Optics Communications 255 (2005) 175–183

www.elsevier.com/locate/optcom

Measurements of birefringence and its sensitivity to

hydrostatic pressure and elongation in photonic
bandgap hollow core fiber with residual core ellipticity
Gabriela Statkiewicz *, Tadeusz Martynkien, Wacław Urbańczyk
Institute of Physics, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland

Received 24 March 2005; received in revised form 7 June 2005; accepted 8 June 2005

Abstract

We investigated polarization properties of the photonic bandgap hollow core fiber operating in the first communi-
cation window. Using specially developed interferometric method, we measured dependence of phase and group modal
birefringence upon wavelength in a wide spectral range. Our results show that the phase birefringence (Dn) is of the
order of 10
5, depends parabolic like upon wavelength, and reaches minimum value in the vicinity of the bandgap cen-
ter. The group modal birefringence (DN) decreases monotonically vs. wavelength from positive to negative value and
crosses zero near the bandgap center. Due to high chromatic dispersion of the phase modal birefringence, the absolute
value of DN is one order of magnitude higher than Dn at the bandgap boundaries. We also determined the susceptibility
of the phase and the group modal birefringence to strain and hydrostatic pressure in the whole analyzed spectral range.

2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Photonic bandgap fiber; Birefringence; Sensitivity to hydrostatic pressure and strain

1. Introduction started to attract much attention due to possibility

After light guidance has been demonstrated in
the photonic bandgap hollow core (PBG-HC) fiber
for the first time in [1,2], this new class of fibers
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +48 71 3204117; fax: +48 71
328696.
E-mail addresses: gabriela.statkiewicz@pwr.wroc.pl (G.
Statkiewicz), waclaw.urbanczyk@pwr.wroc.pl (W. Urbańczyk).
of unusual applications such as transmission of
high power beams [3,4], delivering of atoms and
particles [5], and sensing [6,7]. Due to complex loss
mechanism, it was especially difficult to develop
the PBG-HC fibers with low attenuation. Number
of theoretical works analyzing influence of
geometrical parameters on attenuation resulted in
significant improvement in construction of these
new fibers. Recently, the PBG-HC fibers with

0030-4018/$ - see front matter
2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2005.06.014
176 G. Statkiewicz et al. / Optics Communications 255 (2005) 175–183

attenuation as low as 1.72 dB/km [8] and 1.2 dB/ bandgap center. The change of sing of DN was
km [9] have been manufactured and characterized. independently confirmed by a special experiment.
Unusual loss mechanism, having resonant charac- Such behavior of DN is quite different than that re-
ter and arising only in the PBG-HC fibers, is ported in [20] for the PBG-HC fiber operating at
caused by the effect of coupling between the air- 1.55 lm. According to the results presented in
core modes and the surface modes supported by [20], DN is positive in the whole spectral range, de-
the core–cladding interface [4,8,10–13]. The cou- pends parabolic like upon wavelength, and only
pling effect has also an impact on the dispersion approaches zero value near the bandgap center.
characteristic of the air-core modes [8,12,14,15]. In this paper, we also report on measurements
To assure low losses in the PBG-HC fibers, except of the susceptibility of Dn and DN to strain and
efforts towards optimization of geometrical hydrostatic pressure in a wide spectral range. To
parameters such as number of holes in the clad- our knowledge this is the first experimental study
ding, pitch distance, core diameter, and fill factor of the influence of mechanical deformations on
[4,9,14], it was extremely important to eliminate residual birefringence in PBG-HC fibers.
the coupling between the surface modes and the
air-core modes, which was finally achieved by
introducing sharp endings in the core–cladding 2. Measurement of phase and group modal
interface [11,13]. birefringence
In the theoretical work [16] published in 2002, it
was demonstrated for the first time that in PBG- The investigated PBG HC was manufactured
HC fibers a very high birefringence reaching 10
3 by Blaze Photonics Ltd., type HC-800-02. SEM
can be induced by creating the core of elliptical image of this fiber (Fig. 1) shows that the hollow
shape. The first highly birefringent PBG-HC fiber
was manufactured and experimentally character-
ized in 2004 [17]. There are also published reports
[15,18–20] demonstrating that birefringence can
arise in nominally single-mode PBG-HC fibers
due to residual ellipticity of the core. In very recent
work [20], 50 m long sample of the PBG-HC fiber
operating at 1.55 lm was experimentally investi-
gated, including spectral measurements of phase
and group modal birefringence, spectral measure-
ments of polarization dependent losses, and exper-
imental demonstration of the coupling between
polarization modes.
In this paper, we present the results of investiga-
tions of the short sample (1–5 m) of PBG-HC fiber
operating in the first communication window.
Using specially developed interferometric method,
we measured spectral dependence of the phase and
the group modal birefringence within guidance
band. Our results show that the phase birefrin-
gence (Dn) in the investigated fiber is of the order
of 10
5, depends parabolically upon wavelength,
Fig. 1. SEM image of the photonic bandgap fiber from Blaze
and reaches minimum value in the vicinity of the
Photonics Ltd. operating in the first communication window;
bandgap center. The group modal birefringence x- and y-coordinate axis coincide, respectively, with shorter and
(DN) decreases monotonically vs. wavelength from longer axis of the elliptical core, ax = 8.4 lm, ay = 9.4 lm,
positive to negative value and crosses zero near the ellipticity ax/ay = 0.89, and pitch distance K = 2.04 lm.
 G. Statkiewicz et al. / Optics Communications 255 (2005) 175–183
core composed of seven elementary cells is sur-
rounded by eight rings of holes with the pitch dis-
tance K = 2.04 lm, which assures bandgap
guidance in the first communication window.
Most probably, due to technological artifacts,
the holes adjacent to the hollow core are different
in shapes and dimensions giving rise to residual
ellipticity of the core. It causes that the funda-
mental mode splits into two orthogonally polar-
ized modes propagating with different phase and
group velocities, and polarized in parallel to the
symmetry axes of the core. As it is shown in
Fig. 1, shorter (ax = 8.4 lm) and longer (ay =
9.4 lm) axis of the elliptical core overlap, respec-
tively, with x- and y-coordinate axis. The core
ellipticity determined from the SEM image is
ax/ay = 0.89.
Before starting measurements of the birefrin-
gence, we checked the investigated PBG-HC fiber
for the effect of coupling between polarization
modes. The sample of the PBG-HC fiber was
placed between rotatable polarizer and analyzer.
Such arrangement allowed us to excite one polari-
zation mode at the fiber input and to estimate its
extinction ratio by rotating the analyzer at the fi-
ber output. In 5 m long sample, the extinction
parameter determined in this way was of the order
of 1:50, which shows that the coupling between
polarization modes is relatively low. This observa-
tion proves indirectly that the geometry of the
investigated fiber is stable along its length. It is
not always the case, because as already reported
in [20], significant coupling between polarization
modes can be observed in long samples of the
PBG-HC fibers.
Using interferometric method, we first mea-
sured the spectral dependence of the phase Dn(k)
and the group DN(k) modal birefringence. These
are the most important parameters characterizing
every birefringent fiber and are defined in the fol-
lowing way:
k 45˚
Dn ¼ ðb
by Þ
2p x
and
dDn
DN ¼ Dn
k ; ð2Þ
dk
177
where bx and by are propagation constants for the
mode of respective polarization.
A schema of the measurement system is shown
in Fig. 2. As a light source we used superlumines-
cent diode (SLD) with a broadband spectrum
(800–860 nm), which overlaps with the photonic
bandgap of the investigated fiber. Polarizer and
analyzer placed at the ends of the tested fiber were
aligned at 45 to its polarization axes. Such align-
ment causes that two polarization modes are ex-
cited at the beginning of the tested fiber and they
interfere at its output after passing through the
analyzer. To register the distribution of the output
intensity, we used an optical spectrum analyzer
(OSA) or equivalently diffraction grating and
CCD camera (Fig. 2). An advantage of the latter
system is that it enables for direct observation of
the output beam thus allowing for easy control
whether the fundamental mode has been purely ex-
cited in the investigated fiber. Due to interference
between polarization modes, the outgoing spec-
trum is modulated by interference fringes. There-
fore, the output intensity can be represented by
the following relation:
IðkÞ ¼ I 0 ðkÞ½1 þ cosðDuðkÞÞ; ð3Þ
where I0(k) is the spectral intensity distribution of
the light source. The phase shift Du(k) between
x- and y-polarized modes can be expressed as
a P A
leading-in investigated leading-out
fiber holey fiber fiber
SLD OSA
45˚ 45˚
b
CCD
P DL A y
L monitor
θ
SLD x
45˚ diffraction
ð1Þ
investigated fiber grating
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the system for measurement of
phase and group modal birefringence using optical spectrum
analyzer (OSA) (a) and equivalent system with diffraction
grating and CCD camera (b).
178 G. Statkiewicz et al. / Optics Communications 255 (2005) 175–183
2pDnðkÞL
DuðkÞ ¼ ; ð4Þ
k three spectrograms registered by the CCD camera.
where Dn(k) is the phase modal birefringence and
L is the length of the investigated fiber. After
differentiation of the above relation and perform-
ing rather straightforward calculations, we can
easily get an expression for the group modal
birefringence
k2 dD/
DN ¼
. ð5Þ
2pL dk
In Fig. 3(a), we show the spectrogram registered
by OSA at the output of 1.992 m long fiber. We
can easily recognize from this plot that the
function Du(k) reaches extreme value at k =
0.846 lm. To independently confirm this fact, we
performed an additional test using a delay plate
Fig. 3. Output spectrogram registered by OSA (a) and distri-
butions of spectral intensity registered by CCD camera for
combination the investigated fiber and the quartz delay plate
(b).
made of crystalline quartz. In Fig. 3(b), we show
The first one was obtained for the fiber
(L = 1.0885 m) with no delay line, while two oth-
ers for combination of the investigated fiber and
the delay line aligned, respectively, in additive
and substractive configuration with respect to the
fiber polarization axes. It can be easily noticed that
rotation of the delay line by 90 shifts the zero
point of the overall group delay symmetrically
with respect to k = 0.846 lm. This experiment
proves that the group birefringence DN in the
investigated fiber changes monotonically vs. wave-
length and at k = 0.846 lm crosses zero value. It
means that, according to Eq. (4), the function
Du(k) reaches extreme at k = 0.846 lm.
Due to very small ellipticity of the fiber core, it is
practically impossible to identify its orientation at
the fiber output, and in consequence to experimen-
tally recognize the sign of birefringence. To address
this problem, we performed numerical calculations
of Dn for the investigated structure using fully vec-
torial FEM (220 K triangular elements). The results
of modeling are only with qualitative agreement
with the results of measurements. Nevertheless, in
the coordinate system shown in Fig. 1, the calcu-
lated phase modal birefringence Dn = nx
ny is
positive in the whole spectral range and reaches
minimum at the bandgap center. The existence of
minimum of Dn(k) at k = 0.846 lm was indepen-
dently confirmed by the results of measurement of
the beat length vs. wavelength presented in the
following paragraphs. Basing of these facts, we
conclude that in the coordinate system displayed
in Fig. 1, Dn is positive in the whole spectral
range, while DN is positive for k < 0.846 lm and
negative for k > 0.846 lm. It is worth mentioning
that similar behavior of DN and Dn is reported in
very recent publications [21,22] devoted to theo-
retical analysis of the PBG-HC fibers with high
core ellipticity.
To calculate DN(k) using Eq. (5), we first deter-
mined Du(k) at wavelengths corresponding to suc-
cessive interference maxima and minima, assuming
that interference order for the minima closest to
extreme of Du(k) is equal to 0. Such procedure al-
lows for determining of Du(k) with the precision
up to the constant value. This uncertainty,
 G. Statkiewicz et al. / Optics Communications 255 (2005) 175–183 179

however, has no effect on group modal birefrin-
gence, because DN is proportional to dD//dk.
After approximation of discrete values of Du(k)
with the fifth degree polynomial and differentiation
vs. k, we finally determined DN in accordance to
Eq. (5). The phase shift Du(k) reconstructed from
the spectrogram and the calculated values of
DN(k) are displayed in Fig. 4. Our results shows
that in the investigated PBG-HC fiber with residual
core ellipticity, the group modal birefringence
reaches relatively high values near the bandgap
boundaries, respectively, DN = +5.27 · 10
4 at
k = 0.793 lm and DN =
7.15 · 10
4 at k =
0.864 lm, and is highly dispersive.
To measure the beat length (LB) vs. wavelength,
we used first a well-known lateral force method
a
200
150
∆φ [rad]
[23]. For this purpose, only one polarization mode
was excited at the fiber input and by applying lat-
eral force, we coupled part of energy to initially
unexcited mode in order to observe spectral inter-
ference at the fiber output, Fig. 2(b). In contrast to
[15], we detected very week coupling between
polarization modes, which was also wavelength
dependent. Nevertheless, it was possible to ob-
serve a displacement of interference fringes in the
output spectrogram in response to the displace-
ment of the coupling point. Using this method,
we found that LB  48 mm at 0.81 lm. Further-
more, we noticed that the beat length reaches
maximum value LB  70 mm for k = 0.846 lm.
However, due to weak contrast of interference
fringes in the output spectrogram, this approach
was charged with 20% error and did not allow
for measurement of LB in the whole spectral
range.
Therefore, to determine spectral dependence of
LB more accurately, we used the cut-off method.
Two spectrograms were registered, respectively,
before and after the investigated fiber was short-

ened by DL = 51.5 mm, see Fig. 5(a). Knowing

100 a priori that the cut-off length DL is close to
the beat length, allowed us to determine the abso-
50 lute change in the phase shift reconstructed from
two successive spectrograms D(Du) and finally to
0 calculate the spectral dependence of LB
0.79 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.87 (Fig. 5(b,c)) and Dn according to the following
λ [µm] relations:
2p  DL
b ×10
-4 LB ðkÞ ¼ ð6Þ
DðDuðkÞÞ
4 and

1 DnðkÞ ¼ k=LB ðkÞ. ð7Þ

The phase modal birefringence in the investigated

∆N

-2
PBG-HC fiber is relatively low and shows para-
-5
bolic like dependence upon wavelength with mini-
mum equal to 1.26 · 10
5 at k = 0.846 lm,
Fig. 5(c). High chromatic dispersion of Dn is
-8
responsible for unusual behaviour of the group
0.79 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.87
modal birefringence DN in the investigated fiber,
λ [µm] which is about order of magnitude greater than
Fig. 4. Spectral dependence of reconstructed phase shift Du(k) Dn at the boundaries of the measurement range
(a) and calculated group modal birefringence DN(k) (b). and changes its sign at k = 0.846 lm. To our
180 G. Statkiewicz et al. / Optics Communications 255 (2005) 175–183

a 3. Measurements of sensitivity to hydrostatic

2.4 L1 =1.0885m pressure and elongation
L 2 =1.0370
2 Using the system shown in Fig. 2(a), we also
measured polarimetric sensitivity KX of the investi-
1.6
I [a.u]

gated fiber to hydrostatic pressure and elongation.

1.2 This parameter is defined by the following
expression:
0.8  
1 dðDuÞ 2p dDn Dn dL
KX ¼ ¼ þ ð8Þ
0.4 L dX k dX L dX
0.79 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.87
and represents an increase in the phase shift be-
λ [µ m]
tween polarization modes induced by unit change
b 70
of measurand X acting on unit fiber length. To
determine KX, we registered a sequence of spectro-
grams for increasing X with the step small enough
60 to assure unambiguity in calculating the measu-
rand induced phase shifts D(Du(X)) .
L b [mm]

50 To measure the polarimetric sensitivity to pres-

sure, part of the tested fiber of length Lp = 0.488 m
was installed in a specially designed chamber and
40
subjected to pressure changes in the range from 0
to 14 MPa, with the step of 2 MPa. After the total
30 increase in the phase shift D(Du(p)) induced by
0.79 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.87 pressure p = 14 MPa was determined from regis-
λ [µm] tered series of spectrograms, we calculated the
polarimetric sensitivity to pressure Kp directly
c -5
×10 from Eq. (8), see Fig. 6(a). Finally, neglecting in
Eq. (8) the second term representing pressure-
2.4 induced fiber elongation, we determined the
susceptibility of the phase modal birefringence to
pressure according to the following expression:
2
dDn K p  k
∆n

¼ . ð9Þ
dp 2p
1.6
After approximation of dDn/dp with the sixth de-
gree polynomial and carrying out differentiation
1.2 of dDn/dp with respect to k, the susceptibility of
0.79 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.87 group modal birefringence to hydrostatic pressure
λ [µ m] dDN/dp was also calculated using the following
relation:
Fig. 5. Output spectrograms registered before and after short-
ening the fiber (a). Calculated spectral dependence of beat dDN dDn d2 Dn
length (b) and phase modal birefringence (c). ¼
k . ð10Þ
dp dp dkdp
The parameters Kp, dDn/dp, and dDN/dp are pre-
knowledge this is the first experimental report sented in Fig. 6(a)–(c). One should note that the
demonstrating this type of behavior of DN in the function Kp(k) is negative in the whole spectral
PBG-HC fiber with residual core ellipticity. range, has parabolic like shape, and reaches
 G. Statkiewicz et al. / Optics Communications 255 (2005) 175–183 181

a towards lower gradients. The Dup(k) registered

for the fiber subjected to pressure is constantly
-2 lower than Dup = 0(k). This indicates that applied
pressure diminishes the phase modal birefringence
Kp [rad/m×MPa]

-5 in the investigated fiber, which may be caused by

pressure-induced decrease of the core ellipticity.
To measure the sensitivity to strain, the fiber of
-8 length Le = 0.833 m was attached with epoxy glue
to two mechanical stages and stretched up to 1.5
mstrain. The measurements were repeated several
-11
times for increasing and decreasing strain with
0.79 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.87
no hysteresis observed. The parameter Ke was cal-
λ[ µm]
culated from the formula similar to Eq. (8), while
b -7 dDn/de was determined according to the following
×10
0 relation:

-3 dDn K e  k
¼
Dn. ð11Þ
de 2p
d ∆ n/dp [1/MPa]

-6
The difference between the above equation and Eq.
-9 (9) is related to the fact that the term representing
fiber elongation canÕt be disregarded in measure-
-12 ments of strain sensitivity. After approximating
of dDn/de with the fifth degree polynomial and
-15 carrying out differentiation with respect to k, we
0.79 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.87 determined also the susceptibility of the group
λ[ µm] modal birefringence to strain dDN/de using rela-
c -5
tion similar to Eq. (10). The calculated parameters
×10 Ke, dDn/de, and dDN/de are presented in Fig. 7(a)–
14
(c). Spectral dependence of Ke is intuitively well
understood. The change in the phase shift induced
10 by strain D(Du(e)) is equal to the difference be-
tween the phase shifts for elongated Due(k) and
d∆N/dp [1/MPa]

6 non-elongated fiber Due = 0(k). Axial elongation

causes diminishing of transversal dimensions of
the investigated fiber and according to the scaling
2
law shifts the bandgap towards shorter wave-
lengths. As a result, the functions Due(k) and
-2 Due = 0(k) are almost identical in shape, however,
0.79 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.87 Due(k) is shifted with respect to Due = 0(k) towards
λ[ µm]
shorter wavelengths. According to this model, the
Fig. 6. Polarimetric sensitivity to hydrostatic pressure (a) and polarimetric response to strain should be propor-
susceptibility of phase (b) and group (c) modal birefringence to tional to derivative of dDue = 0(k)/dk, which as a
pressure vs. wavelength. matter of fact is in good agreement with our results
of measurements. The polarimetric sensitivity to
maximum value equal to
0.39 rad/MPa · m at strain Ke is negative for shorter wavelengths,
k = 0.846 lm. Such behavior of Kp reflects the fact crosses zero at k = 0.846 lm, and becomes positive
that applied pressure scales the phase shift Du(k) for longer wavelengths, which reflects well the
182 G. Statkiewicz et al. / Optics Communications 255 (2005) 175–183

a
4.67 · 10
2 1/strain at the long wavelength

boundary of the bandgap, due to high dispersion
3 of dDn/de in this spectral range.
K [rad/m×mstrain]

1.5

4. Conclusion
0
ε

We investigated experimentally the polariza-

tion properties of the PBG-HC fiber operating
-1.5
in the first communication window. Our results
0.79 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.87
show that the phase modal birefringence (Dn)
λ [µm]
in this fiber depends parabolic like upon wave-
length and reaches minimum near the bandgap
b -4
×10 center. In consequence, the group modal bire-
fringence (DN) decreases monotonically vs. wave-
4 length from positive to negative value and
changes its sign at k = 0.846 lm, which was
d ∆n/d ε [1/strain]

independently confirmed by special experiment.

2 Such behavior of DN is quite different than that
reported in [20] for the birefringent PBG-HC fi-
0 ber operating at 1.55 lm. According to [20], DN
is positive in the whole spectral range and only
approaches zero value near the bandgap center.
-2 One should note, however, that the results of
0.79 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.87 measurements of the phase and the group delay
λ [µm] presented in Fig. 9 [20], do not fulfill the disper-
sion relation (2). The phase modal birefringence
c -2
displayed in Fig. 9 [20], rapidly increases vs.
×10
0.5 wavelength, which is in agreement with our
results. Such behavior of Dn causes that the dis-
-1 persion term k dDn/dk in Eq. (2) becomes higher
d ∆N/d ε [1/strain]

than Dn that results in negative sign of DN.

However, according to the measurement results
-2.5
presented in Fig. 9 [20], DN is positive in the
whole spectral range. Therefore, we guess that
-4 Fig. 9 in [20] displays spectral dependence of
the absolute value of DN. Such hypothesis would
-5.5 explain discrepancy between the results of mea-
0.79 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.87 surement of DN presented in this publication
λ [µm] and in [20].
We also measured the susceptibilities of Dn
Fig. 7. Polarimetric sensitivity to strain (a) and susceptibility of
phase (b) and group (c) modal birefringence to strain vs.
and DN to strain and hydrostatic pressure and
wavelength. intuitively explain their spectral characteristics.
To our knowledge this is the first experimental
behavior of dDue = 0(k)/dk. It is interesting that study of the influence of mechanical deforma-
dDN/de oscillates near zero value for shorter tions on residual birefringence in PBG-HC
wavelengths and rapidly decreases reaching fibers.
 G. Statkiewicz et al. / Optics Communications 255 (2005) 175–183
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Polish Com-
mittee for Scientific Research under Grant No. 4
T10C 035 24, European Network of Excellence
for Micro-Optics NEMO, and COST Action P11.
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