250 Stats Road Ann Arbor, MI 48109 November 27, 2018 Daycare Center Director 1234 Daycare Lane Unknown City, UN 12345 ar Mr./Mrs. Dayeare Center Director: Before I begin explaining the results of the study presented in “The Timing of the Circadian Clock and Sleep Differ between Napping and Non-Napping Toddlers,” I want to explain what the study actually is. The observational study was conducted on 15 napping children and 5 non-napping children in daycare. Setting aside the relatively small sample size, the study conducts 3 2-sample tests based on the calculated averages and their respective standard de significant difference between the average napper and average non-napper when it comes to Bedtime (lights-off time in decimalized time*), Nighttime Sleep Duration (interval between sleep onset and sleep end in minutes), and Total 24-Hour Sleep Duration (in minutes). 5% significance is the probability that the statistician concludes ther significant difference when there isn’t a significant difference. ations, These t-tests are done to determine if there is a isa Ata significance of 5%, there is sufficient evidence to suggest that the population mean bedtime for nappers is significantly later than that for non-nappers. The t-test statistic of 2.42 represents the number of standard errors the difference in the sample mean bedtimes of nappers and non-nappers is above the difference in population mean bedtimes of nappers and non-nappers. This is because the p-value of 0.014 or 1.4% is the probability of obtaining a t-test statistic of 2.42 or larger, which is less than the 5% significance, assuming there is no significant difference between the population mean bedtimes for nappers and non-nappers. Ata significance of 5%, the population mean nighttime sleep duration for nappers is statistically significantly less than that for non-nappers. This is because the p-value of 0.006 or 0.6% is the probability that another sample’s difference of means (of nappers and non-nappers) will lie -2.84 standard errors (average distances from the sample mean) from these samples’ difference in means, which is less than the 5% significance,assuming there is no significant difference. We estimate that nappers sleep, on average, 68.7 minutes less than non-nappers, during the night. On average, the total 24-hour amounts of sleep are slightly higher for nappers at 708.9 minutes, while that of non-nappers is 675.0 minutes. Therefore, we can estimate the difference in averages to be (708.9 - 675.0) = 33.9 minutes where the average napper is expected to sleep 33.9 more minutes in a 24-hour period compared to that of non-nappers. With 95% confidence, we estimate the difference in population mean times of sleep in a 24-hour period between nappers and non-nappers to fall between (nappers minus non-nappers) -14.1 minutes to 81.9 minutes. This 95% confiden, if we repeat the procedure many times we expect 95% of the resulting trials to generate confidence intervals that contain the difference in population mean times of sleep in a 24-hour period between nappers and non-nappers. evel means that Sincerely, StudentWorks Cited Akacem, Lameese D. et al. “The Timing of the Circadian Clock and Sleep Differ between Napping and Non-Napping Toddlers.” Ed. Ralph E Mistlberger. PLoS ONE 10.4 (2015): €0125181. PMC. Web. 24 May 2018,120 63% 63% 63%