, u + v is in M.
c). For each u in M and each scalar c, cu is in M , in this case M is closed under scalar
multiplication.
If the subset M satisfies these three properties, then M itself is a vector space.

Theorem

 M is a linearly independent spanning set for V

 M is a minimal spanning set for V
 M is a maximal linearly independent subset of V.
Example : Is the following set a subspace of H3?

B= ( x, x2,x3) : x € H

A subset of H3 to be a sub space of H 3, both closure properties (1) and (2) must be satisfied.
However, note that while u = (1, 1, 1) and v = (2, 4, 8) are both in B, their sum, (3, 5, 9), clearly is
not. Since B is not closed under addition, B is not a subspace of H3.