Outline: Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Foundations
Outline
Inverse Trigonometry
Inverse Trigonometric functions
Vidyalankar Classes
Rankers Batch, IIT JEE 2011
Author, Another Inverse Trigonometry Author, Another Inverse Trigonometry
Mappings and Function Mappings and Function

Foundations Foundations
Inverse of a function Inverse of a function
Outline Function
Definition
A Mapping is a relation relating elements from set X to set Y
1 Foundations
Mappings and Function
Definition
Inverse of a function
A function y = f (x) is defined as a mapping f : X → Y such that
∀x ∈ X there is a unique y ∈ Y
Mappings and Function Mappings and Function

Foundations Foundations
Function Outline
Definition
A Mapping is a relation relating elements from set X to set Y
Definition
A function y = f (x) is defined as a mapping f : X → Y such that
∀x ∈ X there is a unique y ∈ Y 1 Foundations
Mappings and Function
Inverse of a function

Trigonometric functions
Definition Definition
Inverse of a function y = f (x) is defined as x = f −1 (y ) and the Inverse of a function y = f (x) is defined as x = f −1 (y ) and the
inverse mapping should also be a function. inverse mapping should also be a function.
Above mappings are functions if one-to-one or many-to-one. Of them Above mappings are functions if one-to-one or many-to-one. Of them
only one-to-one and onto have inverse only one-to-one and onto have inverse
Inverse Trigonometric functions Inverse Trigonometric functions

Trigonometric functions Definition - Inverse Trig-functions Trigonometric functions Definition - Inverse Trig-functions
Graphs Graphs
Outline Inverse Trigonometric functions
To draw Inverse of a function

“A function and its inverse are mirror images of each other in y = x”
2 Trigonometric functions
Inverse Trigonometric functions
Definition - Inverse Trig-functions Exercise to draw Graph sin−1 x
Graphs using above property
1 Draw graph of y = sin x
2 Get graph of y = x
3 Get reflection of y = sin x

Graphs Graphs

Exercise to draw Graph sin−1 x

Exercise to draw Graph sin−1 x using above property
using above property
Truncation of domain of sine is required as the graph of inverse is

not a function

Graphs Graphs
Inverse Trigonometric functions Outline

2 Trigonometric functions
Exercise to draw Graph sin−1 x Inverse Trigonometric functions
using above property Definition - Inverse Trig-functions
Graphs

Graphs Graphs
Inverse Trig-Functions Outline

Definition
π π
1 y = sin−1 x ⇐⇒ x = sin y where−1 ≤ x ≤ 1 and − ≤y ≤
2 2
2 y = cos−1 x ⇐⇒ x = cos y where −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ y ≤ π
π π
3 y = tan−1 x ⇐⇒ x = tan y where x ∈ R and − < y <
2 2 2 Trigonometric functions
π π Inverse Trigonometric functions
4 y = csc−1 x ⇐⇒ x = csc y where |x| ≥ 1 and − ≤ y ≤ , y 6= 0
2 2 Definition - Inverse Trig-functions
π
5 y = sec−1 x ⇐⇒ x = sec y where |x| ≥ 1 and 0 ≤ y ≤ π, y 6= Graphs
2
6 y = cot−1 x ⇐⇒ x = cot y where x ∈ R and 0 < y < π
Example

7π
sin = x then what is sin−1 x =? Can we use the above definition of
5
−1
sin x to find the value?

Graphs Graphs
y = sin−1 x y = cos−1 x
π π
y = sin−1 x ⇐⇒ x = sin y where −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 and − ≤y ≤
2 2
y = cos−1 x ⇐⇒ x = cos y where −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ y ≤ π

Graphs Graphs
y = tan−1 x y = cot−1 x
π π y = cot−1 x ⇐⇒ x = cot y where x ∈ R and 0 < y < π

y = tan−1 x ⇐⇒ x = tan y where x ∈ R and − <y <
2 2

Graphs Graphs
y = csc−1 x y = sec−1 x
π
π π y = sec−1 x ⇐⇒ x = sec y where |x| ≥ 1 and 0 ≤ y ≤ π, y 6=
y = csc−1 x ⇐⇒ x = csc y where |x| ≥ 1 and − ≤ y ≤ , y 6= 0 2
2 2

Graphs Graphs
Way to Remember csc−1 x and sec−1 x tan−1 x and cot−1 x

Graphs Graphs
Problems Problems
Example
1 (Problem #13: page 65) If α satisfies the inequation
x 2 − x − 2 > 0 then value of α exists for Example
1
−1
sin α 1 − x2
1 (Problem #17 :page 66) The formula cos−1 = 2 tan−1 x
2 sec−1 α 1 + x2
3 cos−1 α holds only for
4 none of these 1 x ∈R
2 (Problem #14: page 66) Let f (x) = sec−1 x + tan−1 x then 2 |x| ≤ 1
f (x) is real for 3 x ∈ (−1, 1]
4 x ∈ [1, ∞)
1 x ∈ [−1, 1]
2 x ∈R
3 x ∈ (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞)
4 none of these
Property-I Property-I Inverse trig over negation

Properties II Properties II Composition f ◦ f −1 (x) and f −1 ◦ f (x)
Problems Outline
3 Property-I
Example Inverse trig over negation
Composition f ◦ f −1 (x) and f −1 ◦ f (x)
1 Problem #15, Page 66 : csc−1 (cos x) is real if
π
1 x ∈ [−1, 1] (b) x ∈ R (c) x is an odd multiple of (d) x is a
2 4 Properties II
multiple of π Inverse Of Reciprocals
Involving tan(A ± B)
One Inverse function to another
Property-I Inverse trig over negation Property-I Inverse trig over negation
Properties II Composition f ◦ f −1 (x) and f −1 ◦ f (x) Properties II Composition f ◦ f −1 (x) and f −1 ◦ f (x)
Inverse of negation Inverse of negation
f (−x) is reflection of f about y-axis f (−x) is reflection of f about y-axis

−1 −1
1 sin (−x) = − sin x , 1 sin−1 (−x) = − sin−1 x ,
x ∈ [−1, 1] x ∈ [−1, 1]
2 cos−1 (−x) = π − cos−1 x, 2 cos−1 (−x) = π − cos−1 x,
x ∈ [−1, 1] x ∈ [−1, 1]
3 tan−1 (−x) = − tan−1 x, x ∈ R 3 tan−1 (−x) = − tan−1 x, x ∈ R
4 csc−1 (−x) = − csc−1 x, |x| ≥ 1 4 csc−1 (−x) = − csc−1 x, |x| ≥ 1
5 sec−1 (−x) = π − sec−1 x, |x| ≥ 1 5 sec−1 (−x) = π − sec−1 x, |x| ≥ 1
6 cot−1 (−x) =π − cot−1 x, x ∈R 6 cot−1 (−x) = π − cot−1 x, x ∈ R

sin−1 (−x) y = cos−1 (−x)

To prove Prove
sin−1 (−x) = − sin−1 x cos−1 (−x) = π − cos−1 x
h π πi
Let θ = sin−1 x =⇒ x ∈ [−1, 1] and θ ∈ − , . . . by definition Let θ = cos−1 x =⇒ x ∈ [−1, 1] and θ ∈ [0, π]
2 2
=⇒ sin θ = x =⇒ − sin θ = −x =⇒ cos θ = x
=⇒ sin(−θ ) = −x =⇒ − cos θ = −x
h π πi
=⇒ −θ = sin−1 (−x) . . .−x ∈ [−1, 1] and −θ ∈ − , =⇒ cos(π − θ ) = −x . . .(since
2 2 θ ∈ [0, π] =⇒ −θ ∈ [−π, 0] =⇒ π − θ ∈ [0, π])
=⇒ − sin−1 x = sin−1 (−x) =⇒ π − θ = cos−1 (−x)
=⇒ cos−1 x = π − cos−1 x
Outline Composition of function and its inverse
Composition of the form : f ◦ f −1 (x)
3 Property-I
1 sin(sin−1 x) = x where x ∈ [−1, 1]
Inverse trig over negation 2 cos(cos−1 x) = x where x ∈ [−1, 1]
Composition f ◦ f −1 (x) and f −1 ◦ f (x) 3 tan(tan−1 x) = x where x ∈ R
4 csc(csc−1 x) = x where |x| ≥ 1
4 Properties II 5 sec(sec−1 x) = x where |x| ≥ 1
Inverse Of Reciprocals 6 cot(cot−1 x) = x where x ∈ R
One Inverse function to another Note :
x can only belong to the domain of existence of these identities!
Can we try some other value of x outside the domain?
Composition of function and its inverse Composition of function and its inverse
Composition of the form : f −1 ◦ f (x)
h π πi
1 sin−1 sin x = x where x ∈ − , For the composition cases we saw, f (x) = sin(sin−1 x) has domain
2 2 [−1, 1] and range [−1, 1] But for the other way round composition
2 cos−1 cos x = x where x ∈ [0, π] g (x) = sin−1 (sin x) the domain is R and range is That is fun!
π π
3 tan−1 tan x = x where x ∈ − , Lets get the graph of this function.
2 2
4 cot−1 cot x = x where x ∈ (0, π)
h π πi
5 csc−1 csc x = x where x ∈ − , − {0}
2 2n o
π
6 sec−1 sec x = x where x ∈ [0, π] −
2
Note :
Can x take values outside the domain of the above identities?? Mean for
values of x outside the domain will the LHS exist to get some RHS??
So from the graph we can say, Now for cosine function,


−π − x , if x ∈ [−3π/2, −π/2]


x , if x ∈ [−π/2, π/2]
sin−1 (sin x) = and so on...
π − x
 , if x ∈ [π/2, 3π/2]


−2π + x , if x ∈ [3π/2, 5π/2]
Now check with tan−1 (tan(x))


−x , if x ∈ [−π, 0]


x , if x ∈ [0, π]
−1
cos (cos x) = and so on...

2π − x , if x ∈ [π, 2π]


−2π + x , if x ∈ [2π, 3π]
Conceptual Problems Problems
Example

5π Example
1 sin−1 sin
6 1 Problem #14, page 64 : Prove that
" √ !#
π 1 π 3
2 Evaluate sin − sin −1
− , sin − sin−1
− 33π 46π 13π
3 2 2 2 sin−1 sin + cos−1 cos + tan−1 − tan +
7 7 8
3 Number of solutions for the equation csc(csc−1 |x|) = 2x
19π 13π
4 Number of values of θ ∈ (−π, π) for which equation cot−1 cot − =
8 7
csc(csc−1 |x|) = tan(θ )x has infinite solution
5 Find the solution of sin(sin−1 x) = sin−1 (sin x)

Inverse Of Reciprocals Inverse Of Reciprocals
Property-I Property-I
Involving tan(A ± B) Involving tan(A ± B)
Properties II Properties II
One Inverse function to another One Inverse function to another
Outline Inverse Of Reciprocal
3 Property-I
Inverse trig over negation 1
1 sin−1 = csc−1 x ∀x ∈ (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞)
Composition f ◦ f −1 (x) and f −1 ◦ f (x) x

1
2 cos−1 = sec−1 x ∀x ∈ (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞)
x
4 Properties II ( −1
Inverse Of Reciprocals −1 1 cot x , for x > 0
3 tan =
Involving tan(A ± B) x cot−1 x − π , for x < 0

Properties II
One Inverse function to another Properties II
−1 1 −1 1
sin cos
x x

1 1
Prove : sin −1
= csc−1 x, ∀x ∈ (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞) Prove : cos−1 = sec−1 x, ∀x ∈ (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞)
x x
Let θ = csc−1 x where x ∈ (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞) Let θ = sec−1 x

1 h π πi =⇒ sec θ = x (by definition)
=⇒ csc θ = x =⇒ sin θ = where θ ∈ − , and x ∈ [−1, 1] 1 1 h π πi
x 2 2 =⇒ cos θ = (as ∈ [−1, 1] and θ ∈ − ,
1 x x 2 2
=⇒ θ = sin−1 1
x =⇒ θ = cos−1
x

Properties II
Properties II
−1 1 Problems
tan
x
( −1
1 cot x ,x > 0
Prove : tan−1 =
x cot−1 x − π ,x < 0
Let θ = cot−1 x π
For x > 0, cot θ = x (Since x > 0 hence θ ∈ 0, ) Example
π 2 √ √
1 1 If u = cot−1 [ cos 2θ ] − tan−1 [ cos 2θ ] then show that
=⇒ tan θ = ( > 0 and θ ∈ 0, ) 1
x x 2
1 csc u = cot2 θ
=⇒ θ = tan−1
x π π
For x < 0, cot θ = x (θ ∈ , π =⇒ θ − π ∈ − , 0 )
2 2
1
=⇒ tan θ =
x
1
=⇒ tan(θ − π) =
x
1 1
=⇒ θ − π = tan−1 =⇒ cot−1 x − π = tan−1
x x

Outline Inverse of tan

tan−1 x + tan−1 y


 x +y
3 Property-I 
tan−1 , if xy < 1


 1 − xy
Inverse trig over negation tan−1 x + tan−1 y = tan−1
x +y
+π , if x > 0, y > 0 and xy > 1
Composition f ◦ f −1 (x) and f −1 ◦ f (x) 

 1 − xy

 x + y

tan−1 −π , if x < 0, y < 0 and xy > 1
1 − xy
4 Properties II
Inverse Of Reciprocals
Involving tan(A ± B) Find the value of Find the value of
One Inverse function to another tan−1 2 + tan−1 3 tan−1 (−2) + tan−1 (−3)
1 1 tan−1 (2) + tan−1 (−3)
tan−1 + tan−1
2 3 1
1 tan−1 + tan−1 (−3)
tan−1 + tan−1 3 2
2 1
cot−1 2 − cot−1 (−3) tan−1 2 + tan−1
3

tan−1 x − tan−1 y Problems
Example
tan−1 x − tan−1 y : transformation y → −y above
1 (Problem
#22 : page
66)

 1 1 1

 x −y tan−1 + tan−1 + · · · + tan−1 + · · · to
tan−1 , if 1 + xy > 0 2


 1 + xy 3 7 n +n+1
 x −y ∞=
tan−1 x − tan−1 y = tan−1 +π , if 1 + xy < 0, x > 0 & y < 0 2π π π

 1 + xy

 x −y
1 ,0, and


tan−1 −π , if 1 + xy < 0, x < 0 & y > 0 3 2 4
1 + xy
1
2 Prove that tan−1 tan 2A + tan−1 (cot A) + tan−1 (cot3 A)
2
Find value of

tan−1 2 − tan−1 3 0 , if π < A < π
1 4 2
tan−1 − tan−1 3
π , if 0 < A < π
=
2
4

Problems sin−1 x + sin−1 y
Example
1 Problem # 18, Page 64 : Find the sum of sin−1 x + sin−1 y
! p √
∞ √ √ Let sin−1 (x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x 2 ) = θ
n− n−1
∑ sin p
n(n + 1)  (
n=1

 if (x 2 + y 2 ≤ 1)
θ
 ,
or (−1 ≤ x, y ≤ 1, xy < 0, x 2 + y 2 > 1
2 (Problem #20 :page 66) If x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = r 2 then sin−1 x + sin−1 y =
xy yz zx 
π −θ , if (x 2 + y 2 > 1, 0 < x, y ≤ 1)
tan−1 + tan−1 + tan−1 equals 

zr xr yr −π − θ , if (x 2 + y 2 > 1, −1 ≤ x, y < 0
π π 2π 5π
1 , , ,
3 2 3 6

cos−1 x + cos−1 y Problems

Example
1 Problem #22, Page 64 : Find all possible values of p and q for
cos−1 ± cos−1 y which
√ p
Let cos−1 (xy − 1 − x 2 1 − y 2 ) = θ √ p p 3π
cos−1 p + cos−1 1 − p + cos−1 1 − q =
( 4
θ , if |x|, |y | ≤ 1, x + y ≥ 0
cos−1 x + cos−1 y = 2 Problem #18, Page 66 :
2π − θ , if |x|, |y | ≤ 1, x + y ≤ 0
( r )
( 1 2 p x2 x
θ , if |x|, |y | ≤ 1, x ≤ y cos−1 x + 1 − x2 1 − = cos−1 −cos−1 x holds for
cos−1 x − cos−1 y = 2 4 2
−θ , if |x|, |y | ≤ 1, x ≥ y
1 |x| ≤ 1
2 x ∈R
3 0≤x ≤1
4 −1 ≤ x ≤ 0

Outline Movement from one to another
Movement from one from to another

√
√ x 1 − x2
1 sin−1 x = cos−1 1 − x 2 = tan−1 √ = cot−1 =
3 Property-I x
1 − x2
Inverse trig over negation 1 1
Composition f ◦ f −1 (x) and f −1 ◦ f (x) sec−1 √ = csc−1
1 − x2 x
√
−1
√ 1 − x2 x
2 cos−1 x = sin 1 − x 2 = tan−1 = cot−1 √ =
4 Properties II x 1 − x2
Inverse Of Reciprocals 1 1
sec−1 = csc−1 √
Involving tan(A ± B) x 1 − x2
One Inverse function to another −1 −1 x 1 1
3 tan x = sin √ = cos−1 √ = cot−1 =
2
1 + x√ 1 + x2 x
√ 1 + x2
sec−1 1 + x 2 = csc−1
x

Double Angle & Triple Angle Double Angle & Triple Angle
Involving sin 2θ
 p
 1 1 Involving cos 2θ
sin−1 2x 1 − x 2 ,
 −√ ≤ x ≤ √ (

 2 2
 √ 1 −1 cos−1 (2x 2 − 1) ,0 ≤ x ≤ 1
2 sin−1 x = π − sin−1 2x 1 − x 2 , √ ≤x ≤1 2 cos x=
 2 2π − cos−1 (2x 2 − 1) , −1 ≤ x ≤ 1

 √

 1
−π − sin−1 2x 1 − x 2 , −1 ≤ x ≤ − √
2 Involving cos 3θ

 1
Involving sin 3θ 

cos−1 (4x 3 − 3x) , ≤x ≤1
  2
1 1 1 1

sin−1 3x − 4x 3 ,
 − ≤x ≤ 3 cos−1 x = 2π − cos−1 (4x 3 − 3x) , − ≤ x ≤

 2 2 

 2 2
3 sin−1 x = π − sin−1 3x − 4x 3 ,
1
≤x ≤1 2π + cos−1 (4x 3 − 3x) , −1 ≤ x ≤ − 1


 2 2

−π − sin−1 3x − 4x 3 , −1 ≤ x ≤ − 1

2
Double Angle & Triple Angle Double Angle & Triple Angle
Involving tan 2θ Involving sin 2θ in terms of tan θ
 

tan−1 2x 2x

 2
, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 
sin−1
 , −1 ≤ x ≤ 1

 1−x  1+ 2
 2x


 x
2 tan−1 x = π + tan−1 ,x > 1 2x
 1 − x2 2 tan−1 x = π − sin−1 ,x > 1




 1 + x2


 2x 
 2x
−π + tan−1 , x < −1 

−π − sin−1 , x < −1
1 − x2 1 + x2
Involving tan 3θ
 Involving cos 2θ in terms of tan θ
 3x − x 3 1 1 
tan−1 ,−√ < x < √ 2
cos−1 1 − x

 2 

 1− 3x 3 3  ,0 ≤ x < ∞
 3x − x 3 1 1+ x 2
3 tan−1 x = π + tan−1 , x > √ 2 tan−1 x = 2

 1 − 3x 2 3 
 1−x

 − cos−1 , −∞ < x ≤ 0

 3x − x 3 1 1 + x2
−π + tan−1 , x < − √
1 − 3x 2 3

Graphs- 2 sin−1 x and 3 sin−1 x Graphs of 2 cos−1 x and 3 cos−1 x
Inverse Of Reciprocals
Property-I
Properties II
Graphs of 2 tan−1 x and 3 tan−1 x
Author, Another Inverse Trigonometry

Outline: Inverse Trigonometric Functions

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Outline: Inverse Trigonometric Functions

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Foundations

Rankers Batch, IIT JEE 2011

Author, Another Inverse Trigonometry Author, Another Inverse Trigonometry

Mappings and Function Mappings and Function

Author, Another Inverse Trigonometry Author, Another Inverse Trigonometry

Mappings and Function Mappings and Function

Author, Another Inverse Trigonometry Author, Another Inverse Trigonometry

Inverse of a function Inverse of a function

Inverse Trigonometric functions Inverse Trigonometric functions