3 Actions PDF

ψ-psi
χ-chi
η-eta
φ-phi
1-Oct-15 UPNM - Kol Ir Dr Norazman 1

Lesson Outcome
• Can describe characteristic load and design load.
• Can state the partial safety factors for actions or loads.
• Understand patterned loading and the purpose of it.
• Able to analyse and sketch design envelope for the bending moment and shear
force at the ULS for a beam.

Introduction
Actions – a set of forces (loads) acting on a
structure, or/and deformations produced by
temperature, settlement or earthquakes.
Characteristic load – the combination of all
actions, permanent, imposed, and any other
loads, above which no more than 5% of the
loads exceed, as shown in Figure 3.1.

Actions Varying in Time
a) Permanent Actions (G)
• Due to the weight of the structure, i.e walls,

permanent partitions, floors etc.
• The actual weights of the materials (Gk) used

in design calculations and values are obtained
from EN 1991-1-1.

Appropriate dead load of various materials
materials Load
Glazing slides including purlins 0.4 kN/m2
Corrugated asbestos or zinc slides 0.4-0.5kN/m2
Ceramic roof pieces 0.6-0.9kN/m2
Reinforced concrete
-75mm thick 1.8kN/m2
-100mm thick 2.4kN/m2
Weight of trusses with 4.5m spacing to each
other and the span is:
-7.5m 0.0075 kN/m2
-9m 0.0075 kN/m2
-12m 0.0085 kN/m2
-15m 0.100 kN/m2
-18m 0.145 kN/m2
-25m 0.170 kN/m2

200mm thick concrete block
-Solid 4.35 kN/m2
-Voided 2.90 kN/m2
12mm thick gypsum 0.20 kN/m2

General wooden door 0.40 kN/m2
Bricks 225mm with one side surfacing 4.80 kN/m2
Bricks 225mm with two side surfacing 5.00kN/m2
Bricks 112mm with surfacing for corridor 2.50kN/m2
25mm thick with terrazzo or grano finishing 0.50kN/m2
Steel 77kN/m2
Corrugated steel sheet (per mm thick) 1.02kN/m2
Wood:
-soft wood 0.6kN/m2
-hard wood 1.25kN/m2
Wood Layer (per mm thick) 6.1kN/m2
Concrete 23.6kN/m2
Reinforced concrete slab:
-150mm 3.8kN/m2
-250mm 6.0kN/m2
-300mm 7.2kN/m2
Precast concrete slab panel 100mm thick 2.1kN/m2
Ceiling
-Assumed distributed 0.6kN/m2
-Assumed concentrated 0.9kN/m2

b) Variable Actions (Q)
• Due to moveable items such as furniture,
occupants, machinery, snow and wind.
• Imposed loads are expressed as static loads,
and may be minor dynamic forces involved.
• Characteristic variable actions (Qk) are
subdivided into:
i. Imposed floor loads are variable actions,
and various dwellings values are given in
EN 1991-1.1.

Continued..
ii. Imposed roof loads are variable actions,

and are related to snow load and access
for maintenance (EN 1991-1-3)
iii. Wind actions are variable but for

convenience, expressed as static
pressures in EN 1991-1-4.

• Eurocode 1 – Actions on Structures, will supersede BS 6399 and BS 5400
ψ-psi
χ-chi
ψ-psi
NAD – National Application Document

BEHAVIOUR UNDER ACCIDENTAL
EFFECTS
Accidental actions:
 Explosions (gas or terrorism)

 Impact due to vehicles or aircraft

Accidental Explosion
Ronan Point, London, gives

a graphic demonstration
of progressive collapse.
Eyewitnesses described
the slab walls and floors
of the twenty-two-storey
block of flats popping
out of the building like
slices of bread being
forced out of a toaster.

Professional Duty of Care
• “Lessons Learned from Highland
Towers” (Abstracted from Murgan D. Maniam, Buletin
Ingenieur, Vol.21, 2004.

Star 15 Nov 2007, p.N1

Progressive Collapse
• EN 1990 identifies the need to consider the

event of an accident (explosion or fire), the
structure should not exhibit disproportionate
damage.
• Reinforced by the requirement of the relevant

Building Regulations within the UK.

Such damage can be mitigated by:
a) Attempting to reduce or limit the hazard

b) Maintenance
c) Consideration of the structural form
d) Removal of key elements to establish
stability
continued…
Actions with Spatial Variation
Pattern Loading (cl 5.1.3, EN)
• All possible actions appropriate to a structure

should be considered separately and in
realistic combinations.
what for ??
• To determine which is most critical for

strength and stability of the structure.
• For continuous structures
- vertical actions should be arranged in the

most unfavourable but realistic pattern for each
element.
• For the design of a simply supported beam
- critical condition for strength is when the

beam supports the maximum permanent action
and maximum variable action at the ultimate
limit state.
Figure 3.2 Pattern Loading

Design Envelopes
• Graph showing at any point on a structural

member, the most critical effect that results
from various realistic combinations of actions.
• The most useful envelopes are for shear force

and bending moment at the ULS.

Example 3.1
Example of a design envelope. The beam ABC

in Fig. 3.3
carries the following characteristic loads:
Dead load 10 kN/m on both spans;
Imposed load 15 kN/m on span AB, 12
kN/m on span BC.
Sketch the design envelope for the bending
moment and shear force at the ULS.
The maximum and minimum loads on the
spans are:
Maximum on AB = 10 x 1,4 + 15 x 1,6 = 38
kN/m;
Maximum on BC = 10 x 1,4 + 12 x 1,6 = 33,2
kN/m;
Minimum on AB or BC = 10 x 1,0 = 10 kN/m.

Continued…
Consider the following load cases:

1) Maximum on AB and BC.
2) Maximum on AB, minimum on
BC.
3) Minimum on AB, maximum on
BC.
The bending moment and shear

force diagrams are shown in Fig. 3.3.

Other Actions
 Temperature forces and moments

 Erection forces
 Earth loads
 Differential settlement

2.3.2 Partial FS for Loads (γ f) :
• Cause for Error and Inaccuracies:
– Design assumptions
– Calculation Inaccuracy
– Unforseen stress redistributions
– Constructional Inaccuracies
• The errors are taken into account by applying FS on loadings:
– Design Load =
characteristic load X partial FS(γ f)
• Be reminded that gross errors (or major errors) in design or
construction obviously cannot be catered for.

Ultimate (BS) Servicability
Load Combination Dead Imposed Earth & Wind All
water
(γG) (γQ) (γQ) (γW) (γG, γQ, γW)
Dead & Imposed 1.4 1.6 1.4 - 1.0
(+Earth & Water) (or 1.0) (or 0.0)
Dead & Wind 1.4 - 1.4 1.4 1.0
(+Earth & Water) (or 1.0)
Dead & Imposed & Wind 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0
(+Earth & Water)
Values in bracket are used at ultimate limit when minimum loading is critical
2.4 Global Factor of Safety (GFS)
• GFS = Partial FS for Materials (γ m ) x
Partial FS for Loads (γ f)
• Beam under tensile loading: GFS = γ m x γ f
– = 1.15 x 1.4 =1.61 (for dead loads) or
– = 1.15 x 1.6 =1.84 (for live loads)
• Concrete under compression: GFS = γ m x γ f
– = 1.5 x 1.6 = 2.4 (for live loads)
• Ex 2.1-2.2

Quiz 3:
1. What is characteristic load and what is design load?
2. What are the partial safety factors for actions or loads?
3. What is patterned loading, and what’s the purpose of it?
4. Sketch the design envelope for the bending moment and
shear force at the ULS for beam ABC shown below:
A B C
3m 1m
The beam carries the following characteristic loads:
Dead load 10 kN/m on both spans;
Imposed load 12 kN/m on span AB, 15 kN/m on span BC.

1-3 Loads
(Hibbeler Structural Analysis)
– Wind loads
• Kinetic energy of the wind is converted into potential
energy of pressure when structures block the flow of
wind
• Effects of wind depends on density & flow of air, angle
of incidence, shape & stiffness of the structure &
roughness of surface
• For design, wind loadings can be treated as static or
dynamic approach
56
1-Oct-15 UPNM - Kol Ir Dr Norazman
1-3 Loads
– Wind loads
• For static approach
qz 0.613K z K zt K V 2 I ( N / m2 ) eqn 1.2
d
where
V velocity in m/s of a 3s gust of wind measured 10m above the ground during a 50year recurrence period.
Values are obtained from a wind map.
I the importance factor that depends upon the nature of the building occupancy.
Kz the velocity pressure exposure coefficient. A function of height and depends upon the ground terrain.
See Table 1.5.
K zt a factor that accounts for wind speed increases due to hills % escarpments. For flat ground K zt 1
Kd a factor that accounts for the direction of the wind.
It is used only when the structureis subjected to combinatio n of loads.

For wind acting alone, K d 1
57
1-3 Loads
– Wind loads
• Once qz is obtained, the design pressure can be
obtained from a list of relevant eqns
p qGC p qh (GC pi ) eqn 1.3
58
1-3 Loads
– Wind loads
q q z for the windward wall at height z above the ground
qh for the leeward wall where z h , mean height of the roof
G a wind - gust effect factor, depending on exposure.
For rigid structure, G 0.85
Cp wall or roof pressure coefficient determine from a table (Fig 1.13).
Negative values indicate pressure acting away from the surface.
GC pi the internal pressure coefficient which depends upon the
type of openings in the building.
For fully enclosed building, GC pi 0.18
59
1-3 Loads
– Wind loads
• Applications of eqn 1.3 will involve calculations of wind
pressures from each side of the building with due
considerations for the possibility of either positive or
negative pressures acting on the building’s interior
• For high-rise building or those having as shape or
location that makes them wind sensitive, it is
recommended that a dynamic approach is used
60
Example 1.3
• The enclosed building shown in Fig
1.4a is used for agricultural
purposes and is located outside of
Chicago, Illinois on flat terrain
• When the wind is directed as
shown, determine the design wind
pressure acting on the roof and
sides of the building using the
ASCE 7-02 specifications
61
Example 1.3 - solution
The velocity pressure will be determined using eqn 1.2
From Fig 1.2, the basic wind speed, V 40m/s, I 0.87
For flat terrain, K zt 1
Since only wind loading is being considered K d 1
qz 0.613K z K zt K dV 2 I
0.613K z (1)(1)(40) 2 (0.87) 853.3K z
From Fig 1.14,
h' 22.6 tan 100 4.03
h 7.62 4.03 / 2 9.63m
62
Using values of K z in Table 1.5, calculated values
of pressure profile are listed in the table below.
Note the value of K z was determined by linear interpolation
for z h
( 1.04-0.98 )/( 12.2-9.1 ) ( 1.04-K h )/( 12.2-9.63 )
Kh 0.990, q h 853.3( 0.990 ) 845N/m 2
G 0.85, (GC pi ) 0.18
p qGC p qh (GC pi )
q (0.85)C p 845( 0.18) 0.85qC p  152
63
• Fig 1.14 (b)
z (m) Kz Qz (N/m2)
0 – 4.6 0.85 733
6.1 0.90 776
7.6 0.94 814
h = 9.6 0.990 856
64
Windward wall
Pressure varies with height z
For all L/B , C p 0.8
p0 4.6 344N / m 2 or 651N / m 2
p6.1 374N / m 2 or 680N / m 2
p7.6 400N / m 2 or 709N / m 2
Leeward wall
L/B 2(22.86)/45.72 1, C p 0.5
p 517N / m 2 or 211N / m 2
65
Side walls
For all values of L/B , C p 0 .7
p 666N / m 2 or 356N / m 2
Windward roofs
Here h/L 9.63 / 22.86 0.211 0.25,
so that C p 0.7 and q qh
2 2
p 666N / m or 356N / m
66
Leeward roofs
In this case, C p 0.3 and q qh
p 356N / m 2 or 65N / m 2
These 2 sets of loading are shown on
the elevation of the building in Fig 1.14(c).
The main framing structure of the building
must resist these loadings as well as loadings
calculated from wind blowing on the front
& rear of the building.
67
• Fig 1.14(c)
68
1-3 Loads
– Wind loads
• If the structure represents an above-ground sign, the
wind will produce a resultant force on the face of the
sign which is determined from:
F q z GC f Af eqn 1.4
69
1-3 Loads
– Wind loads
where
q z the velocity pressure evaluated at the height z of the
centroid of A f
G the wind - gust coefficient factor defined previously
C f a force coefficient which depends upon the ratio of the
large dimension M of the sign to the small dimension N.
Values are listed in Table 1.6
Af the area of the face of the sign projected into the wind
70
Information OverLOAD!!?
1-Oct-15
71 UPNM - Kol Ir Dr Norazman
2-1 Idealized Structure
• To develop the ability to model or idealize a
structure so that the structural engineer can
perform a practical force analysis of the
members
72
• Support Connections
– Pin connection (allows some freedom for slight rotation)
– Roller support (allows some freedom for slight rotation)
– Fixed joint (allows no relative rotation)
– E.g. are shown in Fig 2.1 & 2.2
– Idealized models used in structural analysis are shown in Fig 2.3
73
• Fig 2.1 & 2.2 & 2.3
74
• Fig 2.1 & 2.2 & 2.3
75
– In reality, all connections exhibit some stiffness
toward joint rotations owing to friction &
material behavior
– A more appropriate model for a support or joint
might be that shown in Fig 2.3 (c)
– If k = 0 the joint is pin and -> , the joint is fixed
76
– When selecting the model for each support, the
engineer must be aware how the assumptions will
affect the actual performance
– The assumptions must be reasonable for the
structural design
– The analysis of the loadings should give results
that closely approximate the actual loadings
77
– Common types of connections on coplanar
structures are given in Table 2.1
– In reality, all supports actually exert distributed
surface loads on their contacting members
– The concentrated forces & moments shown in
Table 2.1 represents the resultants of these loads
distributions
78
• Table 2.1
79
– Consider the jib crane & trolley in Fig
2.5(a)
– For analysis, we neglect the thickness
of the 2 main member & will assume
that the joint at B is fabricated to be
rigid
– The support at A can be modeled as
a fixed support
– Details of trolley can be excluded
– The members of the idealized
structure is shown in Fig 2.5(b)
80
• Idealized Structure
– Consider the framing
used to support a typical
floor slab in a building
as shown in Fig 2.6(a)
– The slab is supported by floor joists located at

even intervals
– These are in turn supported by 2 side girders AB
& CD
81
• Idealized Structure
– For analysis, it is reasonable
to assume that the joints
are pin and/or roller
connected to girders & the
girders are pin and/or roller
connected to columns
– The structural framing plan
is shown in Fig 2.6(b)
82
• Tributary Loadings
– There are 2 ways in which the load on surfaces (i.e
from slab) can transmit to various structural
elements
– 1-way system
– 2-way system
83
• Tributary Loadings
– 1-way system
• Consider the framing
shown in Fig 2.11(a)
• Beams AB, CD & EF rest
on girders AE & BF
• Uniform load = 4.8kN/m2
• Load distribution is as
shown in Fig 2.11(b)
84
Fig 2.11
– 1-way system
• Fig 2.11
85
Idealized Beam
– 1-way system
• Member CD is subjected to a linear distribution of load as
shown in Fig 2.11(c)
• The reaction from this beam (10.8kN) would be applied
to the center of girders (How to get the reaction?)
86
Fig 2.11
Idealized Girder (AE)
• Fig 2.11d
Fig 2.11
87
RA=5.4 kN RC=10.8 kN RE=5.4 kN
A E
(d)
87
– 1-way system
• For some floor systems, beams &
girders are connected at the same level
• For R.C. slab, if the reinforcement is in
one direction -> 1-way
• If the reinforcement is in two directions,
load may be transmitted in 2-way
provided for L2 L1 & L2/L1 < 2.
• If L2/L1 2, the slab will behave as a 1-
way slab
88
– 2-way system
• If L2/L1 2, the load is assumed to be delivered to the supporting beams &
girders in 2 directions
• Consider the square R.C. slab in Fig 2.13(a)
• L2/L1 = 1
• The tributary area for beam AB is as shown in Fig 2.13(b)
• This area is determined by constructing diagonal 45o lines
89
– 2-way system
• If L2/L1 = 1.5, it is necessary to construct 45o lines that intersect
• Fig 2.14(b) and 2.14(c) show the distributed load on AB & AC
90
Example 2.1
• The floor of a classroom is supported by the bar joists shown in Fig 2.15(a)
• Each joist is 4.5m long and they are spaced 0.75m on centers
• The floor is made from lightweight concrete that is 100mm thick
• Neglect the weight of
Joists & the corrugated
metal deck, determine
the load that acts
along each joist
91
Example 2.1 –
solution
Dead load, weight

of concreteslab
(100)(0.015)
1.50kN / m 2
Live load 1.92kN / m 2
Total load 1.50 1.92 3.42kN / m 2
L1 0.75m, L2 4 .5 m
L2 / L1 2 1 - way slab
The tributary area for each joist is shown in Fig 2.15(b)
Uniform load along its length, w
2
92
3 .42
1-Oct-15
kN / m (0.75m) 2.57 kN / m
UPNM - Kol Ir Dr Norazman
This loading & the end reactions on each joist
are shown in Fig 2.15(c)
93
• Fig 2.15
94
Loads Analysis
Loads on slab = 5 kN/m2
Beam own weight = 0.5 kN/m
A Primary Beam B
Two-way
slab
Secondary Beam
One-way
slab
2.5 m
C D
1m 2m
Load Analysis Beam own weight = 0.5 kN/m
A Primary Beam B
2
1 2
W2 = (A2 x 5) kN
W1 = (A1 x 5) kN
WSB = (LSB x 0.5) kN C D
RAB RCD
RCD= (WSB + W1 + W2 ) / 2
RCD
W = (A x 5)kN
C D

Loads Analysis Beam own weight = 0.5 kN/m
RCD
W = (A x 5)kN
C WCD = (L x 0.5)kN D
RCD Weq
1m 1m 1m
C D
WCD
RC RD
Can we calculate all the Forces and Reactions?
Can we draw the Shear Force & bending Moment Diagrams?

Forces & Reactions Beam own weight = 0.5 kN/m
A Primary Beam B
2
W2 = ((1.5) x 5) kN 1 2
W1 = ((0.5x2.5) x 5) kN
WSB = (2.5 x 0.5) kN C D
RAB RCD
∑Fy = 0: RCD= (WSB + W1 + W2 ) / 2

= (1.25+6.25+7.5)/2
RCD= 7.5 kN
W = (A x 5)kN
C D

Forces & Reactions
RCD=7.5kN
W = (1 x 5)kN
C WCD = 0.5kN/m = (3 x 0.5)kN D
RCD=7.5kN Weq= 5kN
1m 1m 1m
C D
WCD=1.5kN
RC1 RD1
+ ∑Mc = 0 : 3.RD – (5x2) – (1.5 x 1.5) – (7.5 x 1) = 0
RD = (10 + 2.25 + 7.5)/3 = 19.75/3
RD = 6.583 kN
+ ∑Fy = 0 : Rc + RD – 7.5 – 5 – 1.5 = 0
Rc = 13.5 – RD = 14 – 6.583
= 7.417 kN
Shear Diagram
RCD=7.5kN
W = 5 kN
C WCD = 0.5 kN/m D
RC1=7.4 kN RD1=6.6 kN
V 7.4
(kN) 6.6
-0.4
-3.4
-6.6
M
(kN.m)

4-3 Shear & Moment Diagrams for a
Beam
• Table 4.1
101
Example 4.7
• Draw the shear & moment diagrams for the
beam in Fig 4.11(a)
• Fig 4.11(a)
102
• The reactions have been calculated & are
shown on the free-body diagram of the
beam, Fig 4.11(b)
• At end points:
– x = 0m, V = 30kN
– x = 9m, V = -60kN
• Since the load w is –ve & linearly
increasing, dV/dx=w
103
• The point of zero shear can be found by using
method of sections from a beam segment of
length x, Fig 4.11(e)
V 0
1 x
Fy 0 30 20 x 0
2 9
x 5.20m
104
• From the shear diagram, Fig 4.11(c), for
0<x<5.20m, the value of shear is +ve but so
dM/dx=V
• At x = 5.20m, dM/dx=0
• Likewise for 5.20m<x<9m, the shear & so the
slope of the moment diagram are –ve
• Max M is at x = 5.20m since dM/dx =V=0
105
• From the free-body diagram in Fig 4.11(e), we
have:
Anticlockw ise moment as - ve :
Ms 0
1 5.20 5.20
30(5.20) 20 5.20 M 0
2 9 3
M 104kNm
106
Example 4.8
• Draw the shear
& moment
diagrams for
each of the
beams in Fig
4.12
107
Example 4.8
• Draw the shear
& moment
diagrams for
each of the
beams in Fig
4.12
108
Example 4.8
• Draw the shear
& moment
diagrams for
each of the
beams in Fig
4.12
109
Example 4.8
• Draw the shear & moment diagrams for each of the beams in Fig 4.12
110
Example 4.8
111
Example 4.8
112
Example 4.8
113
Example 4.8
114
Example 4.8
115
Example 4.8
116
Example 4.8
117
Example 4.8
118
Example 4.8
119
Example 4.8
120
Example 4.8
121
FRAME ANALYSIS

7-3 Vertical loads on building frames
• Building frames often consist of girders that
are rigidly connected to columns
• This is to allow the structure to better able to
resist the effects of lateral forces
• An example of rigid frame is shown in Fig 7.4
123
• One technique would be to consider only the
members within a localised region of the
structure
• This is possible if the deflections of the members
within the region caused little disturbance to the
members outside the structure
• The approximate location of the points of
inflection can be specified
• These points are zero moments
124
• Assumptions for approximate analysis
– Consider a typical girder as shown in Fig 7.5(a)
– The column supports at A & B will each exert 3 reactions on the
girder
– The girder will be statically indeterminate to the third degree
– 3 assumptions would be needed to perform an approximate
analysis
125
– If the columns are stiff, no rotation at A & B will
occur
– The deflection curve will look like that shown in
Fig 7.5(b)
– However, if the column connections at A & B are
very flexible, then zero moments will occur at the
supports, Fig 7.5(c)
– In reality, the columns will provide some flexibility
at the supports
126
– Therefore, point of zero moment occurs at the
average point between the two extremes
(0.21L+0) / 2 ~ 0.1L from each support, Fig
7.5(d)
127
– The 3 assumptions are:
– There is zero moment in the girder, 0.1L from the
left support
– There is zero moment in the girder, 0.1L from the
right support
– The girder does not support an axial force
128
Example 7.3
• Determine
(approximately) the
moment at the joints
E & C caused by
members EF and CD
of the building bent
in Fig 7.6(a)
129
• For an approximate analysis,
the frame is modeled as shown
in Fig 7.6(b)
• Note that the cantilevered
spans supporting the center
portion of the girder have a
length of 0.1L = 0.5m
• Equilibrium requires end
reaction of center portion =
32kN, Fig 7.6(c)
130
• Cantilevered spans
are subjected to
moment of:
M 8(0.25) 32(0.5) 18kNm
• This approximate
moment with
opposite direction
acts on the joints at E
& C, Fig 7.6(a)
131

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ψ-psi

1-Oct-15 UPNM - Kol Ir Dr Norazman 1

• Can describe characteristic load and design load.

• Can state the partial safety factors for actions or loads.

• Understand patterned loading and the purpose of it.

1-Oct-15 UPNM - Kol Ir Dr Norazman 2

1-Oct-15 UPNM - Kol Ir Dr Norazman 4

• Due to the weight of the structure, i.e walls,

• The actual weights of the materials (Gk) used

1-Oct-15 UPNM - Kol Ir Dr Norazman 7

1-Oct-15 UPNM - Kol Ir Dr Norazman 8

12mm thick gypsum 0.20 kN/m2

1-Oct-15 UPNM - Kol Ir Dr Norazman 10

1-Oct-15 UPNM - Kol Ir Dr Norazman 11

ii. Imposed roof loads are variable actions,

iii. Wind actions are variable but for

1-Oct-15 UPNM - Kol Ir Dr Norazman 12

NAD – National Application Document

1-Oct-15 UPNM - Kol Ir Dr Norazman 18

 Explosions (gas or terrorism)

1-Oct-15 UPNM - Kol Ir Dr Norazman 21

Ronan Point, London, gives

1-Oct-15 UPNM - Kol Ir Dr Norazman 23

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• EN 1990 identifies the need to consider the

• Reinforced by the requirement of the relevant

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a) Attempting to reduce or limit the hazard

• All possible actions appropriate to a structure

• To determine which is most critical for

- vertical actions should be arranged in the

• For the design of a simply supported beam

- critical condition for strength is when the

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• Graph showing at any point on a structural

• The most useful envelopes are for shear force

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Example of a design envelope. The beam ABC

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Consider the following load cases:

The bending moment and shear

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 Temperature forces and moments

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It is used only when the structureis subjected to combinatio n of loads.

p qGC p qh (GC pi ) eqn 1.3

– The slab is supported by floor joists located at

RA=5.4 kN RC=10.8 kN RE=5.4 kN

Dead load, weight

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∑Fy = 0: RCD= (WSB + W1 + W2 ) / 2

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