PRINTED NOTES – LIGHT

1. Light travels in a straight line.

2. Light gets reflected when it falls on polished surfaces; like mirrors.
3. Light suffers refraction when it travels from one medium to another.
4. There is a change in the wavelengths light when it moves from one medium into
another.
5. The bouncing back of light when it strikes a smooth or polished surface is called
reflection of light. Reflection is of two types; regular and Diffuse or irregular
reflection.
6. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. Mathematically, we have
∠i = ∠r.
7. The image is as far behind the mirror as the object is in front.
8. The image is unmagnified, virtual and erect.
9. The image has right-left reversal.
10. Focal length of a plane mirror is infinity.
11. Power of a plane mirror is zero.
12. If a plane mirror is turned by an angle, the reflected ray turns by 2θ.
13. The least size of a plane mirror to view an object is equal to half the size of the
object.
14. Pole (Vertex): The central point of a mirror is called its pole.
15. Centre of curvature : The centre of the sphere of which the mirror is a part is
called the centre of curvature. It is denoted by C.
16. Radius of curvature : The radius of the sphere of which the mirror is a part is
called the radius of curvature. It is denoted by R.
17. Principal axis : The straight line passing through the pole and the centre of
curvature of the mirror is called the principal axis.
18. Principal focus : It is a point on the principal axis at which the rays parallel to
the principal axis meet after reflection or seem to come from. For a concave mirror,
the focus lies in front of the mirror and for a convex mirror, it lies behind the mirror.
In short, a concave mirror has a real focus while a convex mirror has a virtual focus.
19. Focal plane : A plane, drawn perpendicular to the principal axis and passing
through the principal focus.
20. Focal length : The distance between the pole and the focus is called the focal
length. It is represented by f. The focal length is half the radius of curvature.
21. Aperture: The size of the mirror is called its aperture. It is also defined as the
effective diameter of the light reflecting area of the mirror.
22. Real image : When the rays of light, after reflection from a mirror, actually meet
at a point, then the image formed by these rays is said to be real. Real images can be
obtained on a screen.
23. Virtual image: When the rays of light, after reflection from a mirror, appear to
meet at a point, then the image formed by these rays is said to be virtual. Virtual
images can’t be obtained on a screen.
24. The following rays are used while drawing ray diagrams to find the position of an
image
1. A ray of light parallel to the principal axis after reflection passes through the
focus. (1)
2. A ray of light passing through the focus after reflection becomes parallel to the
principal axis. (2)
 3. A ray of light incident on the centre of curvature retraces its path after
reflection form the mirror.

25. For mirrors, the following results hold :

 u is – ve, if the object is in front of the mirror.(Real object)
 u is + ve, if the object is behind the mirror.(Virtual object)
 v is – ve, if the image is in front of the mirror.(Real image)
 vis +ve, if the image is behind the mirror. (Virtual image)
 Focal length of a concave mirror is taken as – ve.
 Focal length of a convex mirror is taken as +ve.
26. When the image formed by a spherical mirror is real, it is also inverted and is on
the same side of the mirror as the object. Since both v and u are negative, the
magnification -ve 27. When the image formed by a spherical mirror is virtual, it is
also erect and is on the other side of the mirror as the object. In this case, u is – ve
and v is + ve , therefore, m +ve
28. The expression for the mirror formula is 1/u+1/v = 1/f

29. Linear magnification is given by the expression

30. If m is positive, the image is erect w.r.t the object and if m is negative, the image
is inverted w.r.t. the object.
31.The position of the image for various positions of the object for a concave mirror
is as shown in the table below. The table also shows the use of the mirror for
different positions of the object.
The position of the image for various positions of the object for a convex mirror is as
shown in the table below. The table also shows the use of the mirror for different
positions of the object.

32. The bending of light when it travels from one medium into another is called
refraction of light

33.
34. As light travels from ,one medium to another, the frequency of light does not
change.
35. Light refracts because it has different speeds in different media.
36. The refraction of light obeys the following two laws :
1. The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence all
lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is a constant. This constant is called the index of refraction or refractive
index.

37. If wng is the refractive index of glass w.r.t. water, ang  be the refractive index of
glass w.r.t. air and anw  be the refractive index of water w.r.t. air ,then

38. The most familiar and widely used optical device is the lens. A lens is an optical
system with two refracting surfaces. The simplest lens has two spherical surfaces
close enough together that we can neglect the distance between them. Such a lens is
called a thin lens. The two common types of lenses are Converging lens or Convex
lens, Diverging lens or Concave lens.
39. It should be noted that, if the above lenses are surrounded by .a material with a
refractive index greater than that of the lens, the convex lens gets converted into a
concave lens and vice-versa.
40. Any lens that is thicker at its centre than at its edges is a converging lens with
positive f, and any lens that is thicker at its edges than at the centre is a diverging
lens with negative f.
41. Optical centre : The central point C in
the lens is called the optical centre. If a ray is
incident towards the optical centre, it passes
undeviated .through the lens.
42.Principal axis: Since the lens contains
two spherical surfaces, therefore, it has two
centres of curvatures.
The line joining these centres and passing
through the optical centre is called principal
axis.
43. Aperture: The effective width of a lens through which refraction takes place is
called the aperture.
44. Focus and Focal Length : If a beam of light moving parallel to the principal axis
of a convex lens is incident on it, the rays converge or meet at a point on the
principal axis. This point F is called the focus. The distance CF is called the focal
length. If a beam of light moving parallel to the principal axis is incident on a
concave lens, the beam of light diverges. If these diverged rays are produced
backward, they meet at a point F on the principal axis. The transmitted rays appear
to come from this point. This point F is called the focus and distance CF is called the
focal length.
45. For drawing the ray diagrams, we note the following:

1. All rays parallel to the principal axis after refraction pass through the principal
focus or seem to come from it.
2. A ray of light passing through the focus after refraction becomes parallel to the
principal axis.

3. A ray of light passing through the optical centre of the lens after refraction
passes undeviated.

46. A convex and a concave lens can be supposed to be made-up of prisms.

47. Image formation by a concave lens.

48. Image formation by a convex lens.

49. New Cartesian sign conventions:

1. All distances, object distance (u), image distance (v) and focal length f are
measured from the optical centre.
2. The distances measured in the direction of incident ray are taken as positive
and distances measured against the direction of incident ray are taken as
negative.

3. All distances (heights) of objects and images above principal axis are taken as
positive and those below the principal axis are taken as negative.

50. For the two lenses, the sign conventions take the form
1. u is- ve, if the object is in front of the lens. (Real object)
2. u is +ve, if the object is virtual.

3. v is – ve, if the image is on the same side as that of the object. (Virtual image )

4. v is +ve, if the image is real.

5. Focal length of a concave lens is taken as – ve.

6. Focal length of a convex lens is taken as +ve.

51. Lens formula for convex lens 1/v-1/u = 1/f

52. The linear magnification produced by a lens is defined as the ratio of the size of
the image (h’) to the size of the object (h). It is represented by m i.e.,

53. If the magnification of a lens is negative, then the image formed is inverted and
real.
54. If the magnification of a lens is positive, then the image formed is erect and
virtual.
55. Power is defined as the reciprocal of the focal length. Power is measured in
dioptre.
QUESTION AND ANSWERS
Q1. Define dispersion of light.
A.Splitting up of white light into seven colours when it passes through a glass prism
is known as dispersion of light.
Q2. Name the colours in the order they appear in the spectrum of light.
A. VIBGYOR – Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and Red.
Q3. Angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
a) Always b)Sometimes c)Under special conditions d)Never
A. Always.
Q4. Image formed by a plane mirror is
 virtual, behind the mirror and enlarged.
 virtual, behind the mirror and of the same size as the object.
 real at the surface of the mirror and enlarged.
 real, behind the mirror and of the same size as the object.
A. virtual, behind the mirror and of the same size as the object.
Q5. What is the angle of incidence of a ray if the reflected ray is at an angle of 90° to
the incident ray ?
A. The angle of incidence = 45°.
Q6. What are the two factors responsible for an object to be seen ?
A. To be seen an object, the sense of vision and light are required.
Q7. What is meant by normal ?
A. The perpendicular drawn at the point of incidence is known as normal.
Q8. Define the angle of incidence.
A. The angle between the incident ray and the normal is known as angle of
incidence.
Q9. What name is given to the angle between the normal and the reflected ray ?
A. Angle of reflection.
Q10. What is meant by lateral inversion ?
A. Lateral inversion is the phenomenon of the interchange of the left and right sides,
between the object and its image.
Q11. When the reflected rays are parallel, what type of reflection is taking place ?
A. Regular reflection.
Q12. In irregular reflection, are the reflected rays parallel or not ?
A. In irregular reflection the reflected rays are not parallel.
Q13. What are illuminated objects ?
A. Objects which reflect the light falling on them and can be seen are known as
illuminated objects
Q14. What is white light ?
A. Sunlight is a mixture of seven colours also known as white light.
Q15. Give one example of natural dispersion.
A. Formation of rainbow.
Q16. What is function of iris ?
A. Iris controls the amount of light entering into the eyes.
Q17. What is meant by visually challenged people ?
A. Visually challenged people have limited vision to see things.
Q18. What are non-optical aids ?
A. Non-optical aids include visual aids, tactual aids, auditory aids and electronic
aids
Q19. What are tactual aids ?
A. Tactual aids include Braille writer, slate and stylus. They help the visually
challenged persons in taking notes, reading and writing and in learning
mathematics.
Q20. Fill in the blanks :
1. The angle of reflection is ………… to the angle of incidence.
2. The image formed by a plane mirror is ………….. inverted with respect to the
object.
3. The …………….. uses two plane mirror strips each of which is kept inclined at
45° to the axis of the tube.
A. 1.equal 2.laterally 3.periscope.
Q21. Write one/two-word answer for each of the following :
1. The ray of light that bounces back from a plane mirror.
2. The nature of the image formed by a plane mirror.
3. The number of images formed by a pair of parallel plane mirrors.
4. A devices that is often used as “looking glass”.
A.1. Reflected ray 2.Virtual image 3.Multiple images 4.Mirror.
2 MARKS
Q1. Which kind of spherical mirrors are used in vehicles ? Why ?
A. A convex mirror is used in vehicles because it gives the driver a large field of view.
Q2. Why is it important to take care of our eyes ? Mention any two activities that
may cause damage to our eyes.
A. Eyes are the most wonderful gift of nature to us and they must serve us for whole
life. Our eyes can be damaged by playing carelessly or by hurting them with sharp
projections
Q3. Suppose you are in a dark room. Can you see object in the room ? Can you see
objects outside the room ? Explain.
A. The objects cannot be seen inside the room because there is no light. The objects
outside the room can only be seen if there is light outside.
Q4. State the laws of reflection.
A. Laws of reflection:
 The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence lie
in the same plane.
 The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection
Q5. Distinguish between real and virtual image.
A. Differences:

Q6. What is the function of the eyelids?

A. i) Eyelids prevents the objects from entering the eye.
ii) They also shut out light when not required.
Q7. Give some uses of plane mirror.
A. Plane mirrors are used for dressing up, shaving beards, in scientific meters and
for designing periscope.
Q8. How many plane mirror strips do we use in a kaleidoscope. At what angle are
they inclined with respect to each other ?
A. The kaleidoscope uses a set of three equal size plane mirror strips. The three
strips are inclined to each other at angles of 60° each.
Q9. Why do we say that the image formed in a plane mirror is “virtual” ?
A. The image formed in a plane mirror cannot be obtained on a screen. So we, say it
is a ‘virtual’ image.
Q10. What would you do to see if the barber has cut your hair properly at the back?
A. I would keep another mirror parallel to the main mirror in a vertical position.

Q11. How many images are formed when two mirrors are placed edge to edge
1. at right angles of each other.
2. at an angle of 60° to each other ?
A. 1. Three images will be formed. 2. Five images will be formed.
Q12. How are multiple images formed? Name a device based on this principle?
A. When three rectangular strips of plane mirror are kept edge to edge at an angle of
60° to each other, multiple images are formed. Kaleidoscope is based on this
principle.
Q13. What is colour blindness ? Give reason for this defect ?
A. Some people cannot distinguish between the different colours. This is known as
colour blindness. Colour blindness is due to the absence of cones on the nerve
endings on the retina.
Q14. What is a nictitating membrane ? In which animal is it found ?
A. nictitating membrane is a transparent membrane over the eye to protect the eye
from water. Fish and frogs have a nictitating membrane.
Q15. What kind of eyes do the insects have ?
A. Eye in insects is a compound eye with hundreds of small units, each with a lens
of its own. The image seen by a insect is a blured picture.
Q16. Why should children take milk and eat carrots ?
A. Milk, carrots and yellow fruits are rich in vitamin A, which is very essential for the
eyes to maintain good vision.
Q17. How is night blindness caused ?
A. Night blindness is caused by the deficiency of vitamin A and damage to the retina
and the rods.
Q18. Is the moon a luminous body ? How are we able to see the moon ?
A. The moon is non-luminous. We are able to see the moon because it reflects the
sunlight falling on it.
Q19. Distinguish between luminous and non-luminous bodies.
A. Luminous : Object which emit light of their own. Eg: Sun, Bulb, Candle, Fire
Illuminated or Non-luminous : Objects which donot have light of their own, but
reflect off the light of luminous objects that fall on them to our eyes . They are
visible due to the light they reflect. Moon, Blue Sky, Clouds, Trees, Car, Table
3 MARKS
Q1. Two mirrors meet at right angles. A ray of light is incident on one at an angle of
30° as shown in the figure. Draw the reflected ray from the second mirror.

Ans.

Q2. What are cones and rods ? What are their functions ?
A. Cones are the nerve endings which are sensitive to colour light. They help us to
distinguish between colours.
Rods are the nerve endings which are sensitive to bright light.
Q3. In a periscope two mirrors are arranged parallel to each other but they do not
form multiple images. Why?
1. What is the use of periscope?
A. In a periscope two mirrors are placed parallel and facing each other but are in an
inclined position at an angle of 45°. So they do not form multiple images.
1. Uses of periscope
o in submarines to view the happening on the surface of water.
o to view objects behind the wall.
Q4. Draw a diagram to show dispersion of light.
A.

Q5. What is spectrum ?

1. What is the meaning of VIBGYOR ?
A. Spectrum is the band of seven colours obtained on the screen when white light
splits on passing through a prism.
1. VIBGYOR represents the seven colours of the spectrum, i.e. violet, indigo, blue,
green, yellow, orange and red.
Q6. How is a rainbow formed ?
A. The water droplets suspended in the air after the rain act as prisms. When the
sun is towards the horizon the inclined rays pass through the water drops to
disperse into the seven colours of the spectrum.
Q7. Why does white light disperse when it passes through a glass prism ?
A. White light is a combination of seven colours of light. The speed of each colour is
different. So, while passing through the glass prism each colour deviates by different
amounts. Therefore, dispersion of light into a spectrum takes place.
Q8. Which part of the human eye makes a person ‘blue eyed’ ?
1. What role is played by ciliary muscles ?
2. What is the importance of retina in the eye ?
A. i)Iris is responsible for making the person blue eyed.
ii) Ciliary muscles help to adjust the focal length of the lens to view all objects
clearly.
iii)The image of the object is formed on the retina of the eye.
Q9. What is the difference between the eyes of the night birds and day birds ?
A. The day birds can see clearly during the day but not at night. The day birds have
more cones and less rods. The cones are sensitive to bright light and can sense
colours. Night birds can see clearly at night but not during the day. Their eyes have
a large cornea and pupil to allow more lighted pass. Also their retina has mostly rods
and few cones. Rods are more sensitive to dim light. –
Q10. What is cataract of the eye ?
A. Cataract is a condition in which the lens becomes milky. Light does not pass
through such a lens to reach the retina. It can be corrected by replacing the lens
with a synthetic lens.
Q11. What are the causes of blindness ?
A. Blindness may be caused due to damage to :
i) the lens ii) the cornea iii) the complete eye
Q12. How do visually impaired people communicate ?
A. Visually impaired people can communicate by following methods :
 By using the Braille system which employs groups of dots to represent printed
letters and numbers.
 in 1980, Braille computer software was developed. It can input, output and
translate documents to and from Braille.
 by speech technology that can convert ordinary text into speech.
Q13. How is Braille system used ?
A. Every character in the Braille code is based on the arrangement of one to six
raised dots. Each dot has a numbered position in the Braille cell. These characters
make up the letters of the alphabet, punctuation marks, numbers and everything
else that can be printed does not have a separate alphabet of capital letters as there
is in a print.
Q14. Explain how a screen reader can help visually impaired people ?
A. A screen reader is a software program that provides access to computer software
applications and the internet by using a speech synthesizer to read the information
on the monitor loudly.
Q15. For how long does the image remain on the retina ?
1. How are we able to see a moving picture ?
A. i)The impression of an image is retained on the retina for about l/16th of a
second.
ii)If still images are projected on the retina at the rate more than 16 pictures per
second, – then the eye will see the pictures moving.
Q16. Draw a ray diagram to show incident ray, reflected ray, normal, angle of
incidence,, angle of reflection; if the angle of incidence is 45°
A.

5 MARKS
Q1. How can you compare human eye with a photographic camera ?
A.
Human Eye Photographic Camera

(a) Real, inverted image is formed on
retina.
(b) The image cannot be stored as a
photograph.
(c) The focal length of convex lens
(a) Real, inverted image is formed on
a film.
(b) The image can be stored as a
photograph.
(c) The focal length of the lens
 cannot be adjusted.
can be adjusted by ciliary muscles.
(d) Camera uses diaphragm to detect
(d) Eyes uses line cell to detect light.
light and capture image.
 Q2. Draw a labelled sketch of human eye.
A.

Q3. Differentiate between regular and diffused reflection. Does diffused reflection
mean the failure of the laws of reflection ?
A. When the reflected rays are parallel to each other, it is known as regular
reflection. When the reflected rays are not parallel, the reflection is known as
diffused or irregular reflection. Diffused reflection is not due to the failure of the laws
of reflection. It is caused by irregularities in the reflecting surface.
Q4. Mention against each of the following whether regular or diffused reflection will
take place when a beam of light strikes. Justify your answer in each case.
1. Polished wooden table 4. Chalk powder
2. Cardboard surface 5. Marble floor with water spread over it
3. Mirror 6. Piece of paper
A. polished wooden table
1. chalk powder
2. cardboard surface and
3. marble floor with water spread over it and
4. mirror will show regular reflection. This happens because the surface is plane
without any defects.
5. piece of paper show irregular reflection because the reflecting surface is not
smooth. There are irregularities in the reflecting surface.
Q5. Fill in the blanks in the following :
1. A person 1 m inffont of a plane mirror seems to be ………… m away from his
image.
2. If you touch your …………. ear with right hand in front of a plane mirror it will
be seen in the mirror that your right ear is touched with .
3. The size of the pupil becomes ………….. when you see in dim light.
4. Night birds have ………….. cones than rods in their eyes.
A. i)2 m ii)left, left hand iii)bigger iv)few
Q6. Describe the construction of a kaleidoscope.
A. To make a kaleidoscope, get three rectangular strips of glass 15 cm long and 4 cm
wide each. Join them together to form a prism. Fix them with a few thick chart
papers in a slightly long circular tube. Close one end of the tube by a cardboard disc
having a hole in centre. At the other end touching the mirrors fix a circular plane
glass sheet. Invert the tube and place some broken small pieces of coloured bangles
on the glass plate. Close this end of the tube by a ground glass plate.
Q7. Explain how you can take care of your eyes.
A. We can take care of our eyes in the following ways-
 have a regular check up.
  if advised, use suitable spectacles.
 avoid too much or too little light,
 wash your eyes frequently with clean water.
 always read at the normal distance for vision.
Q8. Give four properties of the image of an object formed by a plane mirror.
A. The properties of the image formed by a plane mirror
 The image is formed as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of it.
 The image formed is a virtual image.
 The image formed is an erect image and of same size of the object.
 The image formed is laterally inverted with respect to the object.
Q9. Boojho stands at A just on the side of a plane mirror as shown in figure. Can he
see himself in the mirror ? Also can he see the image of objects situated at P, Q & R ?

A. Yes, Boojho can see his image. Yes, he can see the objects situated at P, Qand R.
Q10. Find out the position of the image of an object situated at A in the plane
mirror
1. Can Paheli at B see this image ?
2. Can Boojho at C see this image ?
3. When Paheli moves from B to C, where does the image of A move ?

A.

1. Yes Paheli can see the image of A.

2. Yes, Boojho can see this image.
3. When Paheli moves from B to C, the image of A will move from B to C.
Q11. What is myopia ?
1. How is it caused ?
2. How can it be corrected ?
3. Draw diagrams to show myopic eye and its correction.
A. When a person can see nearby object clearly, but not far away objects, he is
suffering from myopia.
1. It is caused by the flattening of the eyeball and the lens becomes thick and
rigid.
2. It can be corrected by using spectacles with concave lenses.

3.
Q12. 1.What is hypermetropia ?
2. How is it caused ?
3. How can it be corrected ?
 4.Draw diagram to show defective eye and its correction.
A. 1.A person suffering from hypermetropia can clearly see distant objects but finds
difficulty in reading, writing and viewing different objects.
2.It is caused by the elongation of the eyeball and the lens becomes flat.
3.It can be corrected by using a convex lens.

Q1. Mention against each of the following whether regular or diffused reflection will
take place when a beam of light strikes. Justify your answer in each case.
(a) Polished wooden table (b) Chalk powder (c) Cardboard surface (d) Marble floor
with water spread over it (e) Mirror (f) Piece of paper
Ans.
(a) Polished wooden table – Regular reflection. A polished wooden table has smooth
surface. Hence reflections from the polished table will be regular.
(b) Chalk powder – Diffused reflection. Chalk powder has irregular surface. Hence
diffused reflections will take place from chalk powder.
(c) Cardboard surface - Diffused reflection. Cardboard surface has irregular surface.
Hence diffused reflections will take place from Cardboard surface.
(d) Marble floor with water spread over it - Regular reflection. Marble floor with water
spread over it is an example of regular surface. Hence regular reflection will take
place.
(e) Mirror - Regular reflection. Mirror has smooth surface. Hence regular reflection
will take place.
(f) Piece of paper - Diffused reflection. Although a piece of paper may look smooth,
but it has many irregularities on its surface. Hence diffused reflections will take
place from paper.