PHYSIOLOGICAL AND

BIOLOGICAL
PSYCHOLOGY

GROUP 7
Jerovel T. League
Frances Mikaela Llorca
JD
Mommy
Magno
CASE STUDY #1

Happy Monday friends! Once again, I’m going to discuss a topic that can help you

combat the “I’m Fine Syndrome” – a term we at the ACUTE Center for Eating Disorders

use to explain when a patient is in denial about the severity of his or her eating disorder.

The subject is temperature regulation, and this one isn’t about life-threatening medical

complications so much as it is about knowing your body when you’re in your disorder so

that you can use good objective evidence of body suffering with your wise mind in order

to combat the mean lies and distortions that your eating disorder whispers to you.

When you’re not eating enough, your “cave girl brain” (the one responsible for

controlling body processes and species survival) assumes that you must be in famine,

so she sets to work doing everything in her power to keep you alive. She starts by

slowing your metabolism way down and does this by turning down your inner furnace –

aka: your body temperature.

For example, in the winter, in order to save money on your energy bill, you might turn

down the thermostat in your house or close some of the vents in your room. That is

exactly what your cave girl brain does with your body temperature. Patients who aren’t

eating enough run chilly body temperatures and lack consistent flow of warm, calorie-

heated blood to their hands and feet (or using our example, the rooms that are less

important). Not only does your body cool its thermostat and shut off warm blood to the

extremities, but it also grows extra fine, soft hair, most visible on the face. This hair is

called lanugo, and it has literally been regrown to try and keep you warm by holding in

heat, as if you are growing a pelt.

Remember: typically in mammals, the normal body temperature of 98.6 degrees is

maintained as top priority because mammals’ body enzymes depend on this normal

temperature in order to function correctly. So to start running cold is a sign that your

body is suffering severely from caloric deprivation. Chilly all the time? Cool, sometimes

blue-ish hands and feet? Fuzzy face? Things aren’t going well!

The irony is that chronic caloric deprivation, with or without over-exercise or purging,

puts your body into extreme metabolic hibernation. Amazingly, eating enough and

resting your body within the first two or so weeks will NOT cause weight gain but rather

will all go towards speeding up your metabolism! It’s the opposite of what your eating

disorder voice tells you and trust me, I have seen this for years and each time my

patients are amazed. It’s what we see on ACUTE all the time. Your heart rate

increases, your body temperature warms up, as do your hands and feet, all before any

weight is gained.

So, when your eating disorder voice begins to tell you that you “are fine”, remember

these facts. Nourish your body and you will be on your way to living a healthier and

happier life. Take care, and stay warm.

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7:21 AM
CASE STUDY #2

Binge eating is a coping mechanism to deal with stress. Stress is a manifestation of our

biological and psychological response.

But how does our body react to stress? The hypothalamus – a part in our brain produce

signals when to fight, flight, or freeze to maintain homeostasis in our body.

Sudden and severe stress generally produces binge eating. Binge eating happens when

we need a stress relief. Binge eating gives us satisfaction by releasing dopamine - a

neotransmitter that gives reward and pleasure signal to our brain. It is like we eat the

food (pleasure), release a dopamine, and we feel better for a little while.

If the situation is judged as being stressful, the hypothalamus (at the base of the brain)

is activated.

Under the supervision of Dr. KLM who devoted much of his career to learning how

people can counter the binge eating habit. These include deep abdominal breathing,

focus on a self-positive talk, introspection (reflection), and repetition. Through this

method patience xy who suffered from binge eating was able to recover and maintain a

healthy weight.

It suggested that deep breathing improves digestion. The more you breathe deep, the

healthier blood flow you will produce, which in turn promotes your organs to function

more effectively, including your intestines.

Self-positive talk gives affirmation and validation for believing yourself that you can

reach your goal.

Reflection activates your consciousness and focus more on your goals. Awareness is a

key for us to look for better choice and satisfy our needs. Repetition of this method

builds a healthy habit and build a healthy you.

What about we try it?

1.close your eyes

2. take a deep breath (30 seconds)

3. Do a positive self-talk ( you are good, think of your goal, say you can achieve it,

believe on it)

4. Think about that food, can you see it? can you smell it?, can you almost taste it?

5. Now consider when did you had that first food, who gave that to you, how did it

comfort you

and then what other ways can you can meet that need?

6. Open your eyes

When we recognize what is going on to us, face our staff and make other choices to

meet our needs. It is rewiring our mind and helping it to be back in its homeostasis.

Binge eating is one of the few cause of stress, left unthreatened can cause severe

complications and can toll to your health.

MECHANISM OF BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION

Mechanism

Thermoregulation has three mechanisms: afferent sensing, central control, and

efferent responses. There are receptors for both heat and cold throughout the human

body. Afferent sensing works through these receptors to determine if the body is

experiencing either too hot or too cold of a stimulus. Next, the hypothalamus is the

central controller of thermoregulation. Lastly, efferent responses are carried out

primarily by the body’s behavioral reactions to fluctuations in body temperature. For

example, if a person is feeling too warm, the normal response is to remove an outer

article of clothing. If a person is feeling too cold, they choose to wear more layers of

clothing. Efferent responses also consist of automatic responses by the body to protect

itself from extreme changes in temperature, such as sweating, vasodilation,

vasoconstriction, and shivering.

A healthy internal body temperature falls within a narrow window. The average person

has a baseline temperature between 98°F (37°C) and 100°F (37.8°C). Your body has

some flexibility with temperature. However, if you get to the extremes of body

temperature, it can affect your body’s ability to function. For example, if your body

temperature falls to 95°F (35°C) or lower, you have “hypothermia.” This condition can

potentially lead to cardiac arrest, brain damage, or even death. If your body temperature

rises as high as 107.6°F (42 °C), you can suffer brain damage or even death.
Many factors can affect your body’s temperature, such as spending time in cold or hot

weather conditions.

Factors That Can RAISE Your Internal Temperature include:

 fever

 exercise

 digestion

Factors That Can LOWER Your Internal Temperature include:

 drug use

 alcohol use

 metabolic conditions, such as an under-functioning thyroid gland

Your hypothalamus is a section of your brain that controls thermoregulation, it is the

master switch that works as a thermostat to regulate the body’s core temperature.

When it senses your internal temperature becoming too low or high, it sends signals to

your muscles, organs, glands, and nervous system. They respond in a variety of ways

to help return your temperature to normal. An environment is said to be thermoneutral

when the body does not expend or release energy to maintain its core temperature. For

a naked human, this is an ambient air temperature of around 84 °F. If the temperature

is higher, for example, when wearing clothes, the body compensates with cooling

mechanisms. The body loses heat through the mechanisms of heat exchange.

HOW DOES THERMOREGULATION WORK?

When your internal temperature changes, sensors in your central nervous system

(CNS) send messages to your hypothalamus. In response, it sends signals to various

organs and systems in your body. They respond with a variety of mechanisms.

If your body needs to COOL DOWN, these mechanisms include:

Sweating: Your sweat glands release sweat, which cools your skin as it evaporates.

This helps lower your internal temperature.

Vasodilatation: The blood vessels under your skin get wider. This increases blood flow

to your skin where it is cooler — away from your warm inner body. This lets your body

release heat through heat radiation.

If your body needs to WARM UP, these mechanisms include:

Vasoconstriction: The blood vessels under your skin become narrower. This

decreases blood flow to your skin, retaining heat near the warm inner body.
Thermogenesis: Your body’s muscles, organs, and brain produce heat in a variety of

ways. For example, muscles can produce heat by shivering.

Hormonal thermogenesis: Your thyroid gland releases hormones to increase your

metabolism. This increases the energy your body creates and the amount of heat it

produces.

Controlling The Loss And Gain Of Heat

Animals also have body structures and physiological responses that control how much

heat they exchange with the environment:

 Circulatory mechanisms, such as altering blood flow patterns

 Insulation, such as fur, fat, or feathers

 Evaporative mechanisms, such as panting and sweating

HOW THE BODY REGULATES HEAT

Systematized

But unlike a thermostat, which simply turns the heat or air conditioning on or off until a

desired temperature is reached, the hypothalamus must regulate and fine-tune a

complex set of temperature-control activities. It not only helps to balance body fluids

and maintain salt concentrations, it also controls the release of chemicals and

hormones related to temperature.

The hypothalamus works with other parts of the body's temperature-regulating system,

such as the skin, sweat glands and blood vessels — the vents, condensers and heat

ducts of your body's heating and cooling system.

The middle layer of the skin, or dermis, stores most of the body's water. When heat

activates sweat glands, these glands bring that water, along with the body's salt, to the

surface of the skin as sweat. Once on the surface, the water evaporates. Water

evaporating from the skin cools the body, keeping its temperature in a healthy range.

Sensitive

In a related function, blood vessels react to the introduction of outside organisms, such

as bacteria, and to internal hormone and chemical changes by expanding and

contracting. These actions move blood and heat closer to or farther from the skin, thus

releasing or conserving warmth.

When all parts of the body's heat-regulating mechanism operate smoothly, body

temperature stays near 98.6 degrees. However, there are times when body temperature

can go awry.

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment within an organism.

Maintaining a stable internal environment in a person means having to carefully regulate

countless parameters which include:

  Body temperature

 Internal pH

 Internal concentrations of various ions

 Hydration

 Blood pressure

 Glucose levels in the blood

MECHANISMS OF HEAT EXCHANGE

When the environment is not thermoneutral, the body uses four mechanisms of heat

exchange to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, radiation, and

evaporation. Each of these mechanisms relies on the property of heat to flow from a

higher concentration to a lower concentration; therefore, each of the mechanisms of

heat exchange varies in rate according to the temperature and conditions of the

environment.

Conduction is the transfer of heat by two objects that are in direct contact with one

another. It occurs when the skin comes in contact with a cold or warm object.

Convection is the transfer of heat to the air surrounding the skin. The warmed air rises

away from the body and is replaced by cooler air that is subsequently heated.

Convection can also occur in water.

Radiation is the transfer of heat via infrared waves. This occurs between any two

objects when their temperatures differ. A radiator can warm a room via radiant heat.
Evaporation is the transfer of heat by the evaporation of water. Because it takes a

great deal of energy for a water molecule to change from a liquid to a gas, evaporating

water (in the form of sweat) takes with it a great deal of energy from the skin.

WAYS OF CONTROLLING BODY TEMP

1. Yoga Breathing Techniques to Keep You Warm

Ujjayi Breath

This staple of asana practice helps warm you from the inside out. Engage a light

constriction in the back of your throat as you breathe slowly in and out through your

nose. This constriction adds a challenge to the muscles of respiration, focuses your

attention, and allows you to begin to build internal heat. Continue for 10 to 20 breath

cycles. For more heat, coordinate your Ujjayi Breath with a few rounds of half Sun

Salutations or other rhythmic movement.

2. To cool down temperature during hot days you just need to be still and let your

body perspire. Do not move (concentrate) let the perspiration cool your skin. The

cooling effect of your own perspiration will let your body cool down naturally and adopt

to the hot weather.

3. Drink plenty of water to cool down high temperature

TERMS RELATED TO TEMPERATURE REGULATION

Hypothalamus
- regulates your body temperature, responding to internal and external stimuli and

making adjustments to keep the body within one or two degrees of 98.6 degrees

Fahrenheit

- controls thermoregulation

Thermoregulation

- is a mechanism by which mammals maintain body temperature by tightly controlled

self-regulation, no matter the temperature of their surroundings

- is a type of homeostasis

Homeostasis

- is a process that biological systems use to preserve a stable internal state to survive

- state of body equilibrium

Allostasis

- the process of maintaining homeostasis through the adaptive change of the

organism’s internal environment to meet perceived and anticipated demands

Ectotherms

- are animals that depend on their external environment for their body heat

Endotherms

- are animals that use thermoregulation to maintain a somewhat consistent internal

body temperature to survive, even when their external environment changes

- example: humans and other mammals and birds

Vasoconstriction(shrinking) and Vasodilation (expansion)

- of blood vessels to the skin can alter an organism's exchange of heat with the

environment.

Countercurrent Heat Exchanger

- is an arrangement of blood vessels in which heat flows from warmer to cooler blood,

usually reducing heat loss

Hyperthermia

- is a condition in which the body's temperature is higher than normal (98.6 degrees

Fahrenheit).

- the body temperature rises, but it's not on purpose

- the body's heating and cooling mechanisms become over-run, and the body cannot

get rid of enough heat

Hypothermia

- is a condition in which the body’s temperature drops to 95 degrees Fahrenheit or lower

How Digestive System Works?

Your digestive system is uniquely designed to turn the food you eat into nutrients, which

the body uses for energy, growth and cell repair. Here's how it works.

Mouth

The mouth is the beginning of the digestive tract. In fact, digestion starts here as soon

as you take the first bite of a meal. Chewing breaks the food into pieces that are more

easily digested, while saliva mixes with food to begin the process of breaking it down

into a form your body can absorb and use.

Throat

Also called the pharynx, the throat is the next destination for food you've eaten. From

here, food travels to the esophagus or swallowing tube.

Esophagus

The esophagus is a muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach. By

means of a series of contractions, called peristalsis, the esophagus delivers food to the

stomach. Just before the connection to the stomach there is a "zone of high pressure,"
called the lower esophageal sphincter; this is a "valve" meant to keep food from passing

backwards into the esophagus.

Stomach

The stomach is a sac-like organ with strong muscular walls. In addition to holding the

food, it's also a mixer and grinder. The stomach secretes acid and powerful enzymes

that continue the process of breaking down the food. When it leaves the stomach, food

is the consistency of a liquid or paste. From there the food moves to the small intestine.

Small Intestine

Made up of three segments, the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, the small intestine is a

long tube loosely coiled in the abdomen (spread out, it would be more than 20 feet

long). The small intestine continues the process of breaking down food by using

enzymes released by the pancreas and bile from the liver. Bile is a compound that aids

in the digestion of fat and eliminates waste products from the blood. Peristalsis

(contractions) is also at work in this organ, moving food through and mixing it up with

digestive secretions. The duodenum is largely responsible for continuing the process of

breaking down food, with the jejunum and ileum being mainly responsible for the

absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream.

Pancreas

Among other functions, the oblong pancreas secretes enzymes into the small intestine.

These enzymes break down protein, fat, and carbohydrates from the food we eat.

Liver
The liver has many functions, but two of its main functions within the digestive system

are to make and secrete bile, and to cleanse and purify the blood coming from the small

intestine containing the nutrients just absorbed.

Gallbladder

The gallbladder is a pear-shaped reservoir that sits just under the liver and stores bile.

Bile is made in the liver then if it needs to be stored travels to the gallbladder through a

channel called the cystic duct. During a meal, the gallbladder contracts, sending bile to

the small intestine.

Once the nutrients have been absorbed and the leftover liquid has passed through the

small intestine, what is left of the food you ate is handed over to the large intestine, or

colon.

Colon (Large Intestine)

The colon is a 5- to 6-foot-long muscular tube that connects the cecum (the first part of

the large intestine to the rectum (the last part of the large intestine). It is made up of the

cecum, the ascending (right) colon, the transverse (across) colon, the descending (left)

colon, and the sigmoid colon (so-called for its "S" shape; the Greek letter for S is called

the sigma), which connects to the rectum.

Stool, or waste left over from the digestive process, is passed through the colon by

means of peristalsis (contractions), first in a liquid state and ultimately in solid form as

the water is removed from the stool. A stool is stored in the sigmoid colon until a "mass

movement" empties it into the rectum once or twice a day. It normally takes about 36

hours for stool to get through the colon. The stool itself is mostly food debris and
bacteria. These bacteria perform several useful functions, such as synthesizing various

vitamins, processing waste products and food particles, and protecting against harmful

bacteria. When the descending colon becomes full of stool, or feces, it empties its

contents into the rectum to begin the process of elimination.

Rectum

The rectum (Latin for "straight") is an 8-inch chamber that connects the colon to the

anus. It is the rectum's job to receive stool from the colon, to let you know there is stool

to be evacuated, and to hold the stool until evacuation happens. When anything (gas or

stool) comes into the rectum, sensors send a message to the brain. The brain then

decides if the rectal contents can be released or not. If they can, the sphincters

(muscles) relax and the rectum contracts, expelling its contents. If the contents cannot

be expelled, the sphincters contract and the rectum accommodates, so that the

sensation temporarily goes away.

Anus

The anus is the last part of the digestive tract. It consists of the pelvic floor muscles and

the two anal sphincters (internal and external muscles). The lining of the upper anus is

specialized to detect rectal contents. It lets us know whether the contents are liquid,

gas, or solid. The pelvic floor muscle creates an angle between the rectum and the anus

that stops stool from coming out when it is not supposed to. The anal sphincters provide

fine control of stool. The internal sphincter keeps us from going to the bathroom when

we are asleep, or otherwise unaware of the presence of stool. When we get an urge to
go to the bathroom, we rely on our external sphincter to keep the stool in until we can

get to the toilet

Eating disorders or dietary problems are some of the mental conditions that cause

undesirable dietary patterns to develop. They may begin with a fixation on nourishment,

body weight, or body shape. In extreme cases, dietary issues can cause several

negative results and may even the reason of death whenever left untreated.

Those with eating disorders can have a range of side effects. In any case, most people

incorporate the serious limitation of nourishment, food binges, or cleansing practices

like heaving or over-working out. Despite the fact that dietary issues can influence

individuals of any sexual orientation at any life stage, they are regularly announced in

teenagers and young ladies. Indeed, up to 13% of youth may involvement with least one

dietary issue by the age of 20.

Eating disorders may be caused by several factors. These include genetics, brain

biology, personality traits, and cultural ideals.

Some of the common types of eating disorders are:

1. Anorexia Nervosa- It is the most well-known eating disorder. It develops during

youth or youthful adulthood and influences a bigger number of ladies than men.

Individuals with anorexia for the most part see themselves as overweight, regardless

of whether they're hazardously underweight. They will continuously monitor their

weight, and abstain from eating specific sorts of nourishments, and seriously limit

their calories.
 For additional information; When a person have anorexia, they excessively limit

calories or use other methods to lose weight, such as excessive exercise, using

laxatives or diet aids, or vomiting after eating. Efforts to reduce your weight, even

when underweight, can cause severe health problems, sometimes to the point of

deadly self-starvation.

2. Bulimia Nervosa- It is a serious, potentially life-threatening eating disorder. When a

person have bulimia, they have episodes of bingeing and purging that involve feeling

a lack of control over their eating. Many people with bulimia also restrict their eating

during the day, which often leads to more binge eating and purging.

For additional information; Like anorexia, bulimia tends to develop during

adolescence and early adulthood and appears to be less common among men than

women. People with bulimia frequently eat unusually large amounts of food in a

specific period of time. Each binge eating episode usually continues until the person

becomes painfully full. During a binge, the person usually feels that they cannot stop

eating or control how much they are eating.

Common purging behaviors include forced vomiting, fasting, laxatives, diuretics,

enemas, and excessive exercise. Symptoms may appear very similar to those of the

binge eating or purging subtypes of anorexia nervosa. However, individuals with

 bulimia usually maintain a relatively normal weight, rather than becoming

underweight.

3. Binge-Eating Disorder- Individuals who suffer from Binge Eating Disorder will

frequently lose control over his or her eating. Different from bulimia nervosa

however, episodes of binge-eating are not followed by compensatory behaviors,

such as purging, fasting, or excessive exercise. Because of this, many people

suffering from BED may be obese and at an increased risk of developing other

conditions, such as cardiovascular disease. Men and women who struggle with this

disorder may also experience intense feelings of guilt, distress, and embarrassment

related to their binge-eating, which could influence the further progression of the

eating disorder.

For additional information; People with binge eating disorder often have overweight

or obesity. This may increase their risk of medical complications linked to excess

weight, such as heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. People with binge eating

disorder regularly and uncontrollably consume large amounts of food in short

periods of time. Unlike people with other eating disorders, they do not purge.

4. Pica- Pica is another eating disorder that involves eating things that are not

considered food. Individuals with pica crave non-food substances, such as ice, dirt,

soil, chalk, soap, paper, hair, cloth, wool, pebbles, laundry detergent, or cornstarch.

Pica can occur in adults, as well as children and adolescents. That said, this
 disorder is most frequently observed in children, pregnant women, and individuals

with mental disabilities. Individuals with pica may be at an increased risk of

poisoning, infections, gut injuries, and nutritional deficiencies. Depending on the

substances ingested, pica may be fatal.

For additional information; However, to be considered pica, the eating of non-food

substances must not be a normal part of someone's culture or religion. In addition, it

must not be considered a socially acceptable practice by a person's peers.

5. Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)- Avoidant Restrictive Food

Intake Disorder (ARFID) is a new diagnosis in the DSM-5, and was previously

referred to as “Selective Eating Disorder.” ARFID is similar to anorexia in that both

disorders involve limitations in the amount and/or types of food consumed, but unlike

anorexia, ARFID does not involve any distress about body shape or size, or fears of

fatness.

For additional information; Although many children go through phases of picky or

selective eating, a person with ARFID does not consume enough calories to grow

and develop properly and, in adults, to maintain basic body function. In children, this

results in stalled weight gain and vertical growth; in adults, this results in weight loss.

ARFID can also result in problems at school or work, due to difficulties eating with

others and extended times needed to eat.

6. Rumination Disorder- It is another newly recognized eating disorder. Rumination

disorder can affect people at all stages of life. People with the condition generally

regurgitate the food they've recently swallowed. Then, they chew it again and either

swallow it or spit it out. It describes a condition in which a person regurgitates food

they have previously chewed and swallowed, re-chews it, and then either re-

swallows it or spits it out. This rumination typically occurs within the first 30 minutes

after a meal. Unlike medical conditions like reflux, it’s voluntary.

For additional information; This disorder can develop during infancy, childhood, or

adulthood. In infants, it tends to develop between 3–12 months of age and often

disappears on its own. Children and adults with the condition usually require therapy

to resolve it.

7. Purging Disorder- Individuals with purging disorder often use purging behaviors,

such as vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, or excessive exercising, to control their weight

or shape. However, they do not binge.

For additional information; While it’s not as well-known as other eating disorders,

purging disorder is a recognized eating disorder. It’s categorized as an “Other

Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder.”

It is critical to remember that eating disorders are among the deadliest mental health

conditions. They can cause significant harm to both physical and mental health.
8. Night Eating Syndrome- Individuals with this syndrome frequently eat excessively,

often after awakening from sleep. Night eating syndrome (NES) is a condition that

combines overeating at night with sleep problems. With NES, you eat a lot after

dinner, have trouble sleeping, and eat when you wake up at night.

For additional information; If a person have NES, they eat at least a quarter of their

daily calories after dinner. That fact also bothers the person who are suffering from

NES. Night eating syndrome is different from binge eating disorder. With BED,

you’re more likely to eat a lot at a single sitting. If you have NES, it’s likely that you

eat smaller amounts throughout the night.

9. Other Specified Feeding and Eating Disorders (OSFED)- Other Specified

Feeding and Eating Disorders (OSFED) was previously known as Eating Disorder

Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS) in past editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical

Manual. Despite being considered a ‘catch-all’ classification that was sometimes

denied insurance coverage for treatment as it was seen as less serious,

OSFED/EDNOS is a serious, life-threatening, and treatable eating disorder. The

category was developed to encompass those individuals who did not meet strict

diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa but still had a significant

eating disorder. In community clinics, the majority of individuals were historically

diagnosed with EDNOS.

 For additional information; While not found in the DSM-5, this includes any other

conditions that have symptoms similar to those of an eating disorder but don’t fit into

any of the categories above. One disorder that may currently fall under OSFED is

orthorexia. Although increasingly mentioned in the media and scientific studies,

orthorexia has yet to be recognized as a separate eating disorder by the current

DSM.

References:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507838/

https://www.healthline.com/health/thermoregulation#process

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/principles-of-physiology/metabolism-and-

thermoregulation/a/animal-temperature-regulation-strategies

https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/24-6-energy-and-heat-balance/

https://www.rush.edu/health-wellness/discover-health/how-body-regulates-

heatps://www.rush.edu/health-wellness/discover-health/how-body-regulates-heat

https://study.com/academy/lesson/homeostasis-and-temperature-regulation-in-

humans.html

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/allostasis