Professional Documents
Culture Documents
16.rogers - Person-Centered Theory
16.rogers - Person-Centered Theory
Chapter 10
Rogers: Person-Centered Theory
Learning Objectives
concept, which includes all those aspects of one's identity that are
perceived in awareness, and (2) the ideal self, or our view of our
self as we would like to be or aspire to be. Once formed, the self
concept tends to resist change, and gaps between it and the ideal
self result in incongruence and various levels of psychopathology.
C. Awareness
People are aware of both their self-concept and their ideal self,
although awareness need not be accurate. For example, people may
have an inflated view of their ideal self but only a vague sense of
their self-concept. Rogers saw people as having experiences on
three levels of awareness: (1) those that are symbolized below the
threshold of awareness and are ignored, denied, or not allowed into
the self-concept; (2) those that are distorted or reshaped to fit it into
an existing self-concept; and (3) those that are consistent with the
self-concept and thus are accurately symbolized and freely
admitted to the self-structure. Any experience not consistent with
the self-concept—even positive experiences—will be distorted or
denied.
D. Needs
The two basic human needs are maintenance and enhancement, but
people also need positive regard and self-regard. Maintenance
needs include those for food, air, and safety, but they also include
our tendency to resist change and to maintain our self-concept as it
is. Enhancement needs include needs to grow and to realize one's
full human potential. As awareness of self emerges, an infant
more aware of their feelings and experiences, (2) the gap between
the real self and the ideal self will lessen; (3) clients' behavior will
become more socialized; and (4) clients will become both more
self-accepting and more accepting of others.
B. Method
Participants were adults who sought therapy at the University of
Chicago counseling center. Experimenters asked half of them to
wait 60 days before receiving therapy while beginning therapy
with the other half. In addition, they tested a control group of
"normals" who were matched with the therapy group. This control
group was also divided into a wait group and a non-wait group.
C. Findings
Rogers and his associates found that the therapy group—but not
the wait group—showed a lessening of the gap between real self
and ideal self. They also found that clients who improved during
therapy showed changes in social behavior, as reported by their
friends.
D. Summary of Results
Although client-centered therapy was successful in changing
clients, it was not successful in bringing them to the level of the
fully functioning persons or even to the level of "normal"
psychological health.
VIII. Related Research
More recently, other researchers have investigated Rogers'
facilitative conditions both outside therapy and within therapy.
Rogers believed that humans have the capacity to change and grow
—provided that certain necessary and sufficient conditions are
present. Therefore, his theory rates very high on optimism. In
addition, it rates high on free choice, teleology, conscious
motivation, social influences, and the uniqueness of the individual.
Test Items
Fill-in-the-Blanks
6. To Rogers, the real self and the __________________ self are the
same concept.
20. The issues of freedom and control of human behavior were at the
heart of a series of debates between Rogers and
________________________.
True-False
______1. Carl Rogers' parents were teachers, and they encouraged him to
become a teacher.
______5. After receiving his PhD, Rogers spent more than 10 years in
clinical practice, mostly isolated from the academic
community, and this isolation helped him develop an approach
to therapy that was unique.
_____10. Rogers believed that healthy people adjust their organismic self
in order to make it congruent with their ideal self.
_____14. Rogers held that healthy people evaluate their experience from
the viewpoint of significant others.
Multiple Choice
b. Carl Jung.
c. B.F. Skinner.
d. Albert Bandura.
_____9. Taylor's parents praise her whenever her behavior meets with
their standards. However, they punish Taylor when her
_____21. In the Chicago studies, Rogers and his associates found that
a. clients who received client-centered therapy became fully
functioning.
b. empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence were
neither necessary nor sufficient.
c. clients who received client-centered therapy improved, but
they did not reach an "average" level of psychological
functioning.
d. clients who received cognitive behavior therapy showed no
gain.
Short Answer
4. List and briefly explain the "necessary and sufficient" conditions for
psychological growth.
Answers