noidence and Deviation-Angle Cor-

SEYMOUR LIEBLEIN
National Aeronautics and
relations for Compressor Cascades
Space Administration,
Lewis Research Laboratory, An analysis is presented for the variation of low-speed, minimum-loss, incidence angle
Cleveland, Ohio and deviation angle for compressor-cascade blades. The aerodynamics governing the
behavior of these angles is discussed, and the principal influencing parameters are
established. A single general relation is obtained for predicting these angles for con-
ventional sections such as the British C-series blades, the double circular-arc blade,
and the NACA 65-series blades when the latter blade sections are expressed in terms of
an equivalent- circular-arc chamber line. The specific constants associated with each
blade shape are derived from the available data .

IN AN earlier paper [l],1 it was shown that a two-dimensional flow in the cascade tunnels. Nevertheless,
g e n e r a l i z e d c o r r e l a t i o n f o r t h e l o w - s p e e d losses of conventional several noteworthy attempts [2-5] were made to correlate
compressor-cascade blades could be obtained when the losses limited experimental data for design use. In recent years,
a n d b l a d e l o a d i n g w e r e e x p r e s s e d i n t e r m s of c e r t a i n s i g n i f i c a n t however, the introduction of effective tunnel-wall boundary-
parameters. T h e correlation was obtained for such commonly layer control ( n o t a b l y the porous-wall technique developed by
used b l a d e s as t h e N A C A 65(Ai0)-series blades a n d the British the N A C A [6]) g a v e a substantial impetus to cascade analysis.
C - 4 a n d C - 7 series b l a d e s a t t h e r e f e r e n c e c o n d i t i o n of m i n i m u m - More consistent sj'stematic data [6-8] and more significant
loss i n c i d e n c e a n g l e . I n v i e w of t h e s u c c e s s of t h e loss c o r r e l a - comparisons between theoretical and experimental performance
t i o n s , it w a s t h o u g h t d e s i r a b l e t o i n v e s t i g a t e m e a n s of d e d u c i n g [9-11] w e r e o b t a i n e d as a result of t h e i m p r o v e d two-dimen-
similar generalized correlations for the reference incidence sionality. T h e r e c e n t a v a i l a b i l i t y of c o n s i d e r a b l e a m o u n t s of
angle and air-turning-angle variations for these blades. In consistent d a t a has also m a d e feasible further investigation of
so d o i n g , a g e n e r a l a n a l y t i c a l p r o c e d u r e m i g h t be established the general relations a m o n g the various cascade-flow parameters.
for predicting the principal performance parameters of con- T h e p r e s e n t p a p e r p r e s e n t s a n a n a l y s i s of t h e l o w - s p e e d , air-
ventional cascade blades. t u r n i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of c o n v e n t i o n a l c a s c a d e b l a d e s i n t e r m s
In early cascade investigations, general correlation of air- of air-deviation angle at incidence angle for minimum loss.
a n g l e d a t a w a s m a d e d i f f i c u l t b e c a u s e of t h e a b s e n c e of true Available cascade t h e o r y and general blade a e r o d y n a m i c s are
utilized t o o b t a i n a q u a l i t a t i v e i n s i g h t i n t o t h e b e h a v i o r of t h e s e
1 N u m b e r s in brackets designate References at end of paper.
angles. Empirical correlations are then established based on
C o n t r i b u t e d b y the Fluid M e c h a n i c s S u b c o m m i t t e e of the H y - t h e s e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s t o d e s c r i b e t h e v a r i a t i o n of t h e air a n g l e s
draulics Division and presented at the A n n u a l M e e t i n g , Atlantic
with cascade g e o m e t r y and inlet-flow conditions.
C i t y , N . J., N o v e m b e r 2 9 - D e c e m b e r 4, 1959, of THE AMERICAN
S O C I E T Y OF M E C H A N I C A L ENGINEERS.
NOTE: Statements and opinions a d v a n c e d in papers are to b e Preliminary Considerations
understood as individual expressions of their authors and n o t tlio^e
of the Society. M a n u s c r i p t received at A S M E Headquarters, Bmde Designation. Nomenclature and symbols designating
A u g u s t 12, 1959. Paper N o . 5 9 — A - 1 7 1 . c a s c a d e b l a d e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s are g i v e n in F i g . 1. A s in i s o l a t e d -

=Nomenclature=
A = flow area s blade spacing a = solidity, ratio of chord to spacing
b = e x p o n e n t in d e v i a t i o n - a n g l e rela- I blade m a x i m u m thickness <p = b l a d e - c a m b e r angle, d i f f e r e n c e b e -
tion tween angles of tangents to
V air v e l o c i t y
c = chord length m e a n c a m b e r line a t l e a d i n g a n d
angle of attack, angle between
h = blade-camber height trailing edges, cleg
i = incidence angle, angle between inlet-air direction and blade
co = total-pressure-loss coefficient,
inlet-air d i r e c t i o n a n d t a n g e n t t o chord, deg
AP/'ApF, 2
blade mean camber line at P = air angle, angle between air
leading edge, deg v e l o c i t y a n d axial d i r e c t i o n , d e g Subscripts
iu = incidence angle of uncambered A/3 air t u r n i n g a n g l e , ft — ft, d e g
blade section, deg I = lower surface
7 b l a d e - c h o r d angle, angle between
A", = c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r in i n c i d e n c e - a n g l e ref = reference
blade c h o r d and axial direction,
relation sh = blade shape
deg
Kb = c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r in d e v i a t i o n - a n g l e t = blade m a x i m u m thickness
relation S = deviation angle, angle between
u — upper surface
outlet-air direction and tangent
M = Mach number
to blade mean camber line at 1 = station at cascade inlet
m = slope factor in deviation-angle
trailing e d g e , d e g 2 = station at cascade exit (measuring
relation
n = slope factor in incidence-angle So = deviation angle of uncambered station)
relation blade section, deg 10 = 10 p e r c e n t t h i c k

Journal of Basic Engineering SEPTEMBER 19 6 0 / 5 7 5

Copyright © 1960 by ASME

Downloaded From: http://fluidsengineering.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/30/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 POINT OF MAXIMUM CAMBER
6 5 - I A | q I—SERIES
-EQUIVALENT
MEAN LINE—>
CIRCULAR ARC

CHORD, c r

V
>• c- s
/ EQUIVALENT
'-EQUIVALENT DEVIATION
INCIDENCE ANGLE, 8
ANGLE, i

LINE ]

IMEASURING
I PLANE
•EQUIVALENT CAMBER A N G L E , <p

AXIAL DIRECTION
Fig. 2 Equivalent circular-arc mean line for N A C A 65-(Aio)-series blades
Fig. 1 Nomenclature for cascade blade

airfoil practice, cascade blade shapes are n o r m a l l y e v o l v e d by

adding a . basic thickness distribution to a mean camber line
w h i c h , as i n d i c a t e d i n F i g . 1, r e p r e s e n t s t h e b a s i c c u r v a t u r e of
the profile. S o m e f r e q u e n t l y used c u r v a t u r e s are t h e NAOA
( A i o ) a n d r e l a t e d m e a n lines [6, 8 ] , t h e c i r c u l a r - a r c m e a n line
[4], a n d t h e p a r a b o l i c - a r c m e a n line [7]. Two popular basic
t h i c k n e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n s are t h e N A C A 65-series t h i c k n e s s dis-
t r i b u t i o n [6] a n d t h e B r i t i s h C . 4 t h i c k n e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n [4], A
high-speed profile also has been o b t a i n e d f r o m the c o n s t r u c t i o n
of a c i r c u l a r - a r c u p p e r a n d l o w e r s u r f a c e [12]; this p r o f i l e is
r e f e r r e d t o as t h e d o u b l e - c i r c u l a r - a r c b l a d e .
Data Selection. I n v i e w of t h e s e n s i t i v i t y of c a s c a d e air a n g l e s
to the degree of two-dimensionality attained in the tunnel,
data for the basic correlations were selected o n l y f r o m large
tunnels or from tunnels in w h i c h good wall boundary-layer
control was exercised; e.g., [6, 11). Furthermore, the data
w e r e r e s t r i c t e d t o v a l u e s of b l a d e - c h o r d R e y n o l d s n u m b e r f r o m
a b o u t 2.0 X 10 5 t o 2 . 5 X 10 5 in o r d e r t o m i n i m i z e possible
R e y n o l d s - n u m b e r e f f e c t s o n t h e loss a n d a n g l e v a r i a t i o n s . How- Fig. 3 Equivalent camber angles for N A C A 65-(QoAio) mean camber
e v e r , in s o m e cases, e . g . , [6, 1 4 ] , in t u n n e l s w i t h l o w t u r b u l e n c e line as equivalent circular arc, Fig. 2
levels, local laminar-separation effects were observed in the
r a n g e of R e y n o l d s n u m b e r s e l e c t e d . I n such instances, it was
blade shapes. T h e p r i n c i p a l d i f f i c u l t y in this r e s p e c t is in t h e
necessary to estimate the probable variation of performance
6 5 - ( A i o ) - s e r i e s b l a d e s [6] w h o s e m e a n - l i n e s l o p e is t h e o r e t i c a l l y
p a r a m e t e r s a g a i n s t i n c i d e n c e a n g l e in t h e a b s e n c e of t h e l o c a l
infinite a t t h e l e a d i n g a n d t r a i l i n g e d g e s . H o w e v e r , it is still
s e p a r a t i o n , a n d use v a l u e s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e f a i r e d c u r v e s f o r
p o s s i b l e t o r e n d e r t h e s e s e c t i o n s u s a b l e in t h e a n a l y s i s b y a r b i -
the correlations. T h e s p e c i f i c s o u r c e s of d a t a u s e d in t h e a n a l y s i s
trarily establishing a geometrically equivalent circular-arc
a r e i n d i c a t e d b y t h e r e f e r e n c e s listed f o r t h e v a r i o u s c o r r e l a t i o n s .
m e a n c a m b e r line t h a t h a s t h e s a m e c a m b e r h e i g h t h as t h e
Approach. In order to use a u n i f o r m n o m e n c l a t u r e a n d con- Aio m e a n line, Fig. 2. (The equivalence as defined here is
sistent c o r r e l a t i o n t e c h n i q u e f o r t h e v a r i o u s b l a d e s h a p e s s t u d i e d , t h e r e f o r e o n e of maximum camber and n o t of performance.)
it w a s b e l i e v e d best to consider the approach characteristics As shown in F i g . 2, t h e e q u i v a l e n t circular-arc m e a n line is
of t h e b l a d e in t e r m s of air i n c i d e n c e a n g l e i, t h e c a m b e r c h a r a c - obtained by drawing a circular arc t h r o u g h the leading and
teristics in t e r m s o f t h e c a m b e r a n g l e cp, a n d t h e air-turning t r a i l i n g - e d g e p o i n t s a n d t h e p o i n t of m a x i m u m c a m b e r a t t h e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s in t e r m s of t h e d e v i a t i o n a n g l e 8. As indicated mid-chord position. Equivalent incidence, deviation, and
in F i g . 1, t h e s e a n g l e s are b a s e d o n t h e t a n g e n t s t o t h e b l a d e camber angles • can then be established from the equivalent
m e a n c a m b e r line a t t h e l e a d i n g a n d t r a i l i n g e d g e s . The use c i r c u l a r - a r c m e a n line as i n d i c a t e d in t h e figure. The relation
of t h e d e v i a t i o n a n g l e , r a t h e r t h a n t h e t u r n i n g a n g l e , as a m e a s u r e between equivalent c a m b e r angle and isolated-airfoil lift coeffi-
of the air-outlet direction has the advantage, for correlation c i e n t of t h e N A C A 6 5 - ( A i 0 ) - s e r i e s m e a n line is s h o w n i n F i g . 3.
p u r p o s e s , of a g e n e r a l l y s m a l l v a r i a t i o n w i t h i n c i d e n c e angle.
Inasmuch as cascade-performance curves vary appreciably
A i r - t u r n i n g a n g l e is r e l a t e d t o t h e c a m b e r , i n c i d e n c e , a n d d e v i a -
w i t h increasing inlet M a c h n u m b e r , it w a s necessary t o restrict
tion angles b y
t h e a n a l y s i s of t h e l o w - s p e e d air a n g l e s t o s o m e r e f e r e n c e l o c a t i o n
on the loss-against-incidence-angle curve that exhibits the
A (3 = <p + i - 5 (1)
l e a s t c h a n g e in p e r f o r m a n c e as M a c h n u m b e r is i n c r e a s e d . The
I n c i d e n c e a n g l e is c o n s i d e r e d p o s i t i v e w h e n it t e n d s t o i n c r e a s e r e f e r e n c e l o c a t i o n s e l e c t e d h e r e i n is t h e i n c i d e n c e a n g l e a t m i n i -
t h e a i r - t u r n i n g a n g l e , a n d d e v i a t i o n a n g l e is c o n s i d e r e d p o s i t i v e m u m t o t a l - p r e s s u r e loss, d e f i n e d s p e c i f i c a l l y as t h e m i d - p o i n t of
when it tends to decrease the air-turning angle. t h e r a n g e of i n c i d e n c e a n g l e b e t w e e n t h e p o i n t s of t w i c e m i n i m u m
T h e use of i n c i d e n c e a n d d e v i a t i o n a n g l e s r e q u i r e s a u n i q u e loss. T y p i c a l v a r i a t i o n s of d e v i a t i o n a n g l e a n d total-pressure
a n d r e a s o n a b l e d e f i n i t i o n of t h e b l a d e m e a n - l i n e a n g l e a t t h e loss illustrating t h e r e f e r e n c e l o c a t i o n a r e s h o w n in F i g . 4.
leading a n d trailing edges, w h i c h m a y n o t b e possible for s o m e A t this p o i n t , it s h o u l d b e k e p t in m i n d t h a t t h e r e f e r e n c e

72 / SEPTEMBER 1960 Transactions of the ASiViE

Downloaded From: http://fluidsengineering.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/30/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 These results were followed [17] by generalized p l o t s of the
variation of o p t i m u m i n c i d e n c e a n g l e f o r a 10 p e r cent-thick
C-series blade with c a m b e r angle, solidity, and blade orientation.
( I n t h e s e r e f e r e n c e s , b l a d e o r i e n t a t i o n w a s e x p r e s s e d in terms
of a i r - o u t l e t a n g l e r a t h e r t h a n b l a d e - c h o r d angle.)
Basically, the foregoing analyses indicate that the greater
the b l a d e c i r c u l a t i o n a t z e r o i n c i d e n c e , t h e l o w e r i n m a g n i t u d e
the minimum-loss incidence angle must be. This result is
q u i t e u n d e r s t a n d a b l e q u a l i t a t i v e l y , s i n c e as c i r c u l a t i o n t e n d s t o
increase, the difference between the upper and lower surface
velocities increases, and a more negative incidence angle is
required t o reduce the difference. I t is r e a s o n a b l e t o expect,
therefore, that similar trends of variation of minimum-loss
i n c i d e n c e a n g l e w i t h c i r c u l a t i o n will b e o b t a i n e d f o r c o n v e n t i o n a l
- 4 0 4 8 compressor-blade sections.
INCIDENCE ANGLE i. OEC
T h e results of [17] as well as a p r e l i m i n a r y e x a m i n a t i o n of
Fig. 4 Illustrative variation of cascade performance parameters showing experimental cascade data showed that the minimum-loss
definition of reference minimum-loss incidence angle i n c i d e n c e a n g l e s of u n c a m b e r e d s e c t i o n s (<p = 0 ) of c o n v e n t i o n a l
t h i c k n e s s e s w e r e n o t z e r o , as i n d i c a t e d b y t h e o r y f o r i n f i n i t e l y
t h i n b l a d e s , b u t a l w a y s p o s i t i v e in v a l u e . T h e appearance of
m i n i m u m - l o s s i n c i d e n c e a n g l e is n o t n e c e s s a r i l y t o b e c o n s i d e r e d
p o s i t i v e v a l u e s of i n c i d e n c e a n g l e f o r t h i c k b l a d e s is a t t r i b u t e d
as a recommended design point for compressor application.
t o t h e e x i s t e n c e of v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s a t z e r o i n c i d e n c e a n g l e
T h e s e l e c t i o n of t h e b e s t i n c i d e n c e a n g l e f o r a p a r t i c u l a r b l a d e
that are n o t s y m m e t r i c a l on the t w o surfaces. T h e existence of
e l e m e n t in a m u l t i s t a g e - c o m p r e s s o r d e s i g n is a f u n c t i o n of m a n y
u n s y m m e t r i c a l v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s a t zero i n c i d e n c e c a n be
c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , s u c h as t h e l o c a t i o n of t h e b l a d e r o w , t h e d e s i g n
seen qualitatively from the highly simplified one-dimensional
M a e h n u m b e r , a n d t h e t y p e a n d a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e d e s i g n . In
model of the blade passage flow in F i g . 5. Apparently, an
g e n e r a l , t h e r e is n o o n e u n i v e r s a l d e f i n i t i o n of d e s i g n o r best
incidence angle. T h e c a s c a d e r e f e r e n c e l o c a t i o n is e s t a b l i s h e d
p r i m a r i l y f o r p u r p o s e s of a n a l y s i s .
Of t h e m a n y b l a d e s h a p e s c u r r e i i t l j ' in use in compressor-
design practice, i.e., NACA 65-series, C-series circular arc,
parabolic arc, d o u b l e circular arc, d a t a sufficient t o p e r m i t a
reasonably complete and significant correlation have been
p u b l i s h e d o n l y f o r t h e G5-(A 1 0 )-series b l a d e s o f [ 6 j . Therefore V
a b a s i c c o r r e l a t i o n of t h e 6 5 - ( A i 0 ) - s e r i e s d a t a h a d t o b e e s t a b l i s h e d V|
! .
(o) y 0°. (b) y = 90°. (c) 0°< r <S0°.
first a n d t h e results u s e d as a g u i d e o r f o u n d a t i o n f o r d e t e r m i n i n g
the corresponding p e r f o r m a n c e trends for the other blade shapes Fig. 5 Effect of blade thickness on surface velocity al zero incidence
for which only l i m i t e d d a t a exist. I n a s m u c h as t h e tests in angle for uncambered airfoil section according to simplified one-dimen-
[6] w e r e c a r r i e d o u t w i t h fixed air-inlet a n g l e r a t h e r t h a n w i t h sional model
fixed c h o r d angle as i n t h e compressor, it w a s n e c e s s a r y to
establish the angle correlations on a fixed /Si basis. Limited i n c r e a s e i n i n c i d e n c e a n g l e f r o m t h e z e r o v a l u e is n e c e s s a r y in
data indicate that a fixed (Si-curve will h a v e a minimum-loss order t o reduce the lower surface velocity to a more equitable
incidence angle a b o u t 1 to 2 deg greater than a fixed •y-curve distribution that results in a m i n i m u m of the over-all loss.
f o r t h e s a m e v a l u e s o f /3, in t h e l o w - l o s s r e g i o n . T h i s z e r o - c a m b e r t h i c k n e s s e f f e c t , h o w e v e r , will a p p e a r o n l y f o r
b l a d e - c h o r d a n g l e s b e t w e e n 0 a n d 9 0 d e g , since, as i n d i c a t e d
in F i g . 5, t h e v e l o c i t j ' d i s t r i b u t i o n s a t t h e s e l i m i t a n g l e s are
Incidence-Angle Variations symmetrical. T h e effect of such a blade-thickness blockage on
Qualitative Analysis. I t is g e n e r a l l y r e c o g n i z e d t h a t t h e low- impact-free-entiy incidence angle for straight (uncambered)
loss r e g i o n of i n c i d e n c e a n g l e is i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t h e a b s e n c e of b l a d e s of c o n s t a n t c h o r d w i s e t h i c k n e s s i n i n c o m p r e s s i b l e two-
large v e l o c i t y peaks (and subsequent decelerations) o n either d i m e n s i o n a l f l o w w a s i n v e s t i g a t e d in [18]. T h e s e results a l s o
blade surface. For infinitely thin sections, steep velocity s h o w e d t h a t , i n t e r m s of t h e p a r a m e t e r s u s e d in this p a p e r , t h e
g r a d i e n t s a r e a v o i d e d w h e n t h e f r o n t s t a g n a t i o n p o i n t is l o c a t e d i m p a c t - f r e e i n c i d e n c e a n g l e is z e r o a t y3t = 0, increases with
at t h e l e a d i n g e d g e . T h i s c o n d i t i o n h a s b e e n r e f e r r e d t.o f r e - i n c r e a s i n g (3, u n t i l a m a x i m u m v a l u e is r e a c h e d , a n d t h e n de-
q u e n t l y as t h e c o n d i t i o n of " i m p a c t - f r e e e n t r y . " Weinig [15] creases t o z e r o a g a i n a t /3i = 9 0 d e g . I t is r e a s o n a b l e t o e x p e c t
u s e d t h e c r i t e r i o n of s t a g n a t i o n - p o i n t l o c a t i o n t o e s t a b l i s h the that similar trends of variations of zero-camber reference mini-
variation of impact-free-entry incidence angle for infinitely m u m - l o s s i n c i d e n c e a n g l e will b e o b t a i n e d f o r c o m p r e s s o r - b l a d e
thin circular-arc sections f r o m potential-flow theory. Results profiles.
deduced therein showed that the minimum-loss incidence angle O n t h e b a s i s of t h e f o r e g o i n g c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , it is expected
is z e r o a t z e r o c a m b e r a n d d e c r e a s e s l i n e a r l y w i t h c a m b e r for that, for low-speed-cascade flow, reference minimum-loss inci-
fixed solidity and blade-chord angle. d e n c e a n g l e w i l l g e n e r a l l y b e p o s i t i v e a t zero c a m b e r a n d de-
Some equivalent results h a v e been obtained for thick-nose crease with increasing c a m b e r , d e p e n d i n g on solidity a n d b l a d e -
blades with rounded leading edges based on the criterion that chord angle. The available theory also indicates that the
t h e l o c a t i o n of t h e s t a g n a t i o n p o i n t in t h e l e a d i n g - e d g e region variation of reference incidence angle with camber at fixed
of a t h i c k b l a d e is t h e c o n t r o l l i n g f a c t o r i n t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n ol s o l i d i t y a n d c h o r d a n g l e m i g h t b e e s s e n t i a l l y linear. If s o , t h e
the surface v e l o c i t y distributions. Carter [16] showed semi- v a r i a t i o n s c o u l d b e e x p r e s s e d i n t e r m s of s l o p e a n d intercept
t h e o r e t i c a l l y o n this b a s i s t h a t o p t i m u m i n c i d e n c e a n g l e ( a n g l e values, where t h e intercept v a l u e represents the m a g n i t u d e of
at m a x i m u m lift-drag ratio) for a conventional 10 p e r cent- the incidence angle for the uncambered section (function of
thick circular-arc blade decreases with increasing c a m b e r angle. blade thickness, solidity, and blade-chord angle).

Journal of Basic Engineering SEPTEMBER 19 6 0 / 73

Downloaded From: http://fluidsengineering.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/30/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 SOLIDITY.

10 20 30 40 50 60 70
INLET-AIR ANGLE, >9,. DEG
0 10 20 30 40 50
INLET-AIR ANGLE. 0 OEG
Fig. 6 Reference minimum-loss incidence angle for zero camber de-
duced from low-speed-cascade data for 10 per cent-thick N A C A 65- Fig. 7 Reference minimum-loss-incidence-angle slope factor deduced
(Aio)-series blades [6] from low-speed-cascade data for N A C A 65-(Ajo)-series blades as equiva-
lent circular arcs

Data Correlations: Form of correlation. Although preliminary

t h e o r y i n d i c a t e s t h a t b l a d e - c h o r d a n g l e is t h e s i g n i f i c a n t b l a d e -
SOLIDITY,
orientation parameter, it w a s n e c e s s a r y to establish the data
c o r r e l a t i o n s in t e r m s of i n l e t - a i r a n g l e , as m e n t i o n e d p r e v i o u s l y .
T h e observed cascade d a t a were f o u n d to be represented satis-
f a c t o r i l y b y a linear v a r i a t i o n of r e f e r e n c e i n c i d e n c e a n g l e w i t h
c a m b e r a n g l e f o r fixed s o l i d i t y a n d i n l e t - a i r a n g l e . T h e variation
of reference minimum-loss incidence angle can then be described
in e q u a t i o n f o r m as

i = io + nip (2)

w h e r e io is t h e i n c i d e n c e a n g l e f o r z e r o c a m b e r a n d n is t h e s l o p e
of t h e i n c i d e n c e - a n g l e v a r i a t i o n w i t h c a m b e r (i — io)/<P-
S i n c e t h e e x i s t e n c e of p o s i t i v e v a l u e s of io is a result of t h e
e f f e c t s of t h e finite b l a d e t h i c k n e s s , it is r e a s o n a b l e t o assume
t h a t b o t h t h e m a g n i t u d e of t h e m a x i m u m thickness and the
t h i c k n e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n c o n t r i b u t e to t h e e f f e c t . Therefore, since
t h e 10 p e r c e n t - t h i c k 05-series b l a d e s of [6] are t o b e u s e d as
the basis for the correlation for other c o n v e n t i o n a l b l a d e shapes,
i t is p r o p o s e d t h a t t h e z e r o - c a m b e r r e f e r e n c e i n c i d e n c e a n g l e b e
e x p r e s s e d in t h e f o r m

io = (/ri).h(A\),(io).» (3)

w h e r e (fo)io r e p r e s e n t s the variation of zero-camber incidence

a n g l e f o r t h e 10 p e r c e n t - t h i c k 65-series tin k n e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n , I0C4 BLADE
(Ki)t represents a n y correction necessary for m a x i m u m blade
t h i c k n e s s e s o t h e r t h a n 10 p e r c e n t , a n d (Ki). i, r e p r e s e n t s any
correction necessary for a blade shape with a thickness dis-
tribution d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h a t of t h e 65-series blades. (For a
10 p e r c e n t - t h i c k 65-series b l a d e , ( 7 f ; ) i = 1 a n d {Ki),h = 1.)
T h e p r o b l e m , t h e r e f o r e , is r e d u c e d t o finding t h e v a l u e s of n
and io, t h r o u g h equation (3), as functions of the pertinent
variables i n v o l v e d for the various blade profiles considered.
NACA 65-(Aio)-series blades. F r o m the extensive low-speed-cas-
c a d e d a t a f o r t h e 65-(Aio)-series b l a d e s [6], w h e n e x p r e s s e d in t e r m s
of e q u i v a l e n t i n c i d e n c e a n d c a m b e r a n g l e s , F i g s . 2 a n d 3, p l o t s
of io a n d n w e r e d e d u c e d t h a t a d e q u a t e l y r e p r e s e n t t h e m i n i m u m - -12 _L _L J
0 10 20 30 4 0 5 0 6 0
loss-incidence-angle variations of the data. The deduced
EQUIVALENT CAMBER ANGLE, <p, DEG
v a l u e s of io a n d n a s f u n c t i o n s of s o l i d i t y a n d i n l e t - a i r a n g l e are Fig. 8 Comparison of data values and deduced rule values of reference
g i v e n f o r t h e s e b l a d e s in F i g s . 6 a n d 7. V a l u e s of i n t e r c e p t io minimum loss incidence angle for 65-(Aio)10 blades [6] as equivalent
and slope n were obtained b y fitting a s t r a i g h t line t o each circular arcs
d a t a p l o t of r e f e r e n c e i n c i d e n c e a n g l e a g a i n s t c a m b e r a n g l e f o r
a fixed solidity and air-inlet a n g l e . The straight lines were c a m b e r s , t h e r a n g e of e q u i v a l e n t i n c i d e n c e a n g l e c o v e r e d in t h e
s e l e c t e d so t h a t b o t h a s a t i s f a c t o r y r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of t h e v a r i a t i o n tests w a s i n s u f f i c i e n t t o p e r m i t a n a c c u r a t e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of a
of t h e d a t a p o i n t s a n d a c o n s i s t e n t v a r i a t i o n o f t h e r e s u l t i n g n minimum-loss value. S o m e of t h e s c a t t e r of t h e d a t a m a y be
a n d io v a l u e s w e r e o b t a i n e d . d u e t o t h e e f f e c t s of l o c a l l a m i n a r s e p a r a t i o n i n altering the
T h e d e d u c e d rule v a l u e s a n d t h e o b s e r v e d d a t a p o i n t s com- r a n g e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e s e c t i o n s .
p a r e d in F i g . 8 i n d i c a t e t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of t h e d e d u c e d r e p r e - A l t h o u g h t h e c a s c a d e d a t a of [6] i n c l u d e v a l u e s of inlet-air
sentation. In several configurations, particularly for low a n g l e f r o m 3 0 t o 70 d e g a n d v a l u e s of s o l i d i t y f r o m 0 . 5 t o 1.5,

578 / SEPTEMBER 1960 Transactions of the ASiViE

Downloaded From: http://fluidsengineering.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/30/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 the d e d u c e d v a r i a t i o n s in F i g s . 0 a n d 7 are e x t r a p o l a t e d to c o v e r c i r c u l a r - a r c b l a d e c a n b e o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e f'o a n d n - v a l u e s of
wider r a n g e s of ft a n d <r. T h e e x t r a p o l a t i o n of t o zero at t h e 65-series b l a d e w i t h ( i f , ) s i , = 1.1.
ft = 0 is o b v i o u s . According to theory [15] however, the Double-circidar-arc blades. The double-circular-arc blade is
v a l u e of t h e s l o p e t e r m s d o e s n o t v a n i s h a t ft = 0. I n F i g . 7, composed of circular-arc upper and lower surfaces. The arc
t h e r e f o r e , a n a r b i t r a r y f a i r i n g of t h e c u r v e s d o w n t o nonzero f o r e a c h s u r f a c e is d r a w n b e t w e e n t h e p o i n t of m a x i m u m t h i c k -
v a l u e s of n w a s a d o p t e d as i n d i c a t e d . A c t u a l l y , it is n o t p a r - ness a t m i d - c l i o r d a n d t h e t a n g e n t to t h e circles of t h e l e a d i n g
t i c u l a r l y c r i t i c a l t o d e t e r m i n e t h e e x a c t v a l u e of t h e s l o p e t e r m and trading-edge radii. The chordwise thickness distribution
at ft = 0 necessary to locate the reference incidence angle for the double-circular-arc profile with 1 per cent leading
p r e c i s e l y , since, f o r s u c h c a s e s ( i n l e t g u i d e v a n e s a n d turbine a n d t r a i l i n g - e d g e r a d i u s is s h o w n in F i g . 9. L a c k of cascade
n o z z l e s ) , a w i d e l o w - l o s s r a n g e of o p e r a t i o n is u s u a l l y o b t a i n e d . d a t a a g a i n p r e v e n t s a n a c c u r a t e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of a reference
T h e s o l i d i t y e x t r a p o l a t i o n s w e r e a t t e m p t e d b e c a u s e of t h e u n i - incidence a n g l e rule f o r the double circular arc. Since the
f o r m v a r i a t i o n s of t h e d a t a w i t h s o l i d i t j ' . However, caution double-circular-arc blade is t h i n n e r than the 65-series blade
s h o u l d be e x e r c i s e d in a n y f u r t h e r e x t r a p o l a t i o n of t h e d e d u c e d in t h e inlet r e g i o n , the zero-camber incidence angles for the
variations. double-circular-arc blade should be somewhat different from
C-series circular-arc blades. The various thickness dis- t h o s e of t h e 65-series s e c t i o n , w i t h p e r h a p s (/£,•)su < 1 . I t also
t r i b u t i o n s u s e d in c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h t h e c i r c u l a r - a r c m e a n line c a n b e a s s u m e d , as b e f o r e , t h a t t h e s l o p e - t e r m v a l u e s of F i g . 7
h a v e b e e n d e s i g n a t e d C . l , C . 2 , C . 3 , a n d so f o r t h [17, 19, 2 0 ] , are v a l i d f o r t h e d o u b l e - c i r c u l a r - a r c b l a d e . F r o m an examina-
In general, the various C-series thickness distributions arc tion of t h e a v a i l a b l e c a s c a d e data for the double-circular-arc
fairly s i m i l a r a n d h a v e their maximum thickness located at b l a d e (<p = 2 5 d e g , cr = 1.333 [ 1 2 ] ; a n d <p = 4 0 d e g , <7 = 1.064
b e t w e e n 3 0 a n d 4 0 p e r c e n t of t h e c h o r d l e n g t h . T h e G5-series [ 1 9 ] ) , i t a p p e a r s t h a t t h e use of F i g s . 7 a n d 8 w i t h a v a l u e of
and t w o of t h e m o r e p o p u l a r C-series thickness distributions [Ki)sh = 0 . 7 i n e q u a t i o n s ( 2 ) a n d ( 3 ) results i n a s a t i s f a c t o r y
(C.l a n d C . 4 ) are c o m p a r e d o n an e x a g g e r a t e d s c a l e in F i g . 9. c o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n p r e d i c t e d a n d o b s e r v e d v a l u e s of r e f e r e n c e
( T h e 65-series p r o f i l e s h o w n is u s u a l l y t h i c k e n e d n e a r t h e trailing incidence angle.
e d g e in a c t u a l b l a d e c o n s t r u c t i o n . ) Effect of blade maximum thickness. As indicated previously,
s o m e c o r r e c t i o n [ e x p r e s s e d h e r e i n t e r m s of ( / f i ) i , e q u a t i o n ( 3 ) ]
BLADE
t o t h e b a s e v a l u e s of (?'o)io o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e 10 p e r c e n t - t h i c k
65-series b l a d e s in F i g . 6 s h o u l d exist f o r o t h e r v a l u e s of b l a d e
maximum-thickness ratio. According to the theory of the
zero-camber effect, ( K s h o u l d b e z e r o f o r zero t h i c k n e s s a n d
i n c r e a s e as m a x i m u m b l a d e t h i c k n e s s is i n c r e a s e d , w i t h a v a l u e
of 1.0 f o r a t h i c k n e s s r a t i o of 0 . 1 0 . A l t h o u g h the v e r y limited
l o w - s p e e d d a t a o b t a i n e d f r o m b l a d e s of v a r i a b l e t h i c k n e s s r a t i o
[22, 23] w e r e n o t c o m p l e t e l y d e f i n i t i v e , it w a s p o s s i b l e t o e s t a b -
lish a p r e l i m i n a r y t h i c k n e s s - c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r f o r r e f e r e n c e z e r o -
c a m b e r i n c i d e n c e a n g l e as i n d i c a t e d i n F i g . 10 f o r use in c o n -
junction with equation (3).
40 50 60
PERCENT CHORD
1.2
Fig. 9 Comparison of basic thickness distributions for conventional
compressor-blade sections
1.0

I n v i e w of t h e s o m e w h a t g r e a t e r t h i c k n e s s b l o c k a g e i n t h e
f o r w a r d p o r t i o n s of t h e C - s e r i e s b l a d e s , F i g . 9, it m a y b e t h a t
the m i n i m u m - l o s s incidence angles for zero c a m b e r for the C-
series b l a d e s are s o m e w h a t g r e a t e r t h a n t h o s e f o r t h e 65-series
profiles; t h a t is, (Ki)sh > 1. I n t h e a b s e n c e of a n y d e f i n i t i v e
c a s c a d e d a t a , t h e v a l u e of ( K i ) a h f o r t h e C - s e r i e s p r o f i l e s w a s
a r b i t r a r i l y t a k e n t o b e 1.1. Observed minimum-loss incidence
a n g l e s f o r a n u n c a m b e r e d 10 p e r c e n t - t h i c k C . 4 p r o f i l e ( o b t a i n e d
from [21]) compared favorably with values predicted f r o m the
d e d u c e d (io)io v a l u e s f o r t h e 65-series b l a d e , F i g . 6 a n d e q u a t i o n
( 3 ) , w i t h a n a s s u m e d v a l u e of (K>)si, = 1.1.
I n v i e w of t h e s i m i l a r i t y b e t w e e n t h e 65-(Aio)-series mean O .02 .04 .06 .08
MAXIMUM-THICKNESS RATIO,
line a n d a t r u e c i r c u l a r a r c , F i g . 2, t h e a p p l i c a b i l i t y of t h e s l o p e
v a l u e s i n F i g . 7 t o t h e c i r c u l a r - a r c m e a n line w a s i n v e s t i g a t e d . Fig. 10 Deduced blade maximum-thickness correction for zero-camber
F o r the recent cascade data obtained f r o m tiumels having g o o d reference minimum-loss incidence angle. Equation (3)
b o u n d a r y - l a y e r c o n t r o l [10, 1 3 ] , a c h e c k c a l c u l a t i o n f o r t h e 10
per cent-thick C.4 circular-arc blades using Figs. 6 and 7 with Effect of inlet Mcich number. The previous correlations of
(Ki)ah = 1.1 r e v e a l e d g o o d results. F o r the three configurations reference minimum-loss incidence angle, h a v e all b e e n based
in [13] t e s t e d a t c o n s t a n t ft(<£ = 30 deg), the agreement be- 011 l o w - s p e e d - c a s c a d e d a t a . It appears f r o m limited high-speed
tween observed and predicted minimum-loss incidence angles data, however, that minimum-loss incidence angle will vary
was within 1 deg. F o r the. o n e c o n f i g u r a t i o n i n [10] t e s t e d at with increasing inlet M a c h n u m b e r for certain blade shapes.
c o n s t a n t 7 (tp = 31 d e g ) , t h e p r e d i c t e d v a l u e of m i n i m u m - l o s s T h e v a r i a t i o n s of m i n i m u m - l o s s i n c i d e n c e a n g l e w i t h i n l e t M a c h
i n c i d e n c e a n g l e w a s 1.7 d e g g r e a t e r t h a n t h e o b s e r v e d value. n u m b e r are p l o t t e d f o r s e v e r a l b l a d e s h a p e s in F i g . 11. The
H o w e v e r , in v i e w of t h e g e n e r a l 1 t o 2 cleg d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n e x t e n s i o n of t h e t e s t d a t a p o i n t s t o l o w e r v a l u e s of i n l e t M a c h n u m -
fixed ft and fixed 7 operation, such a d i s c r e p a n c y is t o be b e r c o u l d n o t g e n e r a l l y b e m a d e b e c a u s e of r e d u c e d R e j m o l d s
expected. O n t h e b a s i s of t h e s e l i m i t e d d a t a , it a p p e a r s t h a t n u m b e r s or i n s u f f i c i e n t p o i n t s t o e s t a b l i s h t h e r e f e r e n c e l o c a t i o n
the low-speed minimum-loss incidence angles for the C-series at t h e l o w e r M a c h n u m b e r s . I n s o m e i n s t a n c e s , it w a s p o s s i b l e

Journal of Basic Engineering S E P T E M B E R 1 9 6 0 / 75

Downloaded From: http://fluidsengineering.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/30/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 BLADE V <r r It will be recalled from the d i s c u s s i o n of the zero-camber
minimum-loss incidence angle that, for the conventional staggered
cascade ( 0 ° < y < 9 0 ° ) with nonzero blade thickness set at zero
i n c i d e n c e a n g l e , a g r e a t e r m a g n i t u d e of v e l o c i t y o c c u r s o n t h e
b l a d e l o w e r ( c o n c a v e ) s u r f a c e t h a n o n t h e u p p e r ( c o n v e x ) surf ace.
S u c h v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s result in a n e g a t i v e b l a d e c i r c u l a t i o n
a n d c o n s e q u e n t l } ' in a p o s i t i v e d e v i a t i o n a n g l e . Furthermore,
since the deviation angle increases slightly with increasing
i n c i d e n c e a n g l e ( d d / d i is p o s i t i v e i n p o t e n t i a l cascade flow),
p o s i t i v e v a l u e s of d e v i a t i o n a n g l e w i l l l i k e w i s e b e o b t a i n e d at
t h e c o n d i t i o n of m i n i m u m - l o s s i n c i d e n c e a n g l e . Since the zero-
camber deviation angle arises from essentially a thickness
b l o c k a g e e f f e c t , t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e v a r i a t i o n of m i n i m u m -
loss, z e r o - c a m b e r d e v i a t i o n a n g l e w i t h c a s c a d e g e o m e t r y would
b e e x p e c t e d t o parallel r o u g h l y t h e v a r i a t i o n o f t h e m i n i m u m -
loss, zero-camber incidence angle in Fig. 6. The low-speed
reference-deviation-angle correlations may, therefore, involve
i n t e r c e p t a n d s l o p e v a l u e s as in t h e c a s e of t h e r e f e r e n c e - i n c i d e n c e -
angle correlations.
(Bl THIN-NOSE BLADES.
Data Correlations: Form of correlation. Examination of
Fig. 11 Variation of reference minimum-loss incidence angle with inlet d e v i a t i o n - a n g l e d a t a at r e f e r e n c e i n c i d e n c e a n g l e r e v e a l s t h a t t h e
Mach number
o b s e r v e d d a t a c a n b e r e p r e s e n t e d s a t i s f a c t o r i l y b y a linear v a r i a -
tion of reference deviation angle with c a m b e r angle for fixed
t o o b t a i n l o w - s p e e d v a l u e s of i n c i d e n c e a n g l e f r o m o t h e r s o u r c e s . s o l i d i t y a n d air-inlet a n g l e . T h e v a r i a t i o n of r e f e r e n c e d e v i a t i o n
The blades in F i g . 11(a) show essentially no variation of a n g l e c a n t h e n b e e x p r e s s e d in e q u a t i o n f o r m as
m i n i m u m - l o s s i n c i d e n c e a n g l e w i t h i n l e t M a c h n u m b e r , at l e a s t
u p t o a M a c h n u m b e r of a b o u t 0.8. T h e b l a d e s in F i g . 11(&), 8 = So + m<p (4)
h o w e v e r , e v i d e n c e a m a r k e d i n c r e a s e in i n c i d e n c e a n g l e with
Mach number. Since the most obvious difference between the w h e r e 5o is t h e r e f e r e n c e d e v i a t i o n a n g l e f o r z e r o c a m b e r a n d m
b l a d e s in F i g s . l l ( a a n d b) is t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e l e a d i n g - e d g e is t h e s l o p e of t h e d e v i a t i o n - a n g l e v a r i a t i o n w i t h c a m b e r (8 —
region, t h e d a t a suggest t h a t blades with thick-nose inlet regions 8o)/tp. F u r t h e r m o r e , it w a s f o u n d t h a t t h e s l o p e t e r m m c o u l d
t e n d t o s h o w , f o r t h e r a n g e of inlet M a c h n u m b e r c o v e r e d , e s s e n - be expressed as a f u n c t i o n of s o l i d i t y , so t h a t e q u a t i o n (4)
tially n o M a c h - n u m b e r e f f e c t o n m i n i m u m - l o s s i n c i d e n c e a n g l e , c o u l d b e e x p r e s s e d ns
w h i l e b l a d e s w i t h s h a r p l e a d i n g e d g e s will h a v e a significant
8 — 80 1
Mach-number effect. The available data, however, are too
limited to c o n f i r m this o b s e r v a t i o n c o n c l u s i v e l y a t this time.
Furthermore, for the blades t h a t d o s h o w a M a c h - n u m b e r effect,
w h e r e »(•„_i r e p r e s e n t s t h e v a l u e of in a t a s o l i d i t y of 1, a n d b is
the magnitude of the variation of reference incidence angle
the solidity e x p o n e n t (variable with air-inlet angle). I t will be
w i t h M a c h n u m b e r is n o t c u r r e n t l y p r e d i c t a b l e .
n o t e d t h a t e q u a t i o n ( 5 ) is s i m i l a r in f o r m t o t h e f r e q u e n t l y used
d e v i a t i o n - a n g l e rule f o r c i r c u l a r - a r c b l a d e s o r i g i n a l l y e s t a b l i s h e d
Deviation-Angle Variations by Constant [2] a n d l a t e r m o d i f i e d b y C a r t e r [24], Carter's
r u l e f o r t h e c o n d i t i o n of n o m i n a l i n c i d e n c e a n g l e is g i v e n b y
Qualitative Analysis. Inasmuch as t h e flow deviation is an
e x p r e s s i o n of t h e g u i d a n c e c a p a c i t y of t h e p a s s a g e f o r m e d by
a d j a c e n t b l a d e s , it is e x p e c t e d t h a t t h e c a s c a d e g e o m e t r y ( c a m b e r ,
ip V or
s o l i d i t y , a n d c h o r d a n g l e ) will b e t h e p r i n c i p a l i n f l u e n c i n g f a c t o r
involved. Cascade potential-flow theoiy indicates that the
in w h i c h m c is a f u n c t i o n of b l a d e - c h o r d a n g l e [ 2 4 ] .
deviation angle should increase with blade c a m b e r and chord
A s in t h e c a s e f o r t h e z e r o - c a m b e r r e f e r e n c e minimum-loss
angle and decrease with solidity. Weinig [15], for example,
incidence angle, the zero-camber deviation angle c a n b e repre-
shows that the deviation angle varies linearly with camber
s e n t e d as a f u n c t i o n of b l a d e t h i c k n e s s as
for a given value of solidity and c h o r d angle for infinitesimally
thin blades at impact-free incidence. Furthermore, with
So = (K6)ch(KMSo)w (7)
d e v i a t i o n a n g l e e q u a l t o z e r o a t z e r o c a m b e r a n g l e in this t h e o r y ,
it w a s p o s s i b l e t o express t h e d e v i a t i o n a n g l e as a ratio of the w h e r e (5o)io r e p r e s e n t s t h e b a s i c v a r i a t i o n f o r t h e 10 p e r c e n t -
c a m b e r angle. V a l u e s of t h e ratio of d e v i a t i o n a n g l e t o c a m b e r thick 65-series thickness distribution, (Iis)sh represents any
angle for an infinitel}' thin circular-arc blade of small correction necessary for a blade shape with a thickness dis-
c a m b e r were f o u n d to decrease with solidity a n d increase with t r i b u t i o n d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h a t of t h e 65-series b l a d e , a n d (Ks)t
chord angle. T h e s e v a l u e s are f o r t h e i n c i d e n c e a n g l e f o r i m p a c t - represents an)' correction necessary for m a x i m u m blade thick-
free e n t r y p r e v i o u s l y m e n t i o n e d , w h i c h c o r r e s p o n d s essentially nesses o t h e r t h a n 10 p e r c e n t . F o r a 10 p e r c e n t - t h i c k 65-series
t o t h e c o n d i t i o n of m i n i m u m loss. b l a d e , ( Z f j ) i a n d (Kg)sh a r e e q u a l t o 1. T h e problem, therefore,
T h e results of [15] i n d i c a t e t h a t f o r a b l a d e of z e r o t h i c k n e s s , is r e d u c e d t o f i n d i n g t h e v a l u e s of m, b, a n d 5 0 as f u n c t i o n s of t h e
t h e m i n i m u m - l o s s d e v i a t i o n a n g l e is z e r o a t z e r o c a m b e r a n g l e . pertinent variables involved for the various blade shapes con-
A n a l y s i s i n d i c a t e s , h o w e v e r , t h a t this is n o t t h e c a s e f o r b l a d e s sidered.
of c o n v e n t i o n a l t h i c k n e s s e s . A recent theoretical demonstration 65-(A10)-series- blades. V a l u e s of t h e i n t e r c e p t term
of t h e e x i s t e n c e of a p o s i t i v e v a l u e of z e r o - c a m b e r deviation So a n d t h e s l o p e t e r m m w e r e o b t a i n e d b y fitting a s t r a i g h t line
a n g l e a c c o r d i n g t o p o t e n t i a l - f l o w c a l c u l a t i o n s is g i v e n b y S c h l i c h - t o e a c h d a t a p l o t of r e f e r e n c e e q u i v a l e n t d e v i a t i o n a n g l e against,
ting [11] f o r a c o n v e n t i o n a l 10 p e r c e n t - t h i c k p r o f i l e at zero e q u i v a l e n t c a m b e r a n g l e f o r a fixed s o l i d i t y a n d a i r - i n l e t a n g l e .
incidence angle. The straight lines w e r e selected so that both a satisfactory

580 / SEPTEMBER 1960 Transactions of the ASiViE

Downloaded From: http://fluidsengineering.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/30/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of t h e v a r i a t i o n of t h e d a t a p o i n t s a n d a c o n s i s t e n t a n d o b s e r v e d S 0 - v a l u e s is o b t a i n e d . ( 6 ) S e v e r a l v a l u e s of the
v a r i a t i o n f o r t h e r e s u l t i n g So a n d m - v alues w e r e o b t a i n e d . The characteristic n u m b e r » i , = 1 were determined f r o m the cascade
e x t r a p o l a t i o n of t h e v a l u e s of m t o ft = 0 w a s g u i d e d b y t h e d a t a data for a C.4 circular-arc profile obtained f r o m tunnels with
f o r t h e 6 5 - ( 1 2 A ] 0 ) 1 0 b l a d e a t solidities of 1 t o 1.5 r e p o r t e d in good boundary-layer control [10, 13] f o r a s o l i d i t y of 1.0 a n d
the c a s c a d e g u i d e - v a n e i n v e s t i g a t i o n of [25] ( f o r a n a s p e c t r a t i o ft = 30, 4 2 . 5 , 4 5 , a n d 60 d e g . V a l u e s of (6 - 5 0 )/<p w e r e c o m -
of 1, as in [ 6 ] ) .
D e d u c e d v a l u e s of S 0 as a f u n c t i o n of s o l i d i t y a n d inlet-air
angle a r e s h o w n in F i g . 12, a n d d e d u c e d v a l u e s of m a „ i and I.Or

e x p o n e n t b as f u n c t i o n s of i n l e t - a i r a n g l e a r e p r e s e n t e d i n F i g s .
13 ( l o w e r c u r v e ) a n d 14, r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e d e d u c e d rule values,
equation ( 5 ) , a n d the observed d a t a points are t h e n compared
in F i g . 15 t o i n d i c a t e t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of t h e d e d u c e d repre-
sentations. The flagged s y m b o l s i n t h e h i g h - c a m b e r r a n g e in
the figure represent blade configurations for which marked
boundary-layer separation is indicated (equivalent diffusion
ratios a r e g r e a t e r t h a n a b o u t 2 [ 1 ] ) . I n v i e w of t h e h i g h e r loss
levels f o r this c o n d i t i o n , an i n c r e a s e in t h e m a g n i t u d e of the
deviation a n g l e is t o be expected compared with the values
e x t r a p o l a t e d f r o m t h e s m a l l e r c a m b e r s f o r w h i c h a l o w e r loss
level existed.
C-series circular-arc blades. I n v i e w of t h e a b s e n c e of sys-
tematic cascade data for the C-series circular-arc blade, an INLET-AIR ANGLE. . DEG

a c c u r a t e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e rule c o n s t a n t s c a n n o t b e m a d e f o r
this b l a d e s h a p e . H o w e v e r , it w a s p o s s i b l e t o d e d u c e prelimi- Fig. 14 Value of solidity exponent b in deviation-angle rule; deduced
from data for 65-(Am)-series blades [6]
n a r y r e l a t i o n s f o r 50 a n d i o n t h e b a s i s of the l i m i t e d d a t a
available: ( a ) I t appears that for the uncambered C.4 section
of [7, 2 1 ] , if a v a l u e o f ( K g ) , u e q u a l t o 1.1 ( a s f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a -
tion o f to) is u s e d , a s a t i s f a c t o r y c o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n p r e d i c t e d

SOLIDITY.

RULE, a- = 0 . 7 5
R U L E , cr = 0.5

_L
DEG

RULE

10C4 BLADE

10 20 30 40 50 60 70
INLET-AIR ANGLE. 0 , . DEG
8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72
EQUIVALENT CAMBER ANGLE. DEG
Fig. 12 Zero-camber deviation angle al reference minimum-loss inci-
dence angle deduced from low-speed-cascade data for 10 per cent-
thick N A C A 65-(Aio)-series blades

DATA FROM
REFERENCE

CIRCULAR-ARC MEAN LINE

MEAN LINE

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
INLET-AIR ANGLE, DEG
EQUIVALENT CAMBER A N G L E . <p. DEG

Fig. 13 Deduced values of slope factor at unity solidity for determina- Fig. 15 Comparison between data values and deduced rule values
tion of deviation angles of 65-(Aio) series and circular-arc mean-line of reference minimum-loss deviation angle for N A C A 65-(Aio)
blades 10-series blades as equivalent circular arcs; data from [6]

Journal of Basic Engineering SEPTEMBER 19 6 0 / 5 8 1

Downloaded From: http://fluidsengineering.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/30/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 p u t e d f o r t h e s e b l a d e s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e 5o v a r i a t i o n s of F i g . 12. p o n e n t a n d indicated values close to 1 for accelerating cascades
A v a l u e of 1 f o r (3 i = 0 d e g w a s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e p e r f o r m a n c e and close to 1/1 for decelerating cascades. T h e variation of b
d a t a of a f r e e - v o r t e x , c i r c u l a r - a r c , i n l e t g u i d e v a n e p r e s e n t e d i n obtained from the N A C A 65-(Aio)-series b l a d e s as e q u i v a l e n t
[26]. T h e s e v a l u e s of m a r e p l o t t e d in F i g . 13 a g a i n s t i n l e t - a i r c i r c u l a r a r c s in F i g . 14 e s s e n t i a l l y c o n f i r m s this t r e n d . Actually,
angle, and the proposed variation of m „ . i f o r the circular-arc t h e d e v i a t i o n - a n g l e r u l e in t h e f o r m of e q u a t i o n ( 5 ) c o n s t i t u t e s
m e a n line b l a d e is s h o w n b y t h e u p p e r c u r v e . a m o d i f i c a t i o n of C a r t e r ' s rule.
I t is n o t e d i n F i g . 13 t h a t »t c r _ l is g r e a t e r f o r t h e c i r c u l a r - a r c I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e b a s i c d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e rules in t h e
m e a n line t h a n f o r t h e 6 5 ( A 1 0 ) m e a n line. T h i s indicates that m a g n i t u d e s of t h e m, b, a n d 5 0 -values, i t is n o t e d t h a t C a r t e r ' s
for the same solidity, inlet-air angle, a n d equivalent camber rule was originally developed for the condition of nominal
a n g l e , t h e t r u e c i r c u l a r - a r c m e a n line will h a v e a l a r g e r d e v i a t i o n i n c i d e n c e a n g l e , w h e r e a s t h e m o d i f i e d rule p e r t a i n s t o t h e ref-
angle. A c t u a l l y , this is t o b e e x p e c t e d since, as show r n in F i g . 2, erence minimum-loss incidence angle. However, since Carter's
t h e t r u e c i r c u l a r - a r c m e a n line f o r t h e s a m e c a m b e r w i l l h a v e rule h a s f r e q u e n t l y b e e n u s e d o v e r a w i d e r a n g e of reference
less curvature in the leading and trailing-edge regions and a n g l e s i n its a p p l i c a t i o n , b o t h rules w e r e e v a l u a t e d , f o r s i m p l i c i t y ,
t h e r e f o r e less g u i d a n c e c a p a c i t y t h a n t h e 6 5 ( A W ) m e a n line. for the reference minimum-loss incidence angle.
I n t h e a b s e n c e o f d a t a c o v e r i n g a r a n g e of solidities, i t w a s An illustrative c o m p a r i s o n of predicted reference deviation
assumed t h a t the solidity e x p o n e n t b in the deviation-angle rule a n g l e as o b t a i n e d f r o m C a r t e r ' s rule a n d t h e m o d i f i e d rule f o r
of e q u a t i o n ( 5 ) is e f f e c t i v e l y i n d e p e n d e n t of t h e p r o f i l e s h a p e a n d a 10 p e r c e n t - t h i c k , t h i c k - n o s e d , c i r c u l a r - a r c b l a d e is s h o w n by
will t h e r e f o r e also b e a p p l i c a b l e f o r t h e c i r c u l a r - a r c m e a n line. the calculated results in F i g . 17 f o r r a n g e s of c a m b e r angle,
T h i s a s s u m p t i o n is in a g r e e m e n t w i t h l i m i t e d e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a
o n inlet guide vanes. T h e v a r i a t i o n of r a t i o of d e v i a t i o n a n g l e is |—
to c a m b e r a n g l e o b t a i n e d f r o m c o n s t a n t - t h i c k n e s s , circular-arc,
g u i d e - v a n e s e c t i o n s of [27] (S 0 = 0 deg for guide vanes) over
a w i d e r a n g e of solidities is s h o w n i n F i g . 16. A computed
valuation b a s e d o n v a l u e s of b a n d HI„_I o b t a i n e d f r o m F i g s . 14
a n d 13, r e s p e c t i v e l y , is s h o w n in t h e figure b y t h e s o l i d line.

o D A T A , <p = 4 0 °
— C A L C U L A T E D FROM
1 0.250
V ' -.0.965

1.6 2.4
S O L I D I T Y , <R
0 0 16 24 32 40
CAMBER ANGLE. <p. DEG
Fig. 16 Comparison of experimental deviation-angle ratio and rule
values using solidity exponent given by Fig. 14. Data for circular-arc Fig. 17 Comparison of calculated reference deviation angles according
inlet guide vanes in annular cascade [27]. to Carter's rule and deduced modified rule for 10 per cent-thick, thick-,
nosed, circular-arc blades
Double-circular-arc blades. A l t h o u g h l i m i t e d d a t a are a v a i l a b l e
f o r t h e d o u b l e - c i r c u l a r - a r c b l a d e [12, 1 9 ] , i t w a s f e l t t h a t t h e s e solidity, a n d inlet-air angle. ( D e v i a t i o n a n g l e s in F i g . 17 w e r e
data could not be utilized reliably in the construction of a restricted t o cascade configurations p r o d u c i n g values of e q u i v a -
deviation-angle rule because of the questionable two-dimen- l e n t d i f f u s i o n r a t i o less t h a n 2 . 0 [ 1 ] . ) T h e p l o t s in F i g . 17 s h o w
s i o n a l i t y of t h e r e s p e c t i v e t e s t t u n n e l s . H o w e v e r , since the C - t h a t , in p r a c t i c a l l y all cases, t h e d e v i a t i o n a n g l e s g i v e n b y t h e
series a n d t h e d o u b l e - c i r c u l a r - a r c b l a d e s d i f f e r o n l y i n t h i c k n e s s m o d i f i e d rule a r e s o m e w h a t g r e a t e r in m a g n i t u d e t h a n those
d i s t r i b u t i o n , it is r e a s o n a b l e t o e x p e c t t h a t , as in t h e case of p r e d i c t e d b y C a r t e r ' s r u l e f o r t h e 10 p e r c e n t - t h i c k b l a d e . This
the reference-incidence-angle correlations, o n l y the z e r o - c a m b e r is p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e f o r t h e h i g h i n l e t - a i r angles. T h u s , greater
deviation angles will be affected materially. Therefore, the c a m b e r angles are required for a given turning angle according
?»<r_i a n d fc-values d e d u c e d for the C-series circular-arc blade t o t h e m o d i f i e d rule. D i f f e r e n c e s a r e e v e n less f o r t h e d o u b l e -
m i g h t also b e u s e d f o r t h e d o u b l e - c i r c u l a r - a r c blade, but the c i r c u l a r - a r c b l a d e , as i n d i c a t e d in F i g . 18, s i n c e t h e 5 0 - v a l u e s are
6o-values may be different. An arbitrarily selected value of smaller for these blades. H o w e v e r , it s h o u l d b e k e p t in m i n d
0 . 7 f o r (Ke)sh in e q u a t i o n ( 7 ) ( a s f o r t h e reference-incidence- t h a t t h e m a g n i t u d e of t h e f a c t o r s i n t h e m o d i f i e d r u l e are p r o -
angle determination) is s u g g e s t e d for the double-circular-arc posed values based on limited data. Further research is r e -
blade. q u i r e d t o e s t a b l i s h t h e m o d i f i e d rule o n a firmer f o u n d a t i o n .
Comparison of rules. I n v i e w of t h e w i d e s p r e a d use of C a r t e r ' s Effect of blade maximum thickness. A correction factor for the
rule, e q u a t i o n ( 6 ) , f o r p r e d i c t i n g t h e d e v i a t i o n a n g l e of cii-cular- effect of varying maximum-thickness r a t i o o n (So)io [(Kg)i in
arc-mean-line blades, s o m e results obtained from the use of equation (7)] was deduced from the data for the 65-(12A,0)
C a r t e r ' s rule were c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e d e d u c e d r u l e of e q u a t i o n b l a d e i n [22] as s h o w n in F i g . 19. T h e correction factor was
(5). T h e p r i n c i p a l d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e t w o rules o c c u r s i n o b t a i n e d f r o m f a i r e d c u r v e s of e q u i v a l e n t 5 a g a i n s t maximum-
the blade-orientation parameter used for the m-variation and thickness ratio. V a l u e s of S a t t/c = 0 f o r the plots were c o m -
in t h e § 0 a n d 6 - v a r i a t i o n s . T h e v a l u e of t h e s o l i d i t y exponent p u t e d b y s u b t r a c t i n g t h e v a l u e of (50)JO o b t a i n e d f r o m F i g . 12
of V2 in e q u a t i o n ( 6 ) w a s o r i g i n a l l y o b t a i n e d f r o m l i m i t e d d a t a . f r o m t h e m e a s u r e d v a l u e s of S a t t h e 10 p e r c e n t maximum-
C a r t e r , in a later w o r k [16], p r o p o s e d a variable solidity ex- thickness point. I n t h e a b s e n c e of f u r t h e r d a t a , it is p r o p o s e d

582 / SEPTEMBER 1960 Transactions of the ASiViE

Downloaded From: http://fluidsengineering.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/30/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 the c h a n g e i n o r i e n t a t i o n of t h e a p p r o a c h i n g flow ( a p o t e n t i a l - f l o w
" * 1.5 0. = 40 e f f e c t ) a n d f r o m t h e v a r i a t i o n in t h e w a k e loss. Since n o in-
f o r m a t i o n is c u r r e n t l y a v a i l a b l e o n t h e e f f e c t of losses, a t t e n t i o n
is c e n t e r e d o n d e v i a t i o n - a n g l e v a r i a t i o n s in t h e r e g i o n of low-
loss, w h e r e t h e t r e n d of v a r i a t i o n a p p r o a c h e s t h a t of t h e p o t e n t i a l
flow.
-DOUBLE CIRCULAR ARC Examination of potential-flow theory, Weinig [15], for ex-
ample, shows that a positive slope of deviation angle
J I I
against incidence angle exists; i.e., d e v i a t i o n a n g l e i n c r e a s e s w i t h
incidence angle. Calculations b a s e d o n t h e t h e o r y of Weinig
— DEDUCED RULE
r e v e a l t h a t t h e m a g n i t u d e of t h e s l o p e v a r i e s w i t h s o l i d i t y a n d
- - CARTER'S RULE
blade-chord angle. T h e deviation-angle slope approaches zero
f o r infinite s o l i d i t y ( d e v i a t i o n a n g l e is e s s e n t i a l l y c o n s t a n t at
h i g h s o l i d i t y ) a n d increases as s o l i d i t y is r e d u c e d . A t constant
solidity, the slope of deviation angle against incidence angle
" ' 1.0, $ l -- 60
increases as t h e c h o r d a n g l e is i n c r e a s e d . These trends indicate
physically that the greater the initial guidance effect (high
-DOUBLE CIRCULAR ARC
s o l i d i t y a n d l o w b l a d e a n g l e ) , t h e less sensitive t h e deviation
a n g l e is to c h a n g e s in i n c i d e n c e a n g l e .
F o r a n a l y s i s p u r p o s e s , s i n c e t h e r e g i o n of l o w loss is g e n e r a l l y
0 8 16 24 32 40
CAMBER A N G L E . <p. DEG
s m a l l , t h e v a r i a t i o n of d e v i a t i o n a n g l e w i t h i n c i d e n c e a n g l e f o r
a g i v e n c a s c a d e g e o m e t r y in t h e r e g i o n of m i n i m u m loss c a n b e
Fig. 18 Comparison of calculated reference deviation angles according r e p r e s e n t e d as
to Carter's rule and deduced modified rule for circular-arc blades of dif-
ferent thicknesses
5 = Sref -I- ()' — ?„() (S)
l.4r

where (db/di.)roI- represents the slope of the deviation-angle

variation at the reference incidence angle. A n empirical de-
t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e m a g n i t u d e , of t h e s l o p e o f t h e v a r i a t i o n of
deviation angle with incidence angle for constant inlet-air-angle
o p e r a t i o n was o b t a i n e d f r o m a n a n a l y s i s of t h e l o w - s p e e d e x p e r i -
mental data for the 0 5 - ( A ! 0 ) 1 0 blades [6], From the p l o t of
deviation angle against incidence angle for each configuration,
as in F i g . 4, f o r e x a m p l e , t h e s l o p e o f t h e c u r v e a t t h e m i n i m u m -
loss i n c i d e n c e a n g l e w a s e v a l u a t e d graphically. The deduced
variation of reference-slope magnitude db/di obtained from
fairings of t h e s e v a l u e s is p r e s e n t e d in F i g . 21 as a f u n c t i o n of

BLADE

o C-SERIES I0C4/25C50
0 .02 .04 .06 .08 .10 .12 O DOUBLE CIRCULAR ARC
MAXIMUM-THICKNESS RATIO, t/c 10.5 2A/25C50

Fig. 19 Deduced maximum-thickness correction for zero-camber

reference minimum-loss deviation angle, Equation (13)

t h a t this c o r r e c t i o n c u r v e is a l s o a p p l i c a b l e t o o t h e r c o n v e n t i o n a l INLET MACH N U M B E R , M,

blade shapes.
Fig. 20 Variation of reference deviation angle with inlet Mach number,
Effect of inlet Mach number. Experimental variations of
for circular-arc blades. Solidity, 1.333; blade-chord angle, 42.5 dea
minimum-loss deviation angle with inlet Mach number are [12].
presented in Fig. 20 for a thin-nose and a conventional thick-
nose circular-arc blade. I n contrast to the inlet M a c h - n u m b e r
e f f e c t o n m i n i m u m - l o s s i n c i d e n c e a n g l e , F i g . 11, little d i f f e r e n c e
is observed between the two variations of deviation angle.
Actually, variations in Mach number can affect deviation
a n g l e in s e v e r a l w a y s ; b y changing the blade circulation, the
INLET-AIR
surface b o u n d a r y - l a y e r d e v e l o p m e n t , or t h e outlet to inlet axial-
ANGLE, /S,.
v e l o c i t y r a t i o ( c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y e f f e c t o n t h e p r o d u c t of density DEG
and axial v e l o c i t y ) . A p p a r e n t l y , in b o t h cases, t h e n e t e f f e c t is •70
//— 60
s m a l l in t h e M a c h - n u m b e r r a n g e c o n s i d e r e d . / 50
' '—40
Variation tcith incidence angle. Thus far, of necessity, the 30

analysis has been conducted for flow conditions at o n l y one

r e f e r e n c e p o s i t i o n o n t h e g e n e r a l c u r v e of loss a g a i n s t i n c i d e n c e
angle. U l t i m a t e l y , of c o u r s e , it is d e s i r e d t o p r e d i c t flow v a r i a - .6 .8 1.0
t i o n s o v e r t h e e n t i r e r a n g e of i n c i d e n c e a n g l e . The variation SOLIDITY, o-

of d e v i a t i o n a n g l e w i t h i n c i d e n c e a n g l e f o r a fixed g e o m e t i y . in
Fig. 21 Devialion-angle slope c/5/di at reference incidence angle de*
the two-dimensional cascade is primarily a function of the duced from low-speed data for NACA 65-(AIO) 10 blades [6]. Data for
change in the guidance capacity of t h e c a s c a d e arising from fixed fti operation.

Journal of Basic Engineering SEPTEMBER 19 6 0 / 5 8 3

Downloaded From: http://fluidsengineering.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/30/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

 -solidity a.nd inlet-ail' a,ngie. Qualit.lltive agreemenL with t heory
is strongly indicated by the data. Inasmuch fiS t he phenome-
non is essentially a guidance OJ' c1HlIlllel effect, it is ant.icipat ed
t hnt. the slope values of Fig. 21 will also be applicable for other
cOllventional blade shapes. Thus, it is possible to predict the
deviation angle at incidence nng lcR athol' t han the rcferen<:e
loctltion within the low-loss range of operation from the usc of
eq uation (8) and Fig. 21 fOI' eonstunt fJl operation.
Summary
The foregoing analysis hll!~ pl'cscnlcd a concla-tiou of experi-
mental air angles for convent.ional compl'essor-blade sections
as obtained in the low-speed, t.wo-(umensionnl cascnde. Simple
genera l rules were evolved for t.he prediction of incidence angle
:md deviation nngle at the reference condition of minimum loss.
These result,s, in conjunction wiLh the loss correlations of fl],
can permit an analytical prediction of Lhe low-loss-region pel'-
fonnance of conventional blades over !l. wide range of cascade
geometries. Such rela.tions can be used to evaluate different
stage design diagrams or, conversely, to determine the blade
camber and cascade geometry neCCSS:ll·Y to produce n given
velocity triangle and 1085 level. The rules also may be of help
in faciliLa.ting comparisons bet.wee n cnscnde nnd actunl com-
pressor performance .
However, the present analysis is incomplete. !\'fallY a rea s,
slIch ns the devin.tion-anglc rille fo r t,he double-circular-a rc
blade, require further data to substa ntiate the correlations. It.
is likewise desirable to obtain n better evaluation of t he difl'er-
{'!lees between constant in let-a ir-angle operation and COllst:mt
chord-angle operation. Furtherillore, tldclitional information
co ncerning the influence of high Mach number and off-design
inc idence angles on casca de pcrfol'nutncc is needed.
References
S. Lieblein, " Loss lind Stnll Arwlysis of Compressor CIlSClldel;,"
TRANS. ASrVIE, se ri e~ D, JQUI!NAf. ot-· B.-I.SIC ENGINEERING, yol. 81 ,
1959, pp, 387-400.
2 H. Constant, "Note on P erformance of Cnscndes of Aero-
foi ls," Note No. E 369G, Brit.ish HAE, 1939. . 28 G. 1(. KOl"bachcr, "A Test on a Comprcssor Cnscado of Aoro-
3 Hunt D avis, "A lVle t hod of Correlat.iug Axial-Flow-Compres-
sor Cnscnde Datn," TRANS. ASME, vol. 70, 1948, pp. 051-955 .
4 A. R. Howell, "The Present Bnsis ofAxinl Flow Compressor
Design, Pnrt I- Cascade Theory nnc! Performance," n. and M. No.
20!)5, Bl'it·ish ARC, June, 19'12.
5 A. R. Howell and A. D. S. Carter, "Fluid Flow Through Cas-
cades of .'\el'Ofoils," pnper for The Sixth In ternut.ion nl Congress for
Applied iVlechnnics, Heport No. H..G, British NGTE, September, 1946.
o L. J. Herrig, J, C. Emery, and J. n. Erwin, "Systematic Two-
Dimensionnl Cascade Tests of NACA 05-Series Compressor Dlades
at r~ow Speeds," NACA RA'[ L51G31, H15l.
7 P. J ..Flet.cher, "Low Speed Tests 011 Compressor Cascndes of
Parabolic Cambered Aerofoils, Pnrt II-Pitch/Chord Ratio = 0.75,"
1 Iemomndum No. 1H. 159, British NGTE, November, 1952.
8 J . R . Erwin, Ivlelvyn Savage, and J. C. Emery, "Two-Dimen-
sional Low-Speed Cascade Investignt.ioll of NACA Compressor Blade
Sections Having n Systemat.ic Variation in ~dcan-Lil1e Londing,"
NACA RM L53130b, 1953.
a S. Kntzoff and M. E. Han ll uh, " Further Comparisons of
'l'heol"et.icnl and Experimental Lift nnd Prel:lSUI"e Distl'ibutions Olt
Airfoils in Cascade at LOW·-Sllbsonic Speed," NACA T N 239 1, 1951.
10 F . G. Blight and W. Howard, "Tests on Four Airfoil Cascades,
Part I-Deflection, Drng, and Velocity Distribution," Report E.74,
Department Supply, Aerodynamics Research Laboratory, 1Vl el-
bourne, Au!>tralia, July, 1952.
11 Herman Schlicht.ing, "Problems and Results of Invcs~ i gnt i ons
ou Cascade Flow," Jortrnal of the .Iierolla!ltical Sdencc;s, vol. 21,
19M, pp. 163-178.
12 S. J . Andrews, "Tests nelated to the Effect of Profilo Shupc
rmd Camber Line on ComprlJssor Cuscade Performance," Bri t.ish
Aeronautical Rc.,>earch Council, R. nue! 1\L 2743,1955.
13 R. A. Felix nnd J. C. Emery, "A Comparison of Typical
National Gns Turbine Est·nblishment and N.<\CA l\xial-Flow Com-
pressor Blade Sections in Cascade at Low Speed," NACA Hl"I
I,53B26n. 1953.
584 / SEP T EMBER 1960
Downloaded From: http://fluidsengineering.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/30/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use
1<1 U. Ie I<orbucher, "A Test on Il Compressor Cascade of Aero-
foils Having Their Position of IHnximum Thickness 40% of the
Chord From the Lending Edge and 0. Pitch/Chord Ratio of 0.75,"
Memorandum No. :I\'l.89, British NGTE, June, 1950.
15 Fl"itz Weinig, "The Flow Around the Blades of Turhomn-
chiues," Johnnn Ambrosium Barth, Leipzig, OermhllY, 1935.
10 i\. D. S. Cllrter, "Tho Low Speed Performnnt'!o of Relntod
Ael'ofoiJs in CIl~cade," Report No, R.55, Brit,ish NO'J'E, September,
HI'19; see also CP No. 29, British MOS, September, 1949.
17 R. A. J effs, A. F. Hounsel l, and n. G. Adallls, "Furt.her Per-
formance Dat.a for Aerofoils H avin g C. l , C.2, 01' CA Base Pl'oliles
on Circular Ate Cnmber Lines," Memorandum No. 1\1.139, Brit·ish
NOTE, December, 1951.
18 J. D. Stanitz, "EI)'ect of Blade-Thick ness 'l'ap~r 011 Axial-
Velocity Distribution nt the Leading Edge of an Entrance Rotor-
Blade Row With Axinl Inlet, and the Influence of This Dist.ri but.ion
on Alinement of the Rotor Blade for ZerO Angle of Attack ," NACA
T N 2980, 1953.
19 A, R. Howell, "i\. Note on Cornpre!!sor 13nse Acrofoils C. I ,
C.2, C.3, CA, C.5, nnd Acrofoils !\'Iakc Up of Circular Arcfl," Mem -
orandum No. M.I011, British Power Jets (Research und Develop-
ment), Limited. September, 1944 .
20 H. P . Hughes, "Base Profiles C.7," lVlemorandull l j\'1.1210,
Power Jets (Reseurch and D evel op ment), Limited, March, 1947.
21 P. J. Fletcher, "Low-Speed T~st-s on Compressor Cascades of
Pal'l1bolic Cambered Acrofoils, Part I-Pitch/Chord Ratio = 1.0,"
Memomndum No. IV1.8 1, British NG'l'E, l"Jurch, 1950.
22 L. J. Hcrrig, J. C. Emcry, and J. R. Erw in, "ElTect of Section
Thickncss and 1'1·ailing-Edge Radius on t he P erformance of N ACA
05-Series Compressor Blades in Cascade at Low Speeds, " NACA
Ri\T L5lJIO, 195J.
23 W. Bailey IIntl J. L. Jeffersoll. "Cornpre!:!siililit.y Effects 011
Cnsclldes of Low Cnmbcred Compressor Blades," Report No. E.3972.
Dritish RAE, May, 1943.
2·1 A. D. S. Cartel· nn d H. P. Hughes, ";\ Thcorcticullu vestiga-
lion Into t.he Eficct of Profile Shape on t he Performance of Aero-
foils in Cascnde, " R. and i\I. No. 2384 , Dritish ARC, Alarch, 1!)4a.
25 J. C. DunaYtlllt, "Cnscada Investigat ion of fl Related Series
of O-Percent-l'hick Guidn-V:me Promcs and Design Chnrts," N ACA
RM L54 I02, 195'1.
20 C. C. Alsworth and Toru Iura, "Theorot ical find Experi.
men tal Investigations of Axial Flow Compressors, P r. rt 3-Pl'ogres.'i
Heport on Loss Measurement·s in Vortex Blading," Mechanical En-
gineering Labol'fltory, Cnlifornia ln st itut e of Technology , Navy
Contmct N6-0HI-102, T ask Ordel' IV, .Tul.", 1951.
27 Harry Manlwtn and D. C . Guentert, " Some Eft·ect.s of Solidit.y
011 Turning TIll"ough Conslant-Th ickness Circular-Arc Guide Van cs
in Axir.1 AlIrll'lar Flow," NACA RlVI E5 IE07, 1951.
foils Haviug Their Posit·ion of lVIn ximlllll Thickness 40% of the Chord
a nd a P03ition of i\Iaximum Cambcr of '15% of the C hord From the
Leading Edge," l'demornndum No. M.80, British NGTE, March,
1950.
29 K. W. Todd. " j\ n Experimental Study of Three-Dimensionul
High-Speed Air Conditions in (I. Cascade of Axial-Flow Compressor
Blad('."I," H. and :\1. No. 27Q2, Br·itish ARC, October, 19MI.
Transactions of the ASME