Porter's Global Competitiveness Theory

(Diamond Model)
Infrastructure Sector

Abhishek Mukherjee(26002)

Anchita Khaitan(26005)

Swetha Subramanian(26048)
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research report is to analyze a competitive industry-Infrastructure- in 2
countries namely China and India and test the hypothesis - The industry meets the requirements
of Porter's Global competitiveness theory (diamond model). This involved analyzing the
infrastructure sector with respect to four attributes i.e. Factor Endowments, Related and
Supporting industries, Demand conditions and Firm structure, strategy and rivalry, using
secondary sources of data. The analysis justified that a nation attains a competitive advantage if
its firms are competitive and innovative.

INTRODUCTION
The Diamond Model of Michael Porter for the competitive advantage of Nations offers a model
that can help understand the comparative position of a nation in global competition. The model
can also be used for major geographic regions. According to Porter, as a rule competitive
advantage of nations is the outcome of 4 interlinked advanced factors and activities in and
between companies in these clusters.

 Factor conditions are human resources, physical resources, knowledge resources, capital

resources and infrastructure. Specialized resources are often specific for an industry and
important for its competitiveness. Specific resources can be created to compensate for factor
disadvantages.
 Demand conditions in the home market can help companies create a competitive
advantage, when sophisticated home market buyers pressure firms to innovate faster and to
create more advanced products that those of competitors.
 Related and supporting industries can produce inputs which are important for
innovation and internationalization. These industries provide cost-effective inputs, but they
also participate in the upgrading process, thus stimulating other companies in the chain to
innovate.
 Firm strategy, structure and rivalry constitute the fourth determinant of
competitiveness. The way in which companies are created, set goals and are managed is
important for success. But the presence of intense rivalry in the home base is also important;
it creates pressure to innovate in order to upgrade competitiveness.
 Government can influence each of the above four determinants of competitiveness.
Clearly government can influence the supply conditions of key production factors, demand
conditions in the home market, and competition between firms. Government interventions
can occur at local, regional, national or supranational level.
HYPOTHESIS
Null hypothesis (Ho): The Infrastructure industry meets the requirements of Porter's Global
competitiveness theory (diamond model).

Alternate Hypothesis (Ha): The Infrastructure industry does not meet the requirements of
Porter's Global competitiveness theory (diamond model).

DATA AND METHODOLOGY

The data used to test the hypothesis was collected through secondary sources.  Qualitative
research was conducted through analysis of documents and materials available online.

Infrastructure In China
Even while China’s economy continued to feel the brunt of the global crisis of 2009, the World
Bank raised its forecast for the country’s GDP for the year as a whole to 7.2 % from 6.5%
previously. That was largely due to the unexpected size and impact of the stimulus package. But
the Chinese infrastructure story is much bigger than the stimulus package. China is even
expected to overtake the USA as the world’s largest economy by 2027 and infrastructure will
definitely have a large part to play.

Low labor and land costs are often cited as China’s main competitive advantages. However, they
are not the only factors that have helped make China the world’s largest factory. In fact, in
 comparison with other developing countries around the world, China’s wages and land costs may
not be the lowest. One of the advantages China enjoys over its competition is a relatively high
standard of infrastructure. This not only makes massive production possible, but also facilitates
the transportation of raw materials into the country and finished products out to the world.

Firm Strategy, structure and Rivalry

 Strategy

Well-functioning public utilities and infrastructure enhance productivity, lower production costs,
and improve quality of life. A solid infrastructure is critical to China’s economic growth. Public
ownership and operation has been the predominant form through which urban infrastructure is
provided in China. In 1998 China’s government launched a three-year national program to invest
several billion dollars in public utilities and infrastructure, mainly from budgetary resources.
Using bond issues and bank loans, the government poured about $26.5 billion into the economy
—soon to be followed by another $24 billion in bonds for infrastructure projects. But most
infrastructure investment clearly should come from enterprises and the public. So far the
government has failed to invigorate social investments, and—despite large capacity increases in
electricity, transport, and telecommunications—supply has just kept pace with the growing needs
of industrial and residential consumers.

Thus, China is oriented towards the old-style management and operation of public utilities and
infrastructure. However this is not up to the task, partly because of the inefficiency of centrally
managed infrastructure investment. Despite strong government control, many investments ended
up in duplicate constructions or oversized prestige projects. Investment in public utilities and
infrastructure should thus work with accelerated market-oriented reforms to strengthen the
efficiency and competitiveness of China’s infrastructure development. Monopoly holdings
should be dissolved and opened up to private capital investment. This requires market-oriented
reform of finance, corporate governance, and the regulatory system.

 Structure

Transport

Transportation is a major factor in China's national economy. For most of the period since 1949,
however, transportation occupied a relatively low priority in China's national development.
Inadequate transportation systems hindered the movement of coal from mine to user, the
transportation of agricultural and light industrial products from rural to urban areas, and the
delivery of imports and exports. As a result, the underdeveloped transportation system
constrained the pace of economic development throughout the country. In the 1980s the updating
of transportation systems was given priority, and improvements were made throughout the
transportation sector.

    Seaports    
China’s seaports have been the most important gateways for its US$2 trillion foreign trade.
Currently, the nation ranks first in the world in terms of both cargo throughput by weight and by
the number of containers handled. In terms of cargo turnover measured by weight, Shanghai is
the world’s busiest port. In 2007, Shanghai Port handled 560 million tons of cargos, 4.2% higher
than in 2006. In total, the top 10 ports in China account for about 55% of the national total.

For container turnovers, Shanghai, Shenzhen and Qingdao are the three most important ports in
China. In 2007, Shanghai Port handled 26.2 million TEU, 20.4% higher than 2006, ranking
Shanghai second in the world, next only to Singapore, which handled 27.9 million TEU in 2007.

By end of 2010, the port capacity in the three port clusters will be increased to 3.5 billion tons,
more than double the capacity at the end of 2004. The total investment is estimated to be nearly
RMB 600 billion.

Airports    

With the improved living standard and higher requirement for logistics, both passenger and cargo
turnovers have been experiencing fast growth in China’s 140 something civil airports. In 2006,
passenger turnover in Chinese airports reached 332 million, 16.7% higher than in 2005 and cargo
turnover reached 7.53 million tons, 19.0% higher than in 2005. Beijing Capital International
Airport ranks first in terms of passenger turnover. In 2006, its passenger turnover reached 48.7
million, 5.6% higher than the combined value of the two airports in Shanghai. In 2006, Beijing,
Shanghai and Guangzhou, the three most important aviation hubs in China, accounted for 36.5%
of the total market share in China.

Expressways    

The rocketing growth of foreign trade coupled with the booming domestic economy has
generated great pressure for improvements to China’s domestic transportation system. Roadway
systems have played the most important role in container transportation. It is estimated by
MOCOM (Ministry of Communication) that 84% of China’s containers for shipment (or from
shipments) at major ports are transported by roadways.
 To increase land utilization efficiency and ensure fast traffic, China has placed expressways at
the core of roadway network construction. According to MOCOM, expressways can save 60% of
the land used for highways and provide a similar capacity of traffic volume. Since 1998, the pace
of expressway construction has accelerated. By the end of 2007, China’s total length of
expressways reached 53,000km, constructed at a rate of 4,820 km per year - a rate more than 10
times that of the first ten-year period. Currently, China ranks second in terms of total length of
expressways, next only to the United States.

Railways    

While roadway transportation plays a dominant role in container transportation, railway systems
play a very important role in bulk cargo and passenger transportation. By the end of 2006, the
length of China’s railway system reached above 77,000 km, ranking third in the world, next to
the United States and Russia.

In terms of length, China’s railway system expansion in the past is less impressive than its
expressway expansion. However, China is embarking on an ambitious plan to turn China’s
railway system into a world-class one.

Telecommunications    

Knowing the importance of telecommunication services, China has been paying close attention
to this sector of its economy. The Chinese telecoms network features a large network capacity
and many high speed connections. It covers the entire country with optical cables as the
mainstay, and satellite and digital microwave systems to supplement the system. China is also
emerging as the nation with the world’s largest number of netizens. Broadband has become the
dominant mode of Internet access.

 Rivalry

Since the 1980s public utilities and infrastructure worldwide have undergone rapid development,
with vertically integrated and state-owned public utilities being privatized and industries such as
telecommunications, civil aviation, railways, power generation, and water utilities opened up to
the global market. Since these sectors involve mostly technology- and capital-intensive
industries, multinational corporations play an important role in their development, and
international competition is even more intense than in other industries.

Demand Conditions

Economic growth and restructuring, accelerated urbanization including in “urbanizing” rural

counties near major cities, growing demands for improved infrastructure services and a better
physical environment from both households and enterprises clearly indicate that market demands
and investment requirements for infrastructure services are huge and will continue to expand.
Foreign Direct Investment has played a role in rendering China’s state industrial enterprises
more competitive and effecting the diversification of markets.

Market demands and infrastructure requirements are expected to expand at more than the
projected rate of growth for the total economy growing by 7.2% per year compared to 7.0% for
the total economy through to 2010. By end of 2010, infrastructure investment expenditures could
require over 40% of total investment in fixed assets (TFIA) and 13.4% of GDP.

However, a critical shortcoming in these ‘estimates’ is the lack of regional differentiation in

demand for infrastructure. In a country as large and diverse as China, regional differences are
critical. Recent estimates of infrastructure investment by both the World Bank and ADB for
China have ignored these differences in attempting to establish a link between, for example,’
necessary ‘ investment in infrastructure’ and volume of GDP.

Factor Endowments

No other country spends more and devotes as much resources to infrastructure projects as China.
The Chinese government can generally build whatever project it likes because the government
owns the land, labor is cheap and protests against the system cannot be organized. Spending on
infrastructure has been increasing at rate of around 25 percent a year in recent years. 

The government announced at the beginning of January 2010, that it has earmarked even more
money for new railways for 2011. Over 2009, China invested close to CNY600bn (US$87.8bn)
in railways making tremendous strides towards meeting its goal to increase its network to
120,000km by 2020.

 Non key factors:

Cheap unskilled Labour

China with its population of 1.3 billion people representing 20% of world population has a large
and cheap human capital of unskilled and semi skilled workers. It has a tradition of harnessing
hundreds of thousands, or even millions, of workers to build huge projects. China relies as much
on muscle and sweat as machinery to complete its big jobs. In big cities canals and building
foundations are sometimes dug, not with bulldozers and earth movers, but by hand by men and
women with buckets and poles balanced over their shoulders. 
Land

China covers a huge geographic area of this 9.326 billion sq. km. Government realizes that in
order to keep their economy moving forward, they need an efficient system in place to move
goods and people. Ports are being improved for greater use of China’s waterways, and airports
are being improved across the country. The government has added about 3,000 km of
expressway a year to the existing network.  Among other infrastructure projects -- which now
amount to 15 percent of China's gross domestic product -- are nearly 100 new airports, some
serving isolated cities few outsiders have heard of, and dozens of subways

Natural resources

China builds roads, schools and hospitals in exchange for mining rights. China is locking up
natural resources throughout the world with "partnerships". China is building out infrastructure
in Africa in return for access to those countries' natural resources. China would like to fund the
whole project itself in exchange for natural resources it lacks.

 Key factors

Capital investment

Unlike in the United States where President Obama's large stimulus plan became the subject of
protracted congressional wrangling and was shaped to include tax cuts and aid to states Chinese
leaders followed a simple mandate: Spend and build. in China, it was infrastructure,
infrastructure and more infrastructure. T he Governments fiscal surplus and light debt load gives
it plenty of flexibility to finance big capital projects. China’s insurance companies have been
allowed to finance the country’s infrastructure projects, as the government moved to mobilize
financial support for the huge stimulus package. China has plowed its huge reservoir of domestic
saving about 40% of GDP — into some of the best infrastructure you will see anywhere in
the world. To bring in more capital, China has made efforts to attract foreign financial
involvement, mainly in the form of multilateral and bilateral loans.

Construction equipment and machinery

Large infrastructure and construction projects have turned China into the world’s largest
importer of heavy construction equipment such as earth movers, crawler excavators (long-armed
shovels used in digging) and wheel-loaders (bulldozers that have a bucket in front for heavy
lifting).  All of these projects bring opportunities to U.S. construction equipment, engineering,
and electronics and safety devices companies, especially for projects funded by the World Bank,
Asian Development Bank, OECF, and similar multilateral lending agencies that use transparent
bidding procedures.  The investment for highway construction has increased enormously from
2000 owing to increased government attention
Related supporting industries

Iron and steel industry

China Steel uses about 10 million metric tons of coal and 20 million tons of iron ore a year. The
company aims to get 30 percent of its iron ore and coal needs from mines it has investments in
within five years. The Chinese steel industry has continued to experience double digit annual
rates of growth as it has worked to keep pace with the construction boom. China has grown to
the largest steel market in the world from a relative unknown in short order.

China's steel consumption is up 110% over a six-year period and is still rising, producing over
26% of the world's supply of steel, while consuming 27%. The factor that drives the demand for
coking coal is the mass construction of infrastructure, including but not limited to real estate
development, extended urbanization process, western region development and the 2008 Beijing
Olympic Games. These projects require the use of large amounts of steel, and coking coal is
essential in making coke, which is largely used in the steel making process.

Auto Industry

Massive construction projects all over China are spurring the growth in the heavy duty vehicle
and commercial vehicle market. The trend of urbanization gives China's construction sector a
historic opportunity. The booming construction sector also stimulates the development of
construction materials and construction machinery, resulting in tremendous increase in demand
for transportation, particularly the use of heavy duty vehicles. It is expected that heavy duty
vehicles will maintain a significant market in China. In 2005, China's total heavy duty truck
output was approximately 250,000 units. Industry experts estimate that the market will sustain an
annual growth rate ranging from 10% to 15% until the national output reaches 600,000 units per
year

Power Sector

China's power sector has performed impressively during the past twenty years in support of
economic growth. Faced with the need to expand its power capacity, China is investing heavily
in the construction of new power plants and self-financing capability. While the country still
depends mainly on domestic capital funds to develop its power industry, foreign capital is
increasingly sought to import power equipment and advanced technology.

Cement Industry

China cement output reached more than 500 million tons in the first half of 2008 and over 1.4
billion considering the strong demand from post earthquake reconstruction. Achieved
China's11thFiveYearPlanGoal1yearearlier:70%of NSP cement by 2010.Over 200 technical
innovations for energy saving and emission reduction in cement industry.
Natural gas and oil sector

Natural-gas consumption made up less than 4% of China's primary energy demand, analysts at
Yuanta said. Coal accounted for 68% and crude oil took up 19%. Coal is still the cheapest source
of energy because of its "relative abundance" in China, but the nation has an "insatiable appetite
for oil," with imports having climbed to 17 million-18 million tons a month.

Infrastructure Sector In India

The country’s core sector, comprising six key infrastructure industries, accelerated by 7 per cent
in October 2010 from a year ago, according to the data released by the Union Ministry of
Commerce and Industry. The growth was primarily led by a 16.8 per cent increase in cement
output and a 6.2 per cent rise in production of finished steel. Electricity generation growth
improved to 8.4 per cent in October, the highest growth rate in 14 months.

The Planning Commission has projected that investment in infrastructure would almost double at
US$ 1025 billion in the 12th Plan, compared to US$ 514 billion in the 11th Plan. Of the US$
1,025 billion, 50 per cent is expected to come from private sector, whose investment has been 36
per cent in the 11th Plan.

A committee on infrastructure under Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh will conduct quarterly
review of development of power, road, ports, civil aviation and railways sectors, announced the
Planning Commission of India recently. Further, the cabinet committee on infrastructure (CCI)
will handle specific infrastructure cases that may require necessary policy correction or solving
issues affecting projects.

Firm strategy, structure and rivalry

 Aircraft manufacturing companies, Boeing and Airbus, remain upbeat over India's
aviation growth potential. Aircraft manufacturer Airbus Industries has forecast that India
will require an additional 1,000 aircraft in the next 20 years. HCC Infrastructure, wholly-
owned subsidiary of Hindustan Construction Co Ltd (HCC), is entering the business of
building and operating airports.
 Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group (ADAG)’s flagship company Reliance Infrastructure Ltd
(R-Infra) a road project worth US$ 205.7 million from the National Highways Authority
of India (NHAI).
 Asian Development Bank (ADB) plans to enter the Indian debt market in early 2011 to
raise funds through rupee bonds to finance private sector infrastructure projects.
 Sadbhav Infrastructure Project Ltd (SIPL), a private developer of highways and roads, is
raising US$ 85.7 million from institutional investors Norwest Venture Partners (NVP)
and The Xander Group Inc.
  The Ennore Port Ltd (EPL) has signed a concession agreement with Bay of Bengal
Gateway Terminals Pvt Ltd for the construction and development of the US$ 301.48
million container terminal at Ennore on a build, own and transfer basis.
 Geosyndicate Power Private Ltd, a Mumbai-based energy company, will set up the
country's first geothermal power plant of 25 MW in the Khammam district of Andhra
Pradesh at an investment of US$ 64.83 million.
 IVRCL Infrastructures & Projects Ltd (IVRCL) has bagged a toll road projects on the
Goa-Maharashtra border from the NHAI. The project entails a total investment of US$
659.1 million.

Demand conditions

 The major ports in India handled 271.29 million tonnes (MT) traffic during April-
September 2010-11, as compared to 267.98 MT handled during the same period last year,
registering a growth of 1.23 per cent, according to Indian Ports Association data.
 The domestic airlines registered an 18.3 per cent growth, carrying 41.93 million
passengers during January-October 2010 as against 35.45 million passengers during the
same period last year, led by budget carriers Spicejet, Go Air and IndiGo, as per the data
released by the Ministry of Civil Aviation.
 Indian Railways earned US$ 11.70 billion during April-October 2010 registering an
increase of more than 7 per cent over the same period last year. The total goods earnings
have gone up from US$ 7.3 billion during the same period last year to US$ 7.78 billion
this year, showing an increase of 6.70 per cent.
 Notably, truck sales, a key indicator of goods movement, registered a growth of 43.6 per
cent at 29,420 units during September 2010, as per the data released by the Indian
Foundation for Transport Research and Training (IFTRT).

Related supporting industries

Steel and Coal Industry

 Steel production in India expected to grow at 8%

 Domestic coal remains the cheapest option available
 Imports from Mozambique which has both coking and non coking coal to pick up in 5-7
years which may substitute Indonesia as the low cost supplier

Cement

 116 MTPA of installed cement capacity has been added in the past 3 years with around
65 MTPA to be added over the next two years
 With increase in operating rates cement prices are expected to recover by 2011-12
Oil

 Higher demand from OPEC as incremental supply will not satisfy demand and supply
from countries like Russian Federation, Mexico, Norway etc is slated to fall
 Higher crude oil and product stocks indicate supply overhang

Natural gas

 Domestic CAGR of natural gas production will grow at a rate of 8.7% supplied by RIL,
ONGC, GSPC.
 Power generation from gas slated to remain competitive compared to liquid fuels
 Incremental addition in capacity to the tune of 9000MW in the natural gas sector over the
next 5 years

Power

 19316 MW and 27217 MW were added as part of 9th and 10th 5-year plans
 In the 11th plan the Government estimates addition of 62000 MW. Already 22300 MW
has been added
 Supply is expected to grow at a rate of 10% CAGR
 Investments to the tune of 2 trillion to be made in transmission
 17 states already unbundled under the Electricity Act, 2003
 power exchanges have been setup to facilitate trading of power
 With deficit expected to reduce to 4-5% the merchant power prices expected to decline
by Rs 3.5-4 per unit.Private sector announcing over 200 GW of capacities over the next
8-10 years.
 Private entry via Franchisee and JVs in the Distribution and Transmission sectors
respectively.
 Land availability, fuel supply, financial closure and environmental clearance remain key
concerns

Factor conditions

 The infrastructure sector seems to have emerged as a favourite for the private equity (PE)
in 2010. According to Venture Intelligence data, till June 2, 2010, there have been 19
deals in this sector at an approximate investment of US$ 1.1 billion, as compared to 14
deals with an investment of US$ 257.5 million during the same period last year.
 According to the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP), the foreign
direct investment (FDI) inflow into ports has been US$ 1.63 billion from April 2000 to
September 2010.
  According to DIPP, the FDI inflow into air transport (including air freight) has been US$
330.72 million from April 2000 to September 2010.
 According to DIPP, the FDI inflow into railways related components has been US$
109.93 million from April 2000 to September 2010.
 An in-principal approval for converting 10,000 km of state roads to national highways
has been given by the Empowered Group of Ministers (EGoM). It is estimated that
around US$ 3.3 billion would be required over the next five years to undertake this
project.

Government

The Union Cabinet has given the approval to the Shipping Ministry for declaring Andaman and
Nicobar ports as major port, stated Union Minister of Shipping, Mr G K Vasan. The Cabinet
Committee on Infrastructure (CCI) has approved a proposal to develop the fourth container
terminal at the Jawaharlal Nehru Port (JNPT), the country's busiest port, at an estimated cost of
US$ 1.44 billion. The government also cleared a proposal to build standalone container handling
facility at Mumbai port at a cost of US$ 129.6 million. The project would be implemented within
two years from the date of the award of the project.

Mr Praful Patel, Minister of State for Civil Aviation, stated that the country will become the top-
five civil aviation markets in the world in the next five years. India is the ninth largest civil
aviation market in the world at present. The Airports Authority of India (AAI), the agency
responsible for civil aviation infrastructure, is likely to spend over US$ 1.01 billion on the
modernisation of non-metro airports in the current year.

The Cabinet Committee on Infrastructure (CCI) on October 5, 2010 has approved the
implementation of the sub-project for the development of four laning of the 84Km. long Panvel-
Indapur Section of NH-17 in Maharashtra under NHDP Phase III in BOT (Toll) mode of
delivery on Design, Build, Finance, Operate & Transfer (DBFOT) basis. The total project cost is
estimated at US$ 212.4 million.

The infrastructure finance companies (IFC) are being included in the category of non-banking
finance company (NBFC) by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). The IFCs would require a capital
adequacy ratio of 15 per cent and the similar criteria of NBFCs would be applied to IFCs as well.
Further, RBI stated that at least 75 per cent of the assets of these institutions should be used in
infrastructure and their net owned funds should be US$ 64.6 million or more.

While presenting the Union Budget this year, the Finance Minister has announced the allocation
of US$ 37.7 billion, around 46 per cent of the total plan outlay of US$ 81 billion for 2010-11 to
infrastructure sectors. In the last fiscal, this proportion was about 30 per cent.

The Government of India has envisaged capacity addition of 100,000 MW by 2012 to meet its
mission of power to all. Recently, a ministerial group discussing large power plants with a
capacity to generate 4,000 MW of power has approved, in principle, a proviso requiring such
plants that will be awarded in the future to use local power generation equipment. The move is
expected to provide a fillip to domestic manufacturing. The decision on so-called ultra mega
power plants, or UMPPs, will also benefit domestic power generation equipment manufacturers
such as state-owned Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd (Bhel) and Larsen and Toubro Ltd (L&T),
which has a joint venture with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd (MHI) of Japan. At least three
joint ventures, between Toshiba Corp. of Japan and JSW Group; Ansaldo Caldaie SpA of Italy
and GB Engineering Enterprises Pvt. Ltd; and Alstom SA of France and Bharat Forge Ltd are
looking to start manufacturing power equipment in India. Further, the government is also
implementing the National Solar Mission, aimed at setting up 20,000 MW of solar power
capacity by 2020. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has approved a financial assistance for
US$ 200 million under the Assam Power Sector Enhancement Investment Programme. The
project has some innovative features like franchisee-based distribution, off-grid electrification
with renewable energy, reduction in CHG emissions through efficiency gains.

CONCLUSION
On completing the analysis it was observed that the null hypothesis holds true for infrastructure
sector in China and India. China has plowed its huge reservoir of domestic saving —about 40%
of GDP — into some of the best infrastructure you will see anywhere in the world. And it has
been brilliant in attracting massive inflows of foreign direct investment as the means to acquire
technology, managerial expertise, and factories on a scale and with scope that is hard to believe.
India has a 24% national saving rate invested in Infrastructure and huge inflows in form of FDI
and FII support the industry. Natural resources and also related industries boost its growth.

Null hypothesis (Ho): The Infrastructure industry meets the requirements of Porter's Global
competitiveness theory (diamond model).

REFERENCES
http://seekingalpha.com/article/172990-china-s-infrastructure-for-resources-policy

http://www.reportlinker.com/p0180613/China-Infrastructure-Report-Q2.html

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/06/17/AR2010061705794.html

http://factsanddetails.com/china.php?itemid=326&catid=13&subcatid=84

http://www.buyusa.gov/china/en/transportation.html

http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/novdec99/OvObChina.htm

http://infra.snetglobalindexes.com/industry.php

http://www.europac.net/