Title

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Introduction

Method

Results

Discussion

References
 Acknowledgment

This research report is the culmination of my 1 year journey of MSC that was just like climbing
to the peak step by step along with hope, encouragement, motivation, hardships, trust, efforts and
frustration at time.

All praise belongs to Allah almighty who has blessed me with this happy and effortful life.
Nothing could ever be achieved without Allah’s help, so Alhamdulillah. When I completed my
research report a feeling of achievement ran through my soul.i realized though only my name
would appear on the title cover of the research report. Many people including my family and my
friends have also contributed in the completion of this task.

I must thank my supervisor DR. Sadia Malik prior to all. She is without a doubt, the most
skillfull and excellent psychologist, guide, mentor and a support.

I want to acknowledge my brother Zafer Iqbal who has always enlighted me with his positive
and motivating thoughts.

I appreciate my brother Aftab Ahmad for being so supportive and cooperative.

I must thank to people who have helped me in my data collection. Also I would like pay a
sincere thanks to my study participants who willingly supported me in my research work.

Rashida iqbal
Chapter 1

Introduction

Narcissistic personality disorder — one of several types of personality disorders — is a mental

condition in which people have an inflated sense of their own importance, a deep need for
excessive attention and admiration, troubled relationships, and a lack of empathy for others. But
behind this mask of extreme confidence lies a fragile self-esteem that's vulnerable to the slightest
criticism. A narcissistic personality disorder causes problems in many areas of life, such as
relationships, work, school or financial affairs. People with narcissistic personality disorder may
be generally unhappy and disappointed when they're not given the special favors or admiration
they believe they deserve. Find their relationships unfulfilling, and others may not enjoy being
around them.

They may Signs and symptoms of narcissistic personality disorder and the severity of symptoms
vary. People with the disorder can:

Have an exaggerated sense of self-importance

Have a sense of entitlement and require constant, excessive admiration

Expect to be recognized as superior even without achievements that warrant it
Exaggerate achievements and talents

Be preoccupied with fantasies about success, power, brilliance, beauty or the perfect mate

Believe they are superior and can only associate with equally special people
Monopolize conversations and belittle or look down on people they perceive as inferior
Expect special favors and unquestioning compliance with their expectations

Take advantage of others to get what they want

Have an inability or unwillingness to recognize the needs and feelings of others

Be envious of others and believe others envy them

Behave in an arrogant or haughty manner, coming across as conceited, boastful and pretentious

Insist on having the best of everything — for instance, the best car or office

At the same time, people with narcissistic personality disorder have trouble handling anything
they perceive as criticism, and they can:

 Become impatient or angry when they don't receive special treatment

 Have significant interpersonal problems and easily feel slighted
 React with rage or contempt and try to belittle the other person to make themselves appear
superior
Have difficulty regulating emotions and behavior

 Experience major problems dealing with stress and adapting to change

Feel depressed and moody because they fall short of perfection

  Have secret feelings of insecurity, shame, vulnerability and humiliation

A narcissistic person thinks the world revolves around them. They are inconsiderate
people who are not kind or nice. Others word for narcissism are selfish, conceited, or snobbish
person. The word narcissism was used by Kohut, Kernberg, and Sigmund Freud. There is a
Greek myth about a man Narcissus. He was very self-absorbed and fell in love with himself.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) bases itself on the personality trait of narcissism. People
that suffer this mental disorder have a need for admiration and exaggerated sense of their
importance. A narcissistic person sees everyone else as poor or second compared to themselves
(Dimaggio & et al., 2008). They require constant attention and much recognition of their
achievements and talent; even though people who have NPD appear to be egotistic, they do not
handle criticism very well. They are very susceptible to it and react to it with viciousness and
humiliation.

People are inclined to become alcohol and drug abuse, violent, and hypochondriasis. They do not
care what they do, as long as they are reaping the benefits. They do not connect their actions with
consequences. They believe that they can do whatever they want and no one can tell them
otherwise. This fact may serve as a motivation to commit crime. If the law says a person cannot
do something, the narcissist believes it does not apply to him/her. Problems will occur when
narcissistic traits become exaggerated in an individual’s personality. During the infant stage,
mothers are infatuated with their baby. The baby is provided with narcissistic tendencies when it
is only about them and no one else. The infant is the center of attention for the mother as well as
the rest of the family making the child feel powerful and almighty. The child will have a big ego,
but once the infant cross into the toddler stages, the center of attention changes causing the child
to feel separated from all the love and attention. . With this ego the child will develop narcissistic
trends. The parent should provide limits and consequences to the child’s actions and do not baby
him or her all the time. For Freud, these are the oral and anal stages of life when personality
problems can develop (Corey, 2009, pg. 67).

A pattern of excessive need for admiration and lack of empathy are characteristics of NPD that
begins to in young adulthood. Those suffering from NPD are unable to develop healthy
relationships that would allow them to depend on others, trust others, or truly love someone.
Narcissistic people can only formed relationships with those that can put them up on a pedestal
and enhance their beauty/accomplishments. Their tendency is to form friendships or romantic
relationships with only those that can enhance their self-esteem or advance their purposes. The
goal is to impress others with their knowledge, beauty, or wealthy. They become boastful about
themselves. Most narcissists are liars. They lie about their lives and often unreliable. They expect
special treatment, to have their way, and be the center of attention. A narcissistic person tends to
mock someone who holds some type of power. They want to have the same level of admiration if
not more than the person in control. They had no idea what a healthy sense of self is because
their sense self is depend upon other’s praise, attention, and compliments. A narcissistic injury
occurs when someone defeats or criticizes the narcissistic individual (Miller, 1992). It may not
portray on their face at the time of the injury, but they dislike criticism and defeat. They begin to
feel outrage, embarrassment, and humiliation. The narcissistic person will attempt to get back at
a person that injuries them.

. Definite causes behind narcissism have yet been discovered. Some causes from research have
been genetics, self-reflection, and cultural factors (Simopoulos, 1988). Also, data have concluded
that “children who do not experience the opportunity to differentiate, and those who lack the
opportunity to idealize others while also taking pride in themselves, may later suffer from
narcissistic” (Corey, pg.83). Children need to be able to identity with other children their age.
They should know who to feel empathy for a child that has less rather than judge and think they
have it better. This will teach character and help them be grateful and thankful for what they do
have. The Mayo Clinic has suggested social and psychological factors. Social factors include
how one would interact with family and friend at an early age. Do they believe they are better,
richer, pretty, or smarter than others? Psychological factors include the development of a person
disposition and how one deal with stress. There is no single cause for NPD. There are a group of
factors that can contribute to narcissistic personality disorder.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (2000) states a pervasive patter of
grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy, beginning by early adulthood and present
in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following:

Has a grandiose sense of self-importance (e.g., exaggerates achievements and talents, expects to
be recognized as superior without commensurate achievements)

Is preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty, or ideal love

Believes that he or she is “special” and unique and can only be understood by, or should associa
with, other special or high status people (or institutions)

Requires excessive admiration

Has a sense of entitlement, i.e., unreasonable expectations of especially favorable treatment or

automatic compliance with his or her expectations

Is interpersonally exploitative, i.e., takes advantage of others to achieve his or her own ends

Lacks empathy: is unwilling to recognize or identify with the feelings and needs of others

Is often envious of others or believes that others are envious of him or her
Shows arrogant, haughty behaviors or attitudes

Other personality disorder can be confused with NPD. The personality disorders have certain
similarities. Histrionic, Antisocial, and Borderline Personality Disorders are cold, superficial,
and indifferent toward others (DSM-IV, 2000). When diagnosing one must take into
consideration all of the personality disorder and go by the conditions measured in the DSM to
provide an accurate diagnose.

Many narcissists do not believe they are mentally ill. Many people do not seek help for
narcissism. They come to treatment for a different mental disorder. It is unlikely that a person
can be cured from narcissism, but their way of thinking about themselves can be modify. The
counselor can become a mirror for the client. This would allow the client to see their way of
thinking, actions, deeds, and misuse of affection from others. The client can confront their super
ego with the help of the counselor. The ideal treatment is to talk with the client about their self-
perception. The counselor can repeat to the client their narcissistic views. The client can transfer
their narcissism to the counselor by recalling events that injured them. Once the counselor
uncovers the injuries, they can explore what happen and the causes behind their behaviors. Also,
the counselor can allow the client to keep their narcissistic way of thinking in session. Then once
the therapeutic relationship has been established, the counselor can refute and provide
explanations for their need of admiration.

Psychoanalytic therapy originated from Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalytic theory view of human
nature is determinism. The narcissistic person should want to determine what has caused them to
have an egotistical personality. Clients are unaware of the conditions that cause their conduct and
feelings. With the help of the counselor, clients will be able to turn the unconscious into
consciousness. The structure of personality view is made up of three structures which are the id,
the ego, and the superego.   This theory also discusses the ego defense mechanisms that are very
important.  Everyone uses these mechanisms to some extent in their lives to alleviate stress.  The
defense mechanisms are: repression, denial, reaction formation, projection, displacement,
rationalization, sublimation, regression, introjections, identification, and compensation (Corey,
2009, 67).

            The goals of this theory are to make the unconscious conscious and strengthen the ego. 
The counselor function is to help the client gain the freedom to live, to assist clients in achieving
self-awareness, honesty and effective personal relationships.  They also help the client deal with
anxiety and gain control over impulsive and irrational behavior.  The client does most of the
work in this therapy and it is long-term treatment. 

Family systems therapy is “represented by a variety of theories and approaches, all of which
focus on the relational aspects of human problems” (Cory, 2009, p. 458). People seek each
other’s attention, approval, and support and react to each other’s needs, expectations, and
distress. This will affect how adults manage their relationships, for good or bad, represents a
continuance of patterns developed in early family life. Bowen hypothesized that “within families,
anxiety about separation and loss, or too much togetherness and intensity, was handled in
predictable ways: by conflict, by adaptation and reciprocal functioning, by triangling, and by cut-
off” (p. 238). Leaders in society who give orders and do not allow individuals to be personal
responsibility will be participating in handicapping the person to remain dependent. The family
of the narcissistic person can help clear up their distorted image of themselves. The behavior had
to be learned or pass down from someone else, therefore it would be helpful it the client had a
support system to him or her identify a healthy sense of self.

Should Narcissistic Personality Disorder be included on the DSM-V? It seems like narcissistic
personality is just a big headed person wanting to be more self-absorbed. In my opinion, the
researchers have valid points about not including NPD on the DSM-V. It is rarely diagnosed with
prevalence as low as 2% (Campbell, Miller, Widiger, 2010). There is not enough research done
on Narcissistic personality disorder. According to Ronningstan (2011), the propose for the DSM
5 will four components which are four general diagnostic criteria for personality disorder; five
levels of self and interpersonal personality functioning, five major personality disorder types and
37 personality traits facets organized under six personality trait domains (pg. 251). Researchers
have suggest that there is a need to cover different narcissim variants (Campbell, Miller,
Widiger, 2010, pg. 643).

Test Use

The Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) is the most widely used measure of narcissism in
social psychological research. Although several versions of the NPI have been proposed in the
literature, a forty-item forced-choice version (Gaskin & Terry, 1988) is the one most commonly
employed in current research. The NPI is based on the DSM-III clinical criteria for narcissistic
personality disorder (NPD), although it was designed to measure these features in the general
population. Thus, the NPI is often said to measure “normal” or “subclinical” (borderline)
narcissism (i.e., in people who score very high on the NPI do not necessarily meet criteria for dia
Although the current DSM-5 no longer separates personality disorders along a separate "axis,"
narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is still recognized as an important condition. It is
characterized by symptoms that include grandiosity, an exaggerated sense of self-importance,
and a lack of empathy for others.

Like other types of personality disorders, narcissistic personality disorder involves a longer-term
pattern of behaviors and thoughts that cause problems in multiple life areas, including work,
family, and friendships.

An estimated one percent of adults are thought to have NPD, 1 although many romantic partners,
parents, children, family members, co-workers, and friends are thought to be directly affected by
this disorder as well. People with the disorder can:

Have an exaggerated sense of self-esteem importance.

Have a sense of excessive admiration. Expect to be recognized as superior.

Exaggerate achievements and talents.

Have an inability unwillingness to recognize the needs and findings of others.

People with narcissist personality disorder have trouble handing anything they perceive as
criticism , and they can:

Become impatient or angry when they don’t receive special treatment.

Have difficulty regulating emotions and behavior.

Feel depressed and moody because they fall short of perfection.

Have secret feelings of insecurity, shame, vulnerability and humiliation.

The cause of narcissist personality disorder is likely complex. Narcissist personality disorder
may be linked to:

Environment mismatches in parent child relationship.

Genetic inherited characteristics.

Neurobiology the connection between brain and behavior and thinking.

narcissist personality disorder affects more male than females, and it often begins in the teens or
early adulthood.

Complications: complications of narcissist personality disorder can include:

Relationships difficulties.

Problems at work or school.

Depression and anxiety.

Physical health problems.

Suicidal thoughts or behave

Narcissist personality disorder is unknown, there’s no known way to prevent the condition.
However, it may help to:

Get treatment as soon as possible.

Participate in family therapy to learn healthy ways.

Attend parenting classes and seek guidance from therapist or social workers if

While the concept of narcissism dates back thousands of years, narcissistic personality disorder
only became a recognized illness within the last 50 years. In order to better understand how
psychologists and researchers view NPD, it is essential to take a closer look at how this
personality disorder came to be.
Narcissistic personality disorder has its earliest roots in ancient Greek mythology. According to
the myth, Narcissus was a handsome and proud young man. Upon seeing his reflection on the
water for the first time, he became so enamored that he could not stop gazing at his own image.
He remained at the water's edge until he eventually wasted to death.

The concept of excessive self-admiration has also been explored by various philosophers and
thinkers throughout history. In the past, the idea was known as hubris, a state of extreme
arrogance and haughtiness that often involves being out of touch with reality.

It wasn't until fairly recently that the notion of narcissism as a disorder became a subject of
scientific interest in the field of psychology.

During the early 1900s, the topic of narcissism started to attract interest in the growing school of
thought known as psychoanalysis. Austrian psychoanalyst Otto Rank published one of the
earliest descriptions of narcissism in 1911, in which he connected it to self-admiration and
vanity.

In 1914, the famous Sigmund Freud published a paper titled, On Narcissism: An Introduction.

Freud proposed a rather complicated set of ideas in which he suggested that narcissism is
connected to whether one's libido (energy that lies behind each person's survival instincts) is
directed inward toward one's self, or outward toward others. He felt that infants directed all of
the libido inward, a state he referred to as primary narcissism.

In Freud's model, there was a fixed amount of this energy, and to the degree this libido was
directed outward toward attachment to others, it would diminish the amount available to one's
self. By "giving away" this love, Freud suggested that people experienced diminished primary
narcissism, and in order to replenish this capacity, he believed that receiving love and affection
in the world in return was vital to maintaining a sense of satisfaction. 

In addition, in Freud's theory of personality, a person's sense of himself develops as a child

interacts with the outside world and begins to learn social norms and cultural expectations
leading to the development of an ego ideal, or a perfect image of oneself that the ego strives to
attain.

Another important part of Freud's theory is the idea that this love of one's self could be
transferred to another person or object. By giving away love, Freud suggested that people
experienced diminished primary narcissism, leaving them less able to nurture, protect, and
defend themselves. In order to replenish this capacity, he believed that receiving love and
affection in return was vital.

During the 1950s and 1960s, psychoanalysts Otto Kernberg and Heinz Kohut helped spark more
interest in narcissism. In 1967, Kernberg described "narcissistic personality structure." He
developed a theory of narcissism that suggested three major types: normal adult narcissism,
normal infantile narcissism, and pathological narcissism that can be of different types. 
In 1968, Kohut came to a different understanding of "narcissistic personality disorder" and went
on to take some of Freud's earlier ideas about narcissism and expand upon them.

Narcissism played an important role in Kohut's theory of self-psychology, which suggested that
narcissism was a normal and essential aspect of development and that difficulties with early
"self-object" relationships could lead to challenges in maintaining an adequate sense of self-
esteem later in life, contributing to narcissistic disorders.  

In 1980, narcissistic personality disorder was officially recognized in the third edition of the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder and criteria were established for its
diagnosis. There was some debate about how to deal with personality disorders in the recent
DSM-5, but narcissistic and other personality disorders remain relatively unchanged in their
diagnostic criteria from the previous edition.  gnosis with NPD).

The term narcissism is derived from clinical description and was chosen by Paul Näcke1 in 1899
to denote the attitude of a person who treats his own body in the same way in which the body of
a sexual object is ordinarily treated—who looks at it, that is to say, strokes it and fondles it till he
obtains complete satisfaction through these activities. Developed to this degree, narcissism has
the significance of a perversion that has absorbed the whole of the subject's sexual life, and it
will consequently exhibit the characteristics which we expect to meet with in the study of all
perversions. Psycho-analytic observers were subsequently struck by the fact that individual
features of the narcissistic attitude are found in many people who suffer from other disorders—
for instance, as Sadger has pointed out, in homosexuals—and finally it seemed probable that an
allocation of the libido such as deserved to be described as narcissism might be present far more
extensively, and that it might claim a place in the regular course of human sexual development.2
Difficulties in psycho-analytic work upon neurotics led to the same supposition, for it seemed as
though this kind of narcissistic attitude in them constituted one of the limits to their susceptibility
to influence. Narcissism in this sense would not be a perversion, but the libidinal

—————————————

1 [In a footnote added by Freud in 1920 to his Three Essays (1905d, StandardEd., 7, 218 n.) he
said that he was wrong in stating in the present paper that the term ‘narcissism’ was introduced
by Näcke and that he should have attributed it to Havelock Ellis. Ellis himself, however,
subsequently (1927) wrote a short paper in which he corrected Freud's correction and argued that
the priority should in fact be divided between himself and Näcke, explaining that the term
‘narcissuslike’ had been used by him in 1898 as a description of a psychological attitude, and
that Näcke in 1899 had introduced the term ‘Narcismus’ to describe a sexual perversion. The
German word used by Freud is ‘Narzissmus’. In his paper on Schreber (1911c), near the
beginning of Section III, he defends this form of the word on the ground of euphony against the
possibly more correctcomplement to the egoism of the instinct of self-preservation, a measure of
which may justifiably be attributed to every living creature.

A pressing motive for occupying ourselves with the conception of a primary and normal
narcissism arose when the attempt was made to subsume what we know of dementia praecox
(Kraepelin) or schizophrenia (Bleuler) under the hypothesis of the libido theory. Patients of this
kind, whom I have proposed to term paraphrenics,1 display two fundamental characteristics:
megalomania and diversion of their interest from the external world—from people and things. In
consequence of the latter change, they become inaccessible to the influence of psychoanalysis
and cannot be cured by our efforts. But the paraphrenic's turning away from the external world
needs to be more precisely characterized. A patient suffering from hysteria or obsessional
neurosis has also, as far as his illness extends, given up his relation to reality. But analysis shows
that he has by no means broken off his erotic relations to people and things. He still retains them
in phantasy; i.e. he has, on the one hand, substituted for real objects imaginary ones from his
memory, or has mixed the latter with the former; and on the other hand, he has renounced the
initiation of motor activities for the attainment of his aims in connection with those objects. Only
to this condition of the libido may we legitimately apply the term ‘introversion’ of the libido
which is used by Jung indiscriminately.2 It is otherwise with the paraphrenic. He seems really to
have withdrawn his libido from people and things in the external world, without replacing them
by others in phantasy. When he does so replace them, the process seems to be a secondary one
and to be part of an attempt at recovery, designed to lead the libido back to objects.3 The
question arises: What happens to the libido which has been withdrawn from external objects in
schizophrenia? The megalomania characteristic of these states points the way. This megalomania
has no doubt come into being at the expense of

—————————————

1 [For a discussion of Freud's use of this term, see a long Editor's footnote near the end of
Section III of the Schreber analysis (1911c).]

2 [Cf. a footnote in ‘The Dynamics of Transference’ (1912b).] 3 In connection with this see my
discussion of the ‘end of the world’ in [Section III of] the analysis of Senatspräsident Schreber
[1911c]; also Abraham, 1908. [See also below, p. 86.] - 74

object-libido. The libido that has been withdrawn from the external world has been directed to
the ego and thus gives rise to an attitude which may be called narcissism. But the megalomania
itself is no new creation; on the contrary, it is, as we know, a magnification and plainer
manifestation of a condition which had already existed previously. This leads us to look upon the
narcissism which arises through the drawing in of object-cathexes as a secondary one,
superimposed upon a primary narcissism that is obscured by a number of different influences.
Let me insist that I am not proposing here to explain or penetrate further into the problem of
schizophrenia, but that I am merely putting together what has already been said elsewhere,1 in
order to justify the introduction of the concept of narcissism. This extension of the libido theory
—in my opinion, a legitimate one— receives reinforcement from a third quarter, namely, from
our observations and views on the mental life of children and primitive peoples. In the latter we
find characteristics which, if they occurred singly, might be put down to megalomania: an over-
estimation of the power of their wishes and mental acts, the ‘omnipotence of thoughts’, a belief
in the thaumaturgic force of words, and a technique for dealing with the external world
—‘magic’—which appears to be a logical application of these grandiose premisses.2 In the
children of to-day, whose development is much more obscure to us, we expect to find an exactly
analogous attitude towards the external world.3 Thus we form the idea of there being an original
libidinal cathexis of the ego, from which some is later given off to objects, but which
fundamentally persists and is related to the object-cathexes much as the body of an amoeba is
related to the pseudopodia which it puts out.4 In our

—————————————

1 [See, in particular, the works referred to in the last footnote. On p. 86 below, Freud in fact
penetrates further into the problem.] 2 Cf. the passages in my Totem and Taboo (1912-13) which
deal with this subject. [These are chiefly in the third essay, Standard Ed., 13, 83 ff.] 3 Cf.
Ferenczi (1913a) .

4 [Freud used this and similar analogies more than once again, e.g. in Lecture XXVI of his
Introductory Lectures (1916-17) and in his short paper on ‘A Difficulty in the Path of Psycho-
Analysis’ (1917a), Standard Ed., 17, 139. He later revised some of the views expressed here. See
the end of the Editor's Note, p. 71 above.] - 75

researches, taking, as they did, neurotic symptoms for their starting-point, this part of the
allocation of libido necessarily remained hidden from us at the outset. All that we noticed were
the emanations of this libido—the object-cathexes, which can be sent out and drawn back again.
We see also, broadly speaking, an antithesis between ego-libido and object-libido.1 The more of
the one is employed, the more the other becomes depleted. The highest phase of development of
which object-libido is capable is seen in the state of being in love, when the subject seems to
give up his own personality in favour of an object-cathexis; while we have the opposite condition
in the paranoic's phantasy (or self-perception) of the ‘end of the world’.2 Finally, as regards the
differentiation of psychical energies, we are led to the conclusion that to begin with, during the
state of narcissism, they exist together and that our analysis is too coarse to distinguish between
them; not until there is object-cathexis is it possible to discriminate a sexual energy—the libido
—from an energy of the ego-instincts

Loneliness is a complex phenomenon. The world “Lone” implie “Emptiness” in nor mal way
people need to live with others hut in loneliness condition people do not need to be with others.
Lonelines is a self perceived interpersonal problem and therefore, one might find divergence in
the social behaviour of lonely as compared to non- lonely people. Loneliness is a feeling of
deprivation caused by the lack of certain kind of human contact. Loneliness can further be
characterized as the sense of deprivation that come when certain expected human relationship are
absent. Most generally loneliness is aroused due to infulfilment of the individual needs, desires
of skills and the realities of one’s social environment as well as the negative affective state is
aroused by solitude. Loneliness is the unpleasant experience that occurs when a person network
of social relationship is deficient in some important way, either quantitatively or qualitatively
(Perlman and Peplau 1981) Most personality theorists assume that attachment to other people is
basic and that such attachment is disputed results of loneliness. Loneliness appears always to be
a response'to the absence of some particular relational provisions (Weis 1973). Lonely people are
apt to be shy, introverted and less willing to take socialrisks. Loneliness is often associated with
self depression, low self esteem, lower social risk taking, self consciousness, introversion, less
expressed inclusion of the affection for others due to shyness. It is important to emphasize that
cultural and situational factors also affect a person’s chances of being lonely. Loneliness is
caused not by being . alone but by being without some definite needed relationship or set or
relationship (Weis, 1973) Kubistant & Tom (1981) described “Loneliness” as a phenomenon that
has given rise to such of being alone, solitude alienation, isolation and loneliness in anxiety. The
personal and situational factors increase an individual vulnerability to loneliness. (Peplau and
Perlman 1979). Such factors may increase the likelyhood that person will become lonely and
also make it more difficult for the lonely person to reestablish satisfying social relations. As a
result of it, loneliness can affect our adjustment, personality, thinking process, and other mental
processes as well as behavioral aspects. Therefore, it is essential to study loneliness in Indian
conditions.Loneliness as an important personality variable in current psychological literature is
of particular interest to social psychologists. Probably most people experience painful feeling of
isolation and loneliness at some time in their lives. Because life is filled with social2transitions
that disrupt personal relationship and set the stage for loneliness. Being unloved and lonely has
been called “the greatestpoverty”. Perhaps for more people than we were realize, the world is a
lonely place. It is believed that as the societies become more affluent and advanced, the quantity
and intensity of loneliness tend to increase proportionately. It can be observed that as societies
become more •individualistic, the stress shifts to independence rather than-to interdependence.
The individualism and independence which normally accompany socio-economic development
become a cause of loneliness. Intum it becomes, a pervasive source of frustration and
maladaptive behaviour.Loneliness is the inability to find meaning in one’s life. As Becker (1962)
pointed out, “Let it be stressed imphatieally that the most difficult realization for man is the
possibility that life has no meaning”. Without meaning life is wasted, futile and empty,
Therefore, freedom from loneliness is important for one’s physical and psychological well being.
Loneliness refers to an individual’s subjective perception that he/she lacks close interpersonal
relationships. An individual is lonely if he or she desires close interpersonal relationships but is
unable to establish them. According to person’s network of social relation is deficient in some
way”. There are three approaches which describe loneliness The first approach emphasizes
inherent human needs for intimacy.The second emphasizes people’s perception and evaluation of
their social relation and the third approach to loneliness identifies insuffecient social
reinforcement as the main deficiency experienced by lonely people.Loneliness needs not
coincide with aloneness, as both are not the same. Loneliness refers to the subjective descomfort
we feel when our social relationship lack some important feature. This deficit may be
quantitative. We may have no friends or fewer friends that we want, of the deficit can be
qualitative. We may feel our relationship are superficial or less satisfying than we would like.
Loneliness goes on inside a person and cannot be detected simply by looking at someone. One
can feel lonely in the middle of a party and one can be utterly alone without feeling particularly
lonely. Young (1982) opinioned that to feel lonely is to feel excluded from a group, unloved by
those .around you, unable to share your private concerns, or different and alienated from those in
your surroundings.In opposition to subjective feeling of loneliness, aloneness is the objective
state of being apart from other people. Aloneness can be pleasant or unpleasant. Religious
leaders go off on solitary quests to seek spiritual inspiration. Writers and musicians frequently do
their best work alone, away from the distractions of social interaction. In daily life we may crave
time alone to study for an important test, read a good book or think over a problem. Even living
alone can be a positive experience that provides a sense of accompleshment and independence.
There is no inevitable link aloneness and loneliness. We can be happy alone or lonely in a crowd.
Loneliness & Its Types :

Loneliness can range from a temporaiy state resulting from a change in our social life to a
chronic and enduring conditon. Nature of different types of loneliness can be understood in the
following way and may be divided as follows :

1. Situational Loneliness :

Sometimes loneliness is caused by a life change that takes us away from friends and intimate
relationship. So-called situational loneliness occurs when a person has had satisfying relationship
until some specific change takes place in his or her life. Situations that commonly cause
loneliness include moving to a now town, going •away to school, starting a new job, being
separated from friends and loved ones while on a trip or in the hospital or ending an important
relationship through death, divorce, or breaking up. People generally recover from situational
loneliness and reestablish a satisfying social life, although this is obviously more difficult in
some situations than in others. We may make friends at our new job in a few months, but take a
year or more to get over the ending of a love-relationship.

2. Chronic Loneliness :

Some people suffer from loneliness for many years more or less independent of changes in their
lives. They are experiencing chronic loneliness. Such individuals might describe themselves as a
“Lonely person” rather than someone who in a lonely period of life. Like depressed people,
chronically lonely seem caught in a vicious circle of self-defeating social cognition and social
behaviours. For one thing they tend to have some of the negative attributional style of the
depressed- blaming themselves for their deficient social relationship (Ankerson et. al. 1983).
Moreover, they tend to perceive others in negative ways as well (Jones, et al. 1981). The
negative perceptions of self and others may have a basis in reality and function as self- fillfilling
prophecies. For lonely people often do find it hard to introduce themselves, make phone calls,
and participate in groups (Rook, 1984). They tend to be self- conscious and low in self- esteem,
and when talking with a stranger they have been observed to spend more time talking about
themselves and to take less interest in their conversational partners than do non-lonely people
(Jones, et al. 1982).Chronic loneliness or pathological loneliness which involves the individual
who is uncommitted, unconcerned, and who does not attempt to deal with loneliness through
close interpersonal relationships of commitment to the human enterprise. In contrast to chronic

loneliness, existential loneliness is the result of conditions beyond his or her control. Thus,
loneliness, whether chronic or tempory, is a .painful awareness that ones’ social relationship are
less numerous of meaningful than one desires.

3. Emotional and social loneliness :

Roberts Weiss (1973) has distinguished two types of loneliness based on the specific provision
that a person lacks are (a) Emotional loneliness results from the absence of an intimate
attachment figure, such as might be provided for children by their parents or for adults by a
spouse or intimate friend.(b) On the other hand, social loneliness occurs when person lack a
sense of social integration or community that might be provided by a network of friends or co-
workers.

It is possible to experience one type of loneliness without the other. A newly married couple may
not feel emotional loneliness during

honeymoon but they are likely to experience social loneliness untill they make friends and start
feeling a part of their new community. Similarly a widow may feel intense emotional loneliness
after the death of her husband, but continue to have many social ties to family and friends.

. Loneliness has been appeared in literature throughout the ages, as far back as Epic of
Gilgamesh. Yet according to Fay Bound Alberti, it was only around the year 1800 that the word
began to widely denote a negative condition. Earlier dictionary definitions of loneliness equated
it with solitude – a state that was often seen as positive, unless taken to excess. From about 1800,
the word loneliness began to acquire its modern definition as a painful subjective condition. This
may due to economic and social changes arising out the Enlightenment. Such as alienation and
increased interpersonal competition, along with a reduction in the number of people that would
enjoy close and enduring connections with the people living in close proximity with them, as
may for example have been the case for modernizing pastoral villages. Despite growing
awareness of the problem of loneliness, widespread social recognition of the problem was
limited, and scientific study remained sparse, until the last quarter of the twentieth century. One
of the earliest studies of loneliness was published by Joseph Harold Sheldon in 1948. The 1950
book The Lonely Crowd helped further raise the profile of loneliness among academics. For the
general public, awareness was raised by the 1966 Beatles song Eleanor Rigby.

According to Eugene Garfield, it was Robert S. Weiss who brought the attention of scientists to
the topic of loneliness, with his 1973 publication of Loneliness: The experience of emotional and
social isolation. Prior to Weiss's publication, what few studies of loneliness existed were mostly
focused on old people. Following Weiss’s work, and especially after the 1978 publication of the
UCLA Loneliness Scale, scientific interest in the topic has broadened and deepened
considerably, with tens of thousands of academic studies having been carried to investigate
loneliness just among students, with many more focused on other sub groups, and on whole
populations.

Concern among the general public over loneliness increased in the decades since Eleanor Rigby's
release; by 2018 government backed anti-loneliness campaigns had been launched in countries
including the UK, Denmark and Australia.

Loneliness is an unpleasant emotional response to perceived isolation. Loneliness is also

described as—a psychological mechanism which motivates individuals to seek social
connections. It is often associated with an unwanted lack of connection and intimacy. Loneliness
overlaps and yet is distinct from solitude. Solitude is simply the state of being apart from others,
not everyone who experiences solitude feels lonely. As a subjective emotion, loneliness can be
felt even when surrounded by other people; one who feels lonely, is lonely. The causes of
loneliness are varied. They include social, mental, emotional, and environmental factors.

Research has shown that loneliness is found throughout society, including among people in
marriages along with other strong relationships, and those with successful careers. Most people
experience loneliness at some points in their lives, and some feel it very often. As a short term
emotion, loneliness can be beneficial; it encourages the strengthening of relationships. Chronic
loneliness on the other hand is widely considered harmful, with numerous reviews and meta-
studies concluding it is a significant risk factor for poor mental and physical health outcomes.

Loneliness has long been a theme in literature, going back to the Epic of Gilgamesh. Yet
academic study of loneliness was sparse until the late twentieth century. In the 21st century,
loneliness has been increasingly recognized as a social problem, with both NGOs and
governmental actors seeking to tackle it.

People can experience loneliness for many reasons, and many life events may cause it, such as a
lack of friendship relations during childhood and adolescence, or the physical absence of
meaningful people around a person. At the same time, loneliness may be a symptom of another
social or psychological problem, such as chronic depression.

Many people experience loneliness for the first time when they are left alone as infants. It is also
a very common, though normally temporary, consequence of a breakup, divorce, or loss of any
important long-term relationship. In these cases, it may stem both from the loss of a specific
person and from the withdrawal from social circles caused by the event or the associated sadness.

The loss of a significant person in one's life will typically initiate a grief response; in this
situation, one might feel lonely, even while in the company of others. Loneliness may also occur
after the birth of a child (often expressed in postpartum depression), after marriage, or following
any other socially disruptive event, such as moving from one's home town into an unfamiliar
community, leading to homesickness. Loneliness can occur within unstable marriages or other
close relationships of a similar nature, in which feelings present may include anger or
resentment, or in which the feeling of love cannot be given or received. Loneliness may
represent a dysfunction of communication, and can also result from places with low population
densities in which there are comparatively few people to interact with. Loneliness can also be
seen as a social phenomenon, capable of spreading like a disease. When one person in a group
begins to feel lonely, this feeling can spread to others, increasing everybody's risk for feelings of
loneliness.[1] People can feel lonely even when they are surrounded by other people

Whether a correlation exists between Internet usage and loneliness is a subject of controversy,
with some findings showing that Internet users are lonelier and others showing that lonely people
who use the Internet to keep in touch with loved ones (especially seniors) report less loneliness,
but that those trying to make friends online became lonelier.] On the other hand, studies in 2002
and 2010 found that "Internet use was found to decrease loneliness and depression significantly,
while perceived social support and self-esteem increased significantly" and that the Internet "has
an enabling and empowering role in people's lives, by increasing their sense of freedom and
control, which has a positive impact on well-being or happiness."

A twin study found evidence that genetics account for approximately half of the measurable
differences in loneliness among adults, which was similar to the heritability estimates fou nd
previously in children. These genes operate in a similar manner in males and females.
The study found no common environmental contributions to adult loneliness.

The one apparently unequivocal finding of correlation is that long driving commutes correlate
with dramatically higher reported feelings of loneliness (as well as other negative health
impacts).

Two principal types of loneliness are social and emotional loneliness. This delineation was made
in 1973 by Robert S. Weiss, in his seminal work: Loneliness: The Experience of Emotional and
Social Isolation Based on Weiss's view that "both types of loneliness have to be examined
independently, because the satisfaction for the need of emotional loneliness cannot act as a
counterbalance for social loneliness, and vice versa", people working to treat or better understand
loneliness have tended two treat these two types of loneliness separately, though this is far from
always the case.

Social loneliness is the loneliness people experience because of the lack of a wider social
network. They may not feel they are members of a community, or that they have friends or allies
whom they can rely on in times of distress.

Emotional loneliness results from the lack of deep, nurturing relationships with other people.
Weiss tied his concept of emotional loneliness to attachment theory. People have a need for deep
attachments, which can sometimes be fulfilled by close friends, but much more often by close
family members such as parents, and later in life by romantic partners. In 1997, Enrich
DiTommaso and Barry Spinner separated emotional loneliness into Romantic and Family
loneliness. A 2019 study found that emotional loneliness significantly increased the likelihood of
death for older adults living alone (whereas there was no increase in mortality found with social
loneliness).

psychological wellbeing (PWB)

Psychological well-being refers to inter- and intraindividual levels of positive functioning that
canincludeone’srelatednesswithothersandselfreferent attitudes that include one’s sense of
mastery and personal growth. Subjective well-being reflects dimensions of affect judThe concept
of well-being has received considerable interest in recent years, both in the scientific and lay
literature. As such, well-being is frequentlycitedasanationalpriorityforgovernment

policy around the world (Beddington et al. 2008). However, depending upon one’s professional
and personal perspective, the notionof well-being can have quite different connotations. For
instance, economists may interpret well-being in terms of economic capacity and prosperity, the
growth in both individual and national economic wealth.
Populationhealthresearchersmayfocusonissues of health promotion and disease eradication.
Social policy advocates may phrase issues of well-being in terms of health-care provision,
education access, and issues of justice and equality. For behavioral scientists, the notion of well-
being is most frequently framed in terms of individuals’ own level of experience, reflecting their
personal, experiential, and phenomenological sense of happiness and engagement with their
families, work, and community. Consequently, different well-being definitions may lead to quite
different understandings of how well-being is related to age and aging processes. Even within the
behavioral sciences, where the operationalization of concepts is integral to model development
and applied research, a lack of rigor in operational definition has made understanding the
disparate findings related to wellbeing and developmental trajectories in late life
difficulttoreconcile.Thepsychosocialwell-being literatureisawashwithvarioustermsandmodels; the
same term can reflect different concepts for different researchers, while different terms can mean
the same thing for others. Over recent decades, considerable effort has been made to

# Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016 N.A. Pachana (ed.), Encyclopedia of

Geropsychology, DOI 10.1007/978-981-287-080-3_251-1gments of life satisfaction.

reconcile these different approaches. Most frequently, within the behavioral sciences, wellbeing
research is described as reflecting two broad approaches or traditions. The first approach is
frequently referred to as the hedonic or subjective well-being (SWB) tradition. With roots in the
third and fourth century BC, the philosophy of AristippusandEpicurusandbytheworkoffellow
Cyrenaics – one of the earliest Socratic schools – SWB is based on hedonic principles in which
pleasure and happiness are of primary concern to the individual, irrespective of the virtuous
natureofthatpleasurefulfillment.Suchprinciples were echoed centuries later by Priestley and
Bentham’s “greatest happiness principle” that a good society is built on individuals’ attempts to
maximize pleasure and self-interest. The term hedonia itself is derived from the Greek word for
“pleasure.” The second approach is the eudaemonic or psychological well-being (PWB)
tradition. Similar to hedonia, eudaimonia has its foundations in antiquity, most notably reflected
in Aristotle’s treatise Nicomachean Ethics which was one of the first secular texts to expound on
what it is to live a good life. As with hedonia, the term eudaimonia derives from the Ancient
Greek eu for goodness or well-being and daimon for spirit. Hence, eudaimonia can be interpreted
as the focus on living the good life or with a good spirit. Numerous reviews have sought to
summarize and collate different well-being models within these broader contexts (Ryan and Deci
2001; Huppert et al. 2004, 2009).

PWB has its foundations on eudaemonic assumptions that suggest that well-being is related to
whether individuals live their lives according to their true nature or spirit (daimon), reflected in
earlier psychological theories such as Maslow’s theory of self-actualization. However, unlike
SWB concepts which have been clearly defined, much of the PWB literature has struggled to
develop well-validated models of PWB. This is in part due to the vagueness of PWB
operationalizations of wellness and what it means to be living the good life, unlike SWB
constructs. There are two widely cited measurement models of PWB. The first is that
encapsulated by Carol Ryff’s model of PWB, from which the psychological well-being scales
were derived (Ryff 1989a, b; Ryff and Keyes 1995). Ryff’s PWB scales drew from
gerontological and life-span research and reflect one construct-oriented approach to PWB. Their
theoretical underpinnings stemmed from a wide range of influences including Allport’s concept
of the mature personality, Rogers’ fully functioning individual, and Maslow’s notion of self-
actualization. Through interviews with young, middle-aged, and older members of the general
population, Ryff argued that six key dimensions were consistently identified as indicative of the
good life and well-being (Table 1). The PWB scales therefore reflect a multidimensional
approach to the measurement of PWB that tap six distinct areas and include autonomy, personal
growth, self-acceptance, purpose in life, environmental mastery, and positive relatedness with
others. Self-acceptance is a significant construct within theories that define selfactualization and
fully functioning individuals

and emphasizes an ability to develop warm trustingrelationshipswithothersandbeingempathetic

and affectionate toward others. However, these individuals remain autonomous, resisting societal
expectations to change and conform. Environmental mastery reflects an ability of self to
manipulate and function within constraints, while purpose in life reflects the capacity for
goalselectionanddevelopingasenseoflifedirection which contribute to meaning in one’s life.
Personal growth reflects individuals’ capacity to grow and realize one’s own inner potential.
Following Ryff’s theory, these PWB concepts are all fundamental to the individuals’ capacity to
actualize and maintain a fully functioning self. While the conceptual model has intuitive appeal,
support for the PWB scales themselves has been mixed (Ryff and Keyes 1995; Abbott et al.
2006; Burns and Machin 2009; Clarke et al. 2001). It has been noted (Burns and Machin 2009)
that a number of validation studies (1) utilized a short or a very short form of the PWB
scalesor(2)implementedquestionablefactoranalytical methods for the data in question (e.g.,
principal component analysis with varimax
rotation).Indeed,inaddressingtheseissues,twoindependent studies, using multiple national
samples (Abbott et al. 2006; Burns and Machin 2009), have consistently demonstrated that at
least the environmental mastery, personal growth, purpose in life, and self-acceptance items are
unable to discriminate between their parent factors. This should not be surprising; Clarke, Ryff,
andcolleagues reported themselves a high degree of correlation between these four PWB factors
(Clarke et al. 2001). However, despite the weaknesses related to aspects of the scale’s initial
construction and the analytical limitations of some subsequent validation studies, considerable
evidence does relate various PWB dimensions to a range of outcomes including biological
health, successful transitions in later life, and better therapeutic outcomes (Huppert et al. 2004;
Abbott et al. 2006; Fava and Ruini 2003). Often described as a theoretical framework of
motivational drives, a second widely cited model that has embraced the concept of eudaimonia
as a central aspect of well-being is Ryan and Deci’s self-determination theory (SDT) (Ryan and
Deci 2000, 2001). SDT delineates between three basic psychological and social needs which
include autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Much of the research within this framework
focuses on identifyingthemechanisms bywhich internal and external drivers of individual
motivation realize these three needs. Burns has noted (Burns and Machin 2009) the commonality
with autonomy and relatedness from the SDT and Ryff PWB models and further suggested that
the SDT competence factor may be related to the superordinate PWB factor that reflected the
scales (environmental mastery, personal growth, purpose in life, and self-acceptance) which
Burns and Abbott separately identified (Abbott et al. 2006; Burns and Machin 2009). According
to SDT, the fulfillment of these three needs is essential for psychological growth and
psychological health. Much SDT research has focused on identifying and examining the
pathways by which social and cultural factors facilitate or inhibit the fulfillment of these needs.
At its heart, SDT posits that individuals (1) are proactive agents in their lives, with the capacity
to master their own drives and emotions; (2) are inherently growth oriented; and (3) need a
nurturing social environment to strive for optimal development. Within a life-span perspective,
the capacity to satisfy these needs will vary with other age-
relateddeclinessuchaswithchangesinsocial status(e.g.,retired),relationships(e.g.,widowed),
physical health (development of age-relateddiseases like dementia), and proximity to death.
Thus, the satisfaction of these needs is purported to vary in different degrees of importance as a
consequence of different developmental periods. However, it is generally considered that failure
to strive for these needs results in negative psychological consequences. While well validated
and cited in other areas of the behavioral sciences, SDT has had only limited influence in
thegeropsychology sphere

There is a growing body of evidence for the efficacy of psychological interventions to elicit
changes in well-being in both clinical and community populations (Fava and Ruini 2003;
Lyubomirsky et al. 2011; Sin and Lyubomirsky 2009). Within a clinical context, Fava and
colleagues have utilized well-being therapy (WBT), in conjunction with cognitive behavioral
therapy (CBT), that focuses on building dimensions of
psychologicalfunctioning(e.g.,mastery,purpose, self-acceptance). Their clinical findings indicate
substantial reduction in relapse rates in the WBT group (relapse rate = 40 %) in comparison with
the CBT-only group (relapse rate = 90 %). Their methods have been utilized as part of health and
social development classes in schools with great impact in reducing psychological distress and
improving a sense of well-being in students. A recent meta-analysis (Sin and Lyubomirsky 2009)
identified medium effect sizes for the efficacyofpositivepsychologyprogramsforincreasingwell-
being(r=0.29,95%;CI:0.21,0.37)and for decreasing depression symptoms (r = 0.31, 95 %; CI:
0.17, 0.43). Engagement in these activities elicited both positive functioning and feeling
inadults,thebenefitsofwhichincludedimproved health outcomes, community engagement, and
increased workforce participation. increasingly impacting on government policy. Within the
behavioral sciences, approaches to well-being can be described as ascribing to one of two broad
traditions, hedonia (SWB) and eudaimonia (PWB). While SWB proponents focus on hedonic
factors that include judgments ofsatisfactionandaffect,PWBresearchersseekto identify those
characteristics that may describe how well individuals are living their lives and relate to
perceptions of personal growth, a sense of life purpose, and self-acceptance. There is
considerable conceptual and statistical evidence to support the delineation of these two related
yet separatetraditions.However,failurestorecognize different operational definitions and to
disentangle age effects between cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have highlighted
limitations in our capacity to accurately describe well-being changes in later adulthood. It is
increasingly recognized that much of the well-being literature has failed to identify the extent to
which well-being variation is a consequence of true age-related differences as opposed to natural
daily variation and changing individual contexts such as decline in physical health or cognitive
capacities. Overall, thereisincreasingevidencefortheutilityinexaminingwell-
beinginlatelifeinconcertwithclinical measures of psychological health and distress, with evidence
to suggest that well-being is a sensitiveindicatoroflivesbeinglivedwellwithinthe contextofage-
relatedphysical, health,social,and economic declines

At the most basic level, psychological wellbeing (PWB) is quite similar to other terms that refer
to positive mental states, such as happiness or satisfaction, and in many ways it is not necessary,
or helpful to worry about fine distinctions between such terms. If I say that I’m happy, or very
satisfied with my life you can be pretty sure that my psychological wellbeing is quite high!

Theories about PWB generally focus on understanding the structure of psychological wellbeing
or the dynamics (i.e. the causes and consequences of PWB). The breakdown of psychological
wellbeing into hedonic and eudemonic components and Carol Ryff’s model are widely accepted
theories of the structure of PWB.

As far as the dynamics of PWB are concerned it’s important to recognize that, to some extent,
PWB is relatively stable and will have been influenced by both previous experience (including,
for example, early upbringing) and underlying personality. Stressful experiences can predispose
people to subsequent mood and anxiety disorders (Gladstone, Parker and Mitchell, 2004); but, on
the other hand exposure to extremely traumatic events can help to build resilience and actually
protect PWB. For example children exposed to moderately stressful events seem better able to
cope with subsequent stressors (Khobasa & Maddi, 1999). The same “inoculating” impact of
stressful events has also been observed in working adults (Soloman, Berger and Ginsberg, 2007).

Although baseline psychological wellbeing may be fairly stable, day to day events and
experiences also exert an impact. For example, even the most resilient person may eventually
become very low, or depressed, if his or her daily experiences are constantly troubling. There is
strong evidence to show that exposure to work-related stressors overlong periods of time will
have a negative impact on PWB, so, although as mentioned above, short periods of adversity
may be helpful in building resilience, long-term stress is not good for PWB. In turn, this lower
level of PWB may well lead to serious illness, including cardiovascular disease, problems with
blood sugar control, such as diabetes and immune system malfunctions (Chandold
et al, 2008).

In summary, PWB theory proposes that early experience and underlying personality create a
platform for PWB but everyday experiences can help to maintain a good level of PWB (if they
are positive) or, if they are negative, reduce levels of PWB, leading, in turn, to poor health
outcomes.
Chapter 2

Method

Hypothesis

Certain hypotheses were designed to achieve the objectives of study.

It would be positive relationship in narcissist personality and loneliness among students.

It would be negative relationship in narcissist personality and psychological well-being

among students.

Research design

The present study was conducted using a corelational survey research design .The
corelational researcher examines more than one attributes of a group to discover the degree to
which they co vary together within a sample that is drawn from well representated population by
using some questionnaire (RYff, De jong Grieved, Hall’s).

Sample

Purposive sampling techniques was used to collect the data from the sample of (N=250)
students. The sample included (n= 150) boys and (n=100) girls. participants age range in the
sample was 18-21.

Operational definitions.
 The variables were operationally defined as follows.

It is defined by the fifth edition (2013) of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (DSM) in terms of the personality traits of grandiosity and attention-seeking and in
terms of significant impairments in personality functioning—such as looking excessively to
others for the regulation of self-esteem,

Loneliness is an unpleasant emotional response to perceived isolation. Loneliness is also

described as social pain—a psychological mechanism which motivates individuals to seek social
connections. It is often associated with an unwanted lack of connection and intimacy. ... The
causes of loneliness are varied.

Psychological Well-being refers to the simple notion of a person's welfare, happiness,

advantages, interests, utility, and quality of life (Burris, Brechting, Salsman, & Carlson, 2009).

Instruments

In this study, psychometrically sound self report measures were used to measure all
constructs and their reliability was ensured. The scale was used in their original versions.

According to the Web of Science database, the Raskin and Terry (1988) is the most cited
research article about narcism. It uses Raskin and Hall's 1979 first publication of the widely used
Narcissistic Personality

The UCLA Loneliness Scale is a commonly used measure of loneliness. Its name derives from
its having been developed at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Russell, D.,
Peplau, L.A., and Ferguson, M.L., first published it in 1978, and it was revised in 1980 and
1996.nventory.

Developed by psychologist Carol D. Ryff, the 42-item Psychological Wellbeing (PWB) Scale
measures six aspects of wellbeing and happiness: autonomy, environmental mastery, personal
growth, positive relations with others, purpose in life, and self-acceptance (Ryff et al., 2007;
adapted from Ryff, 1989).

PROCEDURE

In order to collect data all formal departmental permission letters were obtained from the head of
the department. On random basis students were personally contracted in their departments. They
were briefed regarding the nature and objectives of the study. Also, informed consent of the
students was taken. Before administering the instruments of the study, the required personal
information was obtained through the demographical sheet and confidentiality of the information
was ensured. The participants of study were appreciated for their cooperation and support in the
study.
 ETHICAL CONSIDERATION

Keeping in regard the ethics of research and in order to maintain the quality of the study, few
things are highly considered. Before starting the study, consent of the participants was gained.
No single individual was enforced for filling questionnaires. Moreover they were given the right
to withdraw at anytime. Deception was not used at all throughout the research. All participants
was briefed before the study. The confidentiality and privacy of the participants information was
maintained. No harm was caused to any animal or human throughout the study.

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 Appendices

Appendix#

Appendix: A Informed consent

Appendix: B Narcisstic personality inventory scale (NPI)

Appendix : C Loneliness scale

Appendix: D Psychological well being scale(PWB)

 Appendix: A

Informed consent

I am Rashida Iqbal student of M.Sc Psychology at University of Sargodha. I am collecting data

for my research work under the topic “Narcissist personality as a predictor of loneliness and
psychology well-being.”

You are requested to fill the questionnaire. All the information provided by you will be kept
confidential and will be used only for research purpose.

Signature of
approval

Demographic form

Name:

Age:

Gender: Male/Female

Education:

Family Status: Nuclear/Joint

Read carefully and circle the correct numeric response to each question
 Appendix: B

A Narcisstic personality scale (NPS)

Read carefully and circle the correct numeric response to each question.

Survey scale: 1 = Strongly disagree 2 = Disagree 3 = Neutral 4 = Agree 5 = Strongly Agree

1 2 3 4 5

Sr. No. Statements 1 2 3 4 5

1. I like my self.
2. I have confidence in my opinions.
3. I have a sense of purpose in life.
4. I have a sense of purpose in life.
5. I have a strong and close relationship in my life.
6. I feel I am in control of my life.
7. I am open to new experiences that challenge me.
8. I accept who I am, with both my strength and limitations
9. I don’t worry what other people think of me.
10. My life has meaning.
11. I handle my responsibilities in life well.
12. I am always seeking to learn about myself.
13. I respect myself.
14. I feel that my life I worthwhile and that I play a valuable role in
things.
15. I am grateful to have people in my life.
16. I am able to cope with what life throws at me.
17. I am hopeful about my future and look forward to new
possibilities.
 Appendix: C

Loneliness scale

I = Always 2 = Often 3 = Sometimes 4 = Seldom 5 = Never

1 2 3 4 5

Sr. No. Statements 1 2 3 4 5

1. There is always someone I can talk to about my day to day
problems.
2. I miss having really close friends.
3. I experience a general sense of emptiness.
4. There are plenty of people I can lean on when I have problems.
5. I miss the pleasure of the company of others.
6. I find my circle of friends and acquaintances too limited.
7. There are many people I can trust completely.
8. There are enough people I feel close.
9. I miss having people around me.
10. I often feel rejected.
11. I can call on my friends whenever I need.

\
 Appendix : D

Psychological well being

Survey scale: 1 = Strongly disagree 2 = Disagree 3 = Neutral 4 = Agree 5 = Strongly Agree

1 2 3 4 5

Sr. No. Statements 1 2 3 4 5

1. I have a natural talent for influencing people.
2. I will be a success.
3. I see myself as a good leader
4. I am assertive.
5. I like having authority over other people
6. I have a strong will to power
7. People always seem to recognize my authority
8. I would prefer to be a leader
9. I am a born leader.
10. I would do almost anything on a dare.
11. I know I am a good because everybody keeps telling me so.
12. I like to be the center of attention.
13. I insist upon getting the respect that is due to me
14. I like to show off my body
15. I like to look at my body.
16. I will usually show off if get the chance.
17. I expect a great deal from other people.
18. I will never satisfied until I get all the I deserve
19. I like to start new fads and fashions.
20. I like to look myself in the mirror
21. I get upset when people don’t notice how I look when got out in
public.
22. I am more capable than other.
23. Modesty doesn’t become me.
24. If I ruled the world, it would be a better place.
25. I can usually talk my way out of anything
26. I think I am a special person.
27. I am an extraordinary person.