lkfRod lgk; fclkfj;k

f'k{k.k lgk;d
, ds ,l fo'ofo|ky;]
lruk ¼e/; çns'k½

ladYi çdk'ku 2/90 ,evkbZth] vkokl fodkl d‚yksuh] ;kstuk-3,

>walh] ç;kxjkt & 210 2110
,
 ISBN 841-87-1474-351

% ladYi çdk'ku
2/90 ,evkbZth] vkokl fodkl d‚yksuh]
;kstuk-3, >walh] ç;kxjkt & 210 2110
2020

150 /-

-
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 Hkkjr vkfndky ls —f"k ç/kku ns'k jgk gS rFkk Hkfo"; esa Hkh jgsxk ;gka dh ,d
frgkbZ tula[;k çR;{k vFkok vçR;{k :i ls —f"k ij fuHkZj gSA ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk dh
HkhM+ —f"k dks dguk dksbZ vfr'k;ksfä ugha gksxh A Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy ns'k dks fodflr
jk"Vª cukus ds fy, fVdkÅ —f"k ds lkFk&lkFk blesa vR;k/kqfud ç;ksx ds mi;ksx dks
çksRlkfgr djuk gksxkA ;g dk;Z rHkh laHko gS tc eqfær ,oa bysDVª‚fud lapkj ek/;eksa
rFkk cgqek/;eksa ds tfj, çkS|ksfxdh gLrkarj.k gksA
çkS|ksfxdh gLrkarj.k dh lkFkZdrk rHkh gS tc og cgqla[;d y?kq ,oa lhekar —"kdksa
rd ljyrk ljyre 'kSyh esa igqap ldsaA bl dk;Z esa Hkkjrh; —f"k vuqla/kku ifj"kn] jkT;
—f"k fo'ofo|ky;] jkT; fo'ofo|ky; rFkk futh fo'ofo|ky; rFkk dsaæh; fo'ofo|ky;
}kjk Hkh vuqdj.kh; igy dh tk jgh gSA vHkh rd ns'k ds fofHkUu jkT;ksa ls lapkfyr
i=dkfjrk fo'ofo|ky; esa —f"k i=dkfjrk dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, mruh igy ugha dh xbZ
gS ftruh dh vko';drk gSA eSust gSnjkckn Fkk xksfoan cYyHk iar —f"k fo'ofo|ky; esa
vkaf'kd :i ls bl fn'kk esa 'kq#vkr dh gSA vU; i=dkfjrk laLFkkuksa esa rks foKku
i=dkfjrk o xzkeh.k i=dkfjrk ds uke ls FkksM+k cgqr dqN va'k ikBîØe esa 'kkfey fd,
x, gSaA —f"k ls lacaf/kr fo"k;ksa ds çfr i;kZIr tkx:drk ds vHkko esa dk;Z djus okys ;k
rks blds egRo dks ugha le>rs ;k fQj —f"k {ks= esa dke djus ls drjkrs gSaA —f"k
i=dkfjrk tSls egRoiw.kZ fo"k; ij iqLrd fy[kus ds ihNs ys[kd dk mís'; gS fd
i=dkfjrk ds Nk=ksa ,oa ehfM;k dfeZ;ksa esa blds çfr #fp cM+s rFkk —f"k {ks= ds Toyar
fcUnqvks dks mBkdj ikBdksa ls :c: djk,a rkfd fdlkuksa dh ewyHkwr leL;k,a nwj gks
vkSj ns'k esa jkstxkjewyd ] fu;ZrqUeq[kh —f"k dks c<+kok fey ldsA
bl iqLrd ds tfj, —f"k {ks= ls lacaf/kr mUur çkS|ksfxdh ds fcanqvksa dks crkus dk ç;kl
fd;k x;k gSA blds varxZr —f"k ds fofHkUu ?kVdksa dk o.kZu Hkh ljy Hkk"kk esa djus dk
ç;kl fd;k x;k gSA vkerkSj ij yksx —f"k çlkj dks i=dkfjrk ls tksM+dj ns[krs gSa
ysfdu —f"k çlkj esa tu ek/;eksa dh Hkwfedk tqM+ tkus ls —f"k i=dkfjrk dks ubZ fn'kk
feyrh gSA ,d ckr xkSj djus yk;d gS fd —f"k çlkj i<+us vFkok i<+kus okyk dHkh Hkh
—f"k i=dkj ugha gks ldrk rFkk i=dkfjrk dh le> j[kus okyk O;fä dHkh Hkh —f"k
fo"k; dk tkudkj ugha gks ldrkA bl iqLrd ds ek/;e ls —f"k ds lkFk ,oa tuek/;e
dks ,d lkFk tksM+ dj —f"k i=dkfjrk dk Lo:i çnku fd;k x;k gSA vHkh dqN ys[kdksa
}kjk foKku i=dkfjrk ,oa xzkeh.k i=dkfjrk ij Hkjiwj ys[ku fd;k x;k gS ysfdu fo'kq)
:i ls —f"k i=dkfjrk ds {ks= esa ;g iqLrd vxz.kh Hkwfedk fuHkk,xh ,slh gesa vk'kk gSA
bl iqLrd esa —f"k lgdkfjrk xzkeh.k fodkl tSls fo"k;ksa ij vkys[k Qhpj ,oa laikndh;
fy[kus ds rjhdksa ij foLrkj ls çdk'k Mkyk x;k gS lkFk gh —f"k i=dkfjrk ds uohu
vk;ke blesa çnf'kZr fd, x, gSaA ewy :i ls —f"k ds 'kks/k ,oa vuqokn rFkk mls ljy
Hkk"kk esa fy[kh ys[ku djus dh ckr dks Hkh Li"V :i ls n'kkZ;k x;k gSA —f"k i=dkfjrk
dks çksRlkfgr djus okys laLFkkuksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nhft,Afdl iqLrd esa bysDVª‚fud
ek/;e [kkldj nwjn'kZu lfgr vU; pkSuyksa ds fy, fLØIV ys[ku dh 'kSyh ij Hkh çdk'k
Mkyk x;k gS ns'k ds —f"k fodkl rFkk eqfær ,oa bysDVª‚fud ek/;e esa dk;Zjr yksxksa ,oa
i=dkfjrk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, ;g iqLrd ehy dk iRFkj lkfcr gksxh ,slh gesa mEehn gS
bl iqLrd dks fy[kus dh çsj.kk eq>s vusd foHkwfr;ksa ls feyh A esjh nknh J/ks; LoxhZ;
ljkst fclkfj;k] bl iqLrd ys[ku dh çsj.kk L=ksr gS A buds vykok M‚- fnfXot; flag]
lg çk/;kid] fryd/kkjh flag egkfo|ky;] tkSuiqj ] bath- vuar dqekj lksuh çfr
dqykf/kifr] ,ds,l fo'ofo|ky;] lruk] M‚- lkfgc flag rksej] vf/k"Bkrk] —f"k ladk;]
,ds,l fo'ofo|ky;] lruk o M‚- uhjt oekZ] foHkkx çeq[k] —f"k foHkkx] ,ds,l
fo'ofo|ky;] lruk o esjs fe= o lg;ksxh Jh larks"k dqekj] Jh jktchj flag o Jh
vk'kqrks"k xqIrk dk le;&le; ij le;&le; ij ldkjkRed ekxZn'kZu feyrk jgk A
 Hkkjr ,d —f"k ç/kku ns'k gS ;gka dh 74 çfr'kr tula[;k —f"k ij vk/kkfjr gS]
ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa —f"k dk 20 çfr'kr ;ksxnku gS A pkj n'kd iwoZ Hkkjr
dh x.kuk fiNM+s detksj ,oa de fodflr ns'kksa esa gksrh Fkh ysfdu lkB ds
n'kd esa vkbZ gfjr Økafr us ns'k dks fodkl'khy jk"Vªksa dh drkj esa [kM+k dj
fn;k bl çdkj dk peRdkfjd ifj.kke —f"k ,oa xzkeh.k tuksa esa vkbZ tkx:drk
dh cnkSyr gh laHko gks ldk gS A bl le; nwljh gfjr Økafr ykus dh igy
jk"Vªh; Lrj ij dh tk jgh gS] bl çxfr dk Js; —f"k {ks= esa vkjaHk gqbZ
tulapkj dh Økafr dks gh tkrk gS gfjr Økafr ds QyLo:i Qlyksa ds mRiknu
esa vçR;kf'kr o`f) ntZ dh xbZ vukt ds fy, nwljs ns'kksa ij vkfJr jgus okyk
Hkkjr vkRefuHkZjrk dh vksj vxzlj gks x;k bl lQyrk dk nwljk dM+ok igyw
;g ns[kus esa vk;k fd mRiknu dk cM+k xzkQ vpkud ,d fcanq ij tkdj fLFkj
gks x;k bruk gh ugha Qlyksa esa jlk;uksa ds vlarqfyr ç;ksx ls vc [ksrh ;ksX;
Hkwfe dh moZjk 'kfä lekIr gksrh tk jgh gS] dhV O;kf/k;ksa esa jlk;uksa ds çfr
çfrjks/kd {kerk fodflr gksus yxh gS [kk|kUu esa jlk;uksa dk nq"çHkko ifjyf{kr
gksus yxk gS blds vykok Qlyksa dh ykxr esa o`f) ds lkFk&lkFk mlds
okLrfod mRiknu esa fxjkoV ntZ dh tk jgh gS A dqy feykdj [ksrh dks ?kkVs
dk lkSnk le>dj blesa layXu —f"k tuksa us blls eqag eksM+uk vkjaHk dj fn;k gS
ns'k ds —f"k oSKkfud ,oa uhfr fu/kkZjd vc nwljh gfjr Økafr ykus dh ckr dg
jgs gSa] gkykafd bl ns'k esa 'kq#vkr dj nh xbZ gS dkaVªSDV QkfeaZx vFkkZr Bsdk
[ksrh —f"k e'khujh dj.k tSo çkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx vuqokaf'kd :i ls la'kksf/kr
chtksa dk ç;ksx] —f"k cktkjksa esa daI;wVj çkS|ksfxdh dk bLrseky] tSfod [ksrh dks
çksRlkfgr djuk] [ksrh esa dkjiksjsV gkmlksa dk inkiZ.k tSls ?kVdksa dks nwljh
Økafr dh 'kq#vkr ds :i esa ns[kk tk jgk gS A gfjr Økafr dh lQyrk esa lapkj
1

ek/;eksa dks vge Hkwfedk jgh gS blfy, nwljh gfjr Økafr dks lQy cukus ds
fy, —f"k çlkj ,oa tu ek/;eksa ds ek/;e dks udkjk ugha tk ldrk vkt ds
;qx esa çpkj çlkj ds vk/kqfudre lk/kuksa dh çlafxdrk c<+rh tk jgh gS A
orZeku ifjis{k esa tgka ,d vkSj —f"k fodkl dh ygj py jgh gS rFkk
Qly mRiknu i'kq ikyu —f"k O;olk; vkfn dh fn'kk esa fuR; uohu vuqla/kku
fd, tk jgs gSa] —f"k mRiknu esa ns'kh 'kadj ladqy rFkk th,e Qlyksa dh
mRiknu dh mUur çkS|ksfxdh dk fodkl dj fVdkÅ [ksrh dh vo/kkj.kk dks ewrZ
:i çnku djus dk ç;kl fd;k tk jgk gS ogha nwljh vksj leqfpr rduhdh
gLrkarj.k ds vHkko esa —f"k mRiknu esa fLFkjrk vk xbZ gS —f"k dks ?kkVs dk lkSnk
le>dj —f"k dk;Z esa layXu ;qok 'kgjksa dh vksj etnwjh djus ds fy, iyk;u
dj jgs gSa [ksrksa dk vkdkj tula[;k dh o`f) ds pyrs NksVk gksrk tk jgk gS]
ftlls mRiknu esa fnu&çfrfnu fxjkoV ntZ dh tk jgh gS Hkkjr dks fodflr
jk"Vª cukus dk ç;kl rHkh lkFkZd gks ldrk gS A tc xzkeh.k {ks= esa uohu
mRiknu rduhd ds çfr tkx:drk vk, blesa tuek/;e çeq[k Hkwfedk fuHkk
ldrs gSa A
Hkkjrh; lekt esa —f"k] —f"k f'k{kk rFkk çlkj dh O;oLFkk esa fuEu dkjd
egRoiw.kZ gksrs gSa&
 mit& Hkwfe] [ksrh djus dh fof/k] Hkwfe vf/kdkj vkfnA
 iwfrZ& iwfrZ ds lk/kuksa] cht] [kkn] dhVuk'kd jlk;u] lgdkfjrk vkfnA
 çlkj f'k{kk& ubZ [kkst] lwpukvksa dks çlkfjr djus dk ek/;e
 lapkyu ¼xousaZl½ fu;e] O;oLFkk] xq.k fu;a=.k
 foi.ku
 [kkst ¼'kks/k½
xzkeh.k fodkl ds fy, vko';d gS dh mi;qä lHkh dk;ksaZ ds çfr mfpr
laKku dk fodkl fd;k tk, ftlls mu dkjdksa esa larqfyr j[krs gq, xzkeh.k
lekt viuk fodkl dj lds] vr% çtkrkaf=d ç.kkyh esa euq"; ds O;ogkjksa
fopkjksa vkSj fØ;kvksa esa ifjorZu ykus ds fy, çlkj ,d f'k{kk ek/;e gS] tks
2
 fdlkuksa ls lacaf/kr oSKkfud Kku dks vf/kd ls vf/kd bdkbZ rd igqapkus esa
lgk;rk nsrk gS A okLro esa çlkn xzkeh.k yksxksa dks laL—fr ds lkFk & lkFk
oSKkfud rFkk ubZ fØ;kvksa dks 'kkfey djrs gq, ftl LFkkuh; okrkoj.k esa og
jgs gSa] dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, dk;Z fodflr djus dh f'k{kk gS A
vfHkO;fä ds çeq[k lk/ku tuek/;e gksrs gSa] tuek/;e ekuo ds varj
Hkko dks çdkf'kr djus okys ,sls lw;Z ds leku gksrk gS ftlds mUeqä çdk'k esa
ge lq[k ds lPps Lo:i dk n'kZu djrs gSa] bl fojkV czãkaM esa ekuo ,d ,slk
çk.kh gS tks dsoy viuh jksVh] diM+k vkSj edku tSlh 'kkjhfjd vko';drkvksa
dh iwfrZ ls gh iw.kZ :i ls larq"V ugha gks ikrk gS og viuh dqN HkkSfrd
vko';drkvksa ls {kf.kd lq[k dh vuqHkwfr gksrs gh ekufld vko';drk mudh
iwfrZ ds fy, lfØ; gks tkrk gS A euq"; vius dks O;ä djus gsrq ,d nwljs ds
lkFk laokn laca/k tksM+uk pkgrk gS] vk/kqfud tuek/;e vius mís';ksa ds lQyrk
ds fy, eq[; dk lapkj ij fuHkZj jgrs gSa A
vkt gekjs pkjksa vksj Kku foKku dh tks çxfr vkSj çkfof/kdh ds ftrus
midj.k ,oa lalk/ku fn[kkbZ ns jgs gSaA vfHkO;fä dh lQyrk ds fy, fd, x,
ç;klksa ds QyLo:i gh vkt ge vusd çdkj ds lapkj ;a=ksa dh lgk;rk ls
fofHkUu {ks=ksa ds ekiu esa lQy gks ldrs gSaA euq"; dh vkfFkZd lkekftd]
jktuhfrd] /kkfeZd vFkok lkaL—frd thou ij tulapkj dk O;kid çHkko iM+rk
gSA ;fn ;g dgk tk, fd euq"; ds lkekU; Kku dk vf/kdka'k Hkkx tuek/;e
dh nsu gS rks vfr'k;ksfä ugha gksxh ns'k ds —f"k ,oa xzkeh.k {ks= ds ;qok oxZ ij
Hkh yksdfç; tu ek/;eksa dk Li"V çHkko iM+rk ns[kk tk jgk gS xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa
QS'ku dks çpkfjr djus esa tu ek/;eksa [kkldj jsfM;ks ,oa Vsyhfotu dk gh
;ksxnku gSA dqN tu ek/;eksa dk xzkeh.k lekt ij çR;{k rFkk dqN dk vçR;{k
çHkko iM+rk gSA
Hkkjr lfgr fo'o ds vYi fodflr] fodkl'khy ,oa fodflr ns'kksa esa
lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd fodkl dh lQyrk ds fy, —f"k çlkj ,oa tu
3

ek/;eksa ds fodkl ij tksj fn;k tk jgk gSA varjjk"Vªh; Lrj ij ;wusLdks dh

vksj ls Hkh lHkh tu ek/;eksa dks xzkeh.k eq[kh cukus ,oa —f"k i=dkfjrk dks
çksRlkfgr djus laca/kh ;kstukc) ç;kl fd, tk jgs gSaA —f"k ç/kku ns'k gksus ds
ukrs Hkkjr esa Hkh bl fn'kk esa ldkjkRed ç;kl fd, tk jgs gSa] vHkh rd —f"k
çlkj ,oa tu ek/;eksa dh tqxycanh lacaf/kr vko';d xkao leL;k vkSj dfe;ksa
ds laca/k esa tks fopkj O;ä fd, x, gSa muls Li"V gksrk gS fd vc rd ns'k esa
bl fn'kk esa i;kZIr çxfr ugha gks ikbZ gSA lapkj fo'ks"kKksa vkSj i=dkjksa us Hkh
Hkkjrh; vko';drk ds vuq:i xzkeh.k i=dkfjrk ,oa lapkj dh dksbZ lS)kafrd
vkSj O;ogkfjd :ijs[kk çLrqr ugha dh gSA
foxr rhu n'kdksa ds nkSjku Hkkjr ds —f"k {ks= esa ftruk vuqla/kku fd;k
x;k gS mldk 5 çfr'kr O;ogkfjd Kku Hkh t:jrean fdlkuksa rd ugha igqapk
ikrk gSA tcfd vuqla/kku ifj;kstukvksa ij çfr o"kZ yk[kksa #i, O;; fd, tkrs
gSaA vkt [ksfrgj vkSj foKku nksuksa ;k rks vyx&vyx fn'kkvksa esa py jgs gSa
vFkok ,d gh fn'kk esa lkFk lkFk pyrs gq, Hkh vlarqyu dh fLFkfr esa gSA bldk
lcls çeq[k dkj.k nksuksa ds chp lapkj dh deh ekuh tkrh gSA [ksfrgj vkSj
oSKkfud ds chp fnuksa fnu c<+ jgs bl varj dks —f"k çlkj ,oa tuek/;e ds
csgrj midj.kksa dk ç;ksx djds gh lekIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vuqla/kku ç{ks=ks
vFkok ç;ksx'kkykvksa ls [ksrksa ds chp mRiUu gqbZ bl varj dks dsoy blh fo|k
dk mfpr bLrseky dj de fd;k tk ldrk gSA —f"k çlkj dk;ZdrkZvksa ,oa tu
ek/;eksa esa layXu dehZ viuh fo|k ds ek/;e ls —"kdks vkSj —f"k oSKkfudksa ds
e/; f}i{kh lapkj dk dk;Z dj jgs gSa tu ek/;eksa ls tgka ,d vksj —f"k
oSKkfudksa ,oa fdlkuksa ds chp leUo; LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gS] ogha —f"k
çlkj dh rduhd ls —f"k dh vko';drk ,oa leL;kvksa dh tkudkjh çkIr dh
tk ldrh gS rFkk fdlku ewyHkwr vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djus ls futkr ik
ldrs gSaA —f"k vuqla/kku dh lcls cM+h leL;k vFkok detksjh ekuh tkrh gS
;g lHkh dks Kkr gS dh QhMcSd mlh n'kk esa ifj.kke ewyd gks ldrk gSA tc
mlds fy, dksbZ mi;qä tuek/;e gks tuek/;e Hkh rHkh çHkkodkjh gks ldrk gS
4
 tc mls —f"k i=dkfjrk esa :fp ysus okys okLrfod i=dkjksa ,oa —f"k çlkj
dk;ZdrkZvksa dk lg;ksx çkIr gksA
pkj n'kd iwoZ tu ek/;eksa dk lefUor ç;ksx ux.; FkkA ;fn bl {ks=
dks i;kZIr çksRlkgu fn;k x;k gksrk rks —f"k foKku vkt misf{kr ugha gksrk o"kZ
1975 rd cM+s vaxzsth ,oa fganh tu ek/;eksa [kkldj lekpkj i=ksa }kjk [ksfrgj
etnwjksa dh n'kk vkSj fn'kk dh vksj i;kZIr /;ku ugha fn;k x;k vktdy Hkh
lapkj ek/;eksa esa ;g tkudkjh nh tkrh gS fd fdlkuksa ds mRFkku gsrq foÙkh;
laLFkkvksa }kjk /kujkf'k eqgS;k djkbZ tkrh gS fdarq ;g crkus dk dHkh ç;kl ugha
gksrk gS fd bu vkfFkZd lgk;rk dk mi;ksx djus okys fdlkuksa ij D;k çHkko
iM+sxk xzkeh.k csjkstxkjksa dks HkÙkk rFkk jk"Vªh; jkstxkj ;kstuk ,oa vuqnku
;kstukvksa ds tfj, Hkh lgk;rk miyC/k djkus cM+s&cM+s foKkiu lapkj ek/;e esa
ns[kus dks feyrs gSa] ysfdu mudk fdruk nq#i;ksx vkSj lnqi;ksx gks jgk gS
bldk Li"V o.kZu dHkh Hkh ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
Ms<+ n'kd ds nkSjku ns'k esa lapkj ek/;eksa ds {ks= esa Hkh Økafr vkbZ gSA
blds ckotwn Hkh tulapkj ek/;eksa ds çfr —f"k ,oa xzkeh.k tuksa esa tkx:drk
dh deh fparktud fo"k; cu xbZ gSA tulapkj ek/;eksa ds çfrfuf/k;ksa esa —f"k
rFkk —f"k {ks= ds laca/k esa Kku dh deh rFkk lapkj ek/;eksa dh yf{kr lewg
rFkk lqxerk iwoZd igqapuk gksus tSls fcanqvksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, fdlkuksa dks
lapkj ek/;eksa dh egÙkk ls Hkyh&Hkkafr ifjfpr djkdj blds çfr tkx:drk
ykbZ tk,] lk{kjrk çfr'kr c<+k;k tk, rFkk ehfM;k dfeZ;ksa dks —f"k ds
rduhdh igyqvksa ls voxr djk;k tk,A
dksbZ Hkh —f"k oSKkfud O;ogkfjd rkSj ij fdlku ugha gks ldrk ysfdu
dHkh&dHkh og fdlku ifjokj ls laca/k vo'; j[krk gS] ysfdu dksbZ Hkh fdlku
—f"k oSKkfud u gksrs gq, Hkh —f"k foKku ds O;kogkfjd igyqvksa ds çfr vf/kd
le> j[krk gS] —f"k foKku rHkh lkFkZd ekuk tk ldrk gS] tc fdlkuksa vkSj —
f"k oSKkfudksa ds e/; ijLij leUo; gks —f"k i=dkfjrk ds tkudkjksa ds fy, Hkh
5

Bhd ;gh ckr lVhd cSBrh gSA —f"k i=dkfjrk dk lcls dM+ok lR; gS fd
dksbZ Hkh ehfM;k dfeZ;ksa ls rks ckr gksrk gS ysfdu —f"k foKku ds laca/k esa
tkudkjh uk gksus ds dkj.k bysDVª‚fud ek/;eksa esa i;kZIr LFkku ugha nsrk gSA
nwljh vksj —f"k oSKkfud] v/;kid vFkok bl {ks= ds tkudkj rduhdh inksa ds
Kkrk gksrs gSa, ysfdu lapkj ek/;e esa fdlh çdkj ls çLrqfr gksuh pkfg,
ftlls 'kks/k ç;ksx'kkyk esa [ksr rd rFkk 'kks/k {ks= ds fdlku rd igqapk;k tk,
lkekU; rkSj ij bl ckr dh le> ugha j[krs gSaA bl çdkj ds fojks/kkHkkl dgha
uk dgha —f"k i=dkfjrk esa ck/kd fl) gksrs gSa okLro esa fdlh ehfM;k dehZ ls
vis{kk Hkh ugha dh tk ldrh gS fd O;kogkfjd rkSj ij fdlku vkSj —f"k
oSKkfud gks okLro esa tks ehfM;k dehZ okLrfod rkSj ij —f"k i=dkj gksuk
pkgrk gSA fdlkuksa dh leL;kvksa ds lkFk&lkFk dh vko';drkvksa dk lgh Kku
gksuk pkfg, ehfM;k dehZ dks xzkeh.k lkekftd ifjos'k] xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk]
xzkeh.k jktuhfr foKku] xzkeh.k ekuo 'kkL= ds ewyHkwr fl)karksa ds lkFk xzkeh.k
thou ls lacaf/kr dqN vk/kkjHkwr ckrks tSls —"kd lekt] —f"k leqnk;] —f"k
tyok;q {ks=] e`nk dh n'kk] LFkkuh; Qly] i'kqikyu ds vykok yksd laL—fr]
xzkeh.k usr`Ro] tkfrxr lajpuk ds ckjs esa Hkh lkekU; rkSj ij Kku gksuk pkfg,A

6
 i=dkfjrk ¼vaxzsth % Journalism½ vk/kqfud lH;rk dk ,d çeq[k O;olk; gS
ftlesa lekpkjksa dk ,d=hdj.k] fy[kuk] tkudkjh ,df=r djds igq¡pkuk]
lEikfnr djuk vkSj lE;d çLrqrhdj.k vkfn lfEefyr gSaA vkt ds ;qx esa
i=dkfjrk ds Hkh vusd ek/;e gks x;s gSa; tSls & v[kckj] if=dk;sa] jsfM;ks]
nwjn'kZu] osc&i=dkfjrk vkfnA cnyrs oä ds lkFk cktkjokn vkSj i=dkfjrk
ds varlaZca/kksa us i=dkfjrk dh fo"k;&oLrq rFkk çLrqfr 'kSyh esa O;kid ifjorZu
fd,A
i=dkfjrk vk/kqfud lH;rk dk ,d çeq[k O;olk; gS ftles lekpkj dk
,d=hdj.k] ys[ku] fjiksVZ djuk] vkSj lE;d çLrqrhdj.k vkfn lefyr gSA vkt
ds ;qx esa i=dkfjrk ds Hkh vusd ek/;e gks x, gS] tSls v[kckj] if=dk] jsfMvks]
nwjn'kZu] osc&i=dkfjrk vkfnA

i=dkfjrk dh ifjHkk"kk fu;e vkSj dk;Z {ks= vkfn lokyks dk eqDdey

mÙkj [kkstus dk ç;kl blds çkjafHkd nkSj ls gksrk jgk gSA i=dkfjrk ,d dyk
gS] ,d ,slh dyk tks nwfj;k ?kVkrh gS] tks jkr ds v¡/ksjs esa çdk'k vkSj 'khryrk
nsus okys pUæek esa mifLFkr xïks dks c[kwch n'kkZrh gSA i=dkfjrk dh ifjHkk"kk
yksxks us vius vius vankt esa nh gSA dksbZ bls /keZ;q) dgrk gS] dksbZ lekt
lsok] rks dksbZ bls yksdra= gsrq uhao ekurk gSA
 i=dkfjrk ,d O;olk; gS ftldk lh/kk lEcU/k
lkekftd Kku ls gSA bl O;olk; ds varxZr] rF;ksa dh çkfIr] /;kuiwoZd
mldk eqY;kadu vkSj lE;d çLrqfr vfuok;Z gSA
 i=dkfjrk tu lsok gS] dyk gSA
 i=dkfjrk dk y{; lsok djuk gSA
7
  i=dkfjrk b/kj&m/kj m/kj ls ,df=r]
lwpukvksa dk dsaæ] tks lgh –f"V ls lans'k Hkstus dk dke djrk gS] ftlls
?kVukvksa dk lghiu dks ns[kk tkrk gSA
 i=dkfjrk og fo|k gS ftlesa
i=dkjksa ds dk;ksaZ] drZO;ksa] vkSj mís';ksa dk foospu fd;k tkrk gSA tks
vius ;qx vkSj vius laca/k esa fy[kk tk, og i=dkfjrk gSA
 i=dkfjrk og /keZ gS ftldk laca/k
i=dkj ds ml /keZ ls gS ftlesa og rRdkfyd ?kVukvksa vkSj leL;kvksa dk
vf/kd lgh vkSj fu"i{k fooj.k ikBd ds le{k çLrqr djrk gSA
mijksä ifjHkk"kk ds vk/kkj ij ge dg ldrs gSa fd i=dkfjrk turk dks
lelkef;d ?kVuk,a oLrqfu"B rFkk fu"i{k #i ls miyC/k djkus dk egRoiw.kZ
dk;Z gSA lR; dh vk/kkj 'khyk ij i=dkfjrk dk dk;Z vk/kkfjr gksrk gS rFkk
tudY;k.k dh Hkkouk ls tqM+dj i=dkfjrk lkekftd ifjorZu dk lk/ku cu
tkrk gSA

lkekftd ljksdkjksa rFkk lkoZtfud fgr ls tqM+dj gh i=dkfjrk lkFkZd

curh gSA lkekftd ljksdkjksa dks O;oLFkk dh ngyht rd igq¡pkus vkSj ç'kklu
dh tufgrdkjh uhfr;ksa rFkk ;kstuk dks lekt ds lcls fupys rcds rd ys
tkus ds nkf;Ro dk fuokZg gh lkFkZd i=dkfjrk gSA
i=dkfjrk dks yksdra= dk pkSFkk ik;k ¼LrEHk½ Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
i=dkfjrk us yksdra= esa ;g egÙoiw.kZ LFkku vius vki ugha gkfly fd;k gS
cfYd lkekftd ljksdkjksa ds çfr i=dkfjrk ds nkf;Roksa ds egÙo dks ns[krs gq,
lekt us gh ntkZ fn;k gSA dksbZ Hkh yksdra= rHkh l'kä gS tc i=dkfjrk
lkekftd ljksdkjksa ds çfr viuh lkFkZd Hkwfedk fuHkkrh jgsA lkFkZd i=dkfjrk
dk mís'; gh ;g gksuk pkfg, fd og ç'kklu vkSj lekt ds chp ,d egÙoiw.kZ
dM+h dh Hkwfedk viuk;sA
8
 i=dkfjrk ds bfrgkl ij utj Mkys rks Lora=rk ds iwoZ i=dkfjrk dk
eq[; mís'; Lora=rk çkfIr dk y{; FkkA Lora=rk ds fy, pys vkanksyu vkSj
Lok/khurk laxzke esa i=dkfjrk us vge vkSj lkFkZd Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA ml nkSj esa
i=dkfjrk us iwjs ns'k dks ,drk ds lw= esa fijksus ds lkFk&lkFk iwjs lekt dks
Lok/khurk dh çkfIr ds y{; ls tksM+s j[kkA
baVjusV vkSj lwpuk ds vkf/kdkj ¼vkj-Vh-vkbZ-½ us vkt dh i=dkfjrk dks
cgqvk;keh vkSj vuar cuk fn;k gSA vkt dksbZ Hkh tkudkjh iyd >idrs
miyC/k dh vkSj djkbZ tk ldrh gSA ehfM;k vkt dkQh l'kä] Lora= vkSj
çHkkodkjh gks x;k gSA i=dkfjrk dh igq¡p vkSj vkfHkO;fä dh Lora=rk dk
O;kid bLrseky vkerkSj ij lkekftd ljksdkjksa vkSj HkykbZ ls gh tqM+k gS] fdarq
dHkh dHkkj bldk nqji;ksx Hkh gksus yxk gSA
lapkj Økafr rFkk lwpuk ds vkf/kdkj ds vykok vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.k us i=dkfjrk
ds psgjs dks iwjh rjg cnydj j[k fn;k gSA foKkiuksa ls gksusokyh vFkkg dekbZ
us i=dkfjrk dks dkQh gí rd O;kolkf;d cuk fn;k gSA ehfM;k dk y{; vkt
vkf/kd ls vkf/kd dekbZ dk gks pyk gSA ehfM;k ds blh O;kolkf;d –f"Vdksu
dk urhtk gS fd mldk /;ku lkekftd ljksdkjksa ls dgha HkVd x;k gSA eqíksa
ij vk/kkfjr i=dkfjrk ds ctk; vkt bUQksVsesaV gh ehfM;k dh lqf[kZ;ksa esa jgrk
gSA
baVjusV dh O;kidrk vkSj ml rd lkoZtfud igq¡p ds dkj.k mldk
nq"ç;ksx Hkh gksus yxk gSA baVjusV ds mi;ksxdrkZ futh HkM+kl fudkyus vkSj
vraxZrrFkk vkifÙktud çyki djus ds fy, bl mi;ksxh lk/ku dk xyr
bLrseky djus yxs gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ;nk&dnk ehfM;k ds bu cgqi;ksxh
lk/kuksa ij vadq'k yxkus dh cgl Hkh fNM+ tkrh gSA xuher gS fd ;g cgl
lq>koksa vkSj f'kdk;rksa rd gh lhfer jgrh gSA ml ij vey dh ukScr ugha
vkus ikrhA yksdra= ds fgr esa ;gh gS fd tgk¡ rd gks lds i=dkfjrk gks Lora=
vkSj fuckZ/k jgus fn;k tk,] vkSj i=dkfjrk dk viuk fgr blesa gS fd og
9
vkfHkO;fä dh Lora=rk dk mi;ksx lekt vkSj lkekftd ljksdkjksads çfr vius
nkf;Roksa ds bZekunkj fuogZu ds fy, djrh jgs

—f"k i=dkfjrk esa layXu lapkj ek/;eksa dks viuh igqap rFkk ikBdksa dh
#fp rFkk lhek js[kk dk Hkh iwjh rjg /;ku gksuk pkfg, rFkk muds 'kSf{kd Lrj]
cksf)d Lrj vFkok t:jr ds vuq:i ljy Hkk"kk 'kSyh esa vko';d lkexzh dk
çlkj.k vFkok çdk'ku gksuk pkfg,A dqN lapkj ek/;e lLrh yksdfç;rk gkfly
djus dh ykylk esa viuh lhek ds varxZr vkus okys {ks=ksa dh lelkef;dh
fLFkfr vkSj vko';drk dh tkudkjh fd, fcuk v/kdpjs vuqHko vFkok iwoZ esa
vuqekfur lkekU; tkudkjh ds vk/kkj ij rFkk xyr lkexzh dk rksM+ ejksM+ dj
çlkj.k ;k çdk'ku djrs jgrs gSa ;g Lo;a Hkzfer rks gksrs gh gSa lkFk gh çHkko
{ks= esa vkus okys —f"k tuksa dks Hkh Hkze esa Mky nsrs gSaA ;gka ij tyok;q dh
fHkUurk gksus ds ukrs ns'k ds fofHkUu jkT;ksa dks vyx&vyx tyok;q {ks=ksa esa
ckaVk x;k gS —f"k i=dkfjrk ls lacaf/kr ehfM;k dfeZ;ksa dks mä ckrksa ij fo'ks"k
rkSj ij /;ku nsuk pkfg,A

—f"k i=dkfjrk mís';ij[k i=dkfjrk gS] bl l`tukRed fo|k dh —f"k

ç/kku ns'k esa dkQh vko';drk gS] vkt —f"k xzkeh.k ,oa lgdkfjrk ds y{; dks
ysdj vusd i= if=dk,a çdkf'kr gks jgh gSA dbZ osclkbV Hkh iwjh rjg ls —f"k
fo"k; ij vk/kkfjr gSa vkSj fur u, Kku dk lapkj dj jgs gSaA e/; çns'k dh
jkt/kkuh Hkksiky ls çdkf'kr jk"Vªh; —f"k lekpkj i= ^—f"k txr^ o"kZ 1946 ls
16 i`"Bh; cgqjaxh lkIrkfgd çdkf'kr gks jgk gS] tcfd ;gha ls o"kZ 1975 ls
çdkf'kr ^—"kd nqfu;k^ xzkeh.k fodkl —f"k lgdkfjrk ds mís'; dh iwfrZ djus
esa layXu gS blds vykok ifV;kyk iatkc ls çdkf'kr ^[ksrh nqfu;k^ rFkk fnYyh
ls bafM;u ,xzh fctusl flLVEl çkbosV fyfeVsM }kjk çdkf'kr ,xzho‚p —f"k
10

lkIrkfgd rFkk ,xzho‚p —f"k O;olk; ij vk/kkfjr gS blds lkFk gh nf{k.k Hkkjr
ls çdkf'kr jk"Vªh; lekpkj i= ^n fganw^ }kjk lIrkg esa ,d fnu ,d ist —f"k
 rFkk mlls lacaf/kr fo"k;ksa dks çdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gS bankSj ls çdkf'kr nSfud
^ubZnqfu;k^ Hkh çfr lIrkg 1 i`"Bh; tkudkjh —f"k rFkk mlls lacaf/kr fo"k; ij
çdkf'kr djrh gS —f"k i=dkfjrk ds y{; dks fuEu fcanqvksa ds varxZr n'kkZ;k
tk ldrk gSA
 —f"k ,oa xzkeh.k lekt ds mRFkku ds fy, lfØ; lg;ksx çnku djukA
 nwjLFk ,oa fiNM+s {ks= ds yksxksa esa vk/kqfud fodkl ds çfr tkx:drk
ykukA
 ,sfrgkfld yksd dykvksa] laL—fr;ksa rFkk jgu&lgu ds rjhdksa dks latksrs
gq, orZeku esa py jgh fodklkRed xfrfof/k;ksa ls voxr djkukA
 xzkeh.k {ks= ds iqufuZekZ.k esa yxs gq, lkekftd jktuSfrd ,oa foÙkh;
laxBuksa ds dk;ZdrkZvksa dks ltZukRed lg;ksx nsuk xzkeh.k m|ferk ,oa
dqVhj m|ksx dks çksRlkgu nsuk —f"k tuksa ,oa xzkeh.k ds mRFkku dh fn'kk
esa lapkfyr iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa] lgdkfjrk] lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØe]
gfjr Økafr vkSj 'osr Økafr] ifjokj fu;kstu tSls tudY;k.kdkjh
dk;ZØeksa ds çfr vke tuksa dh #>ku c<+kukA
 xzkeh.k LokLF; ,oa LoPNrk dk;ZØe ds çfr yksxksa esa #fp mRiUu djukA
 —f"k {ks= ls fdlku rFkk ç;ksx'kkyk ls [ksr rd uohu vuqla/kku dks
igqapkukA
 tSo çkS|ksfxdh lfgr fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ls yksxksa dks voxr djkukA
 —f"k {ks= ds fy, uhfr fu/kkZfjr djus okyksa fo'ks"kKksa ,oa jktusrkvksa dks —
f"k ,oa xzkeh.k {ks= dh okLrfod fLFkfr ls voxr djkukA
 uohu çtkfr;ksa] uohu rduhd ds laca/k esa yksxksa esa tkx:drk ykukA
 —f"k mRiknksa ds u, fu;eksa ds çfr tkudkjh çnku djukA
 jk"Vªh; ,oa varjjk"Vªh; ifj–'; esa —f"k esa gks jgs cnykoksa dks çeq[krk ls
çdkf'kr djukA
 vko';drk vuq:i vk;kr & fu;kZr dh laHkkoukvksa dk v/;;u dj
11

xzkeh.k tuksa dk fn'kkfunsZ'k djukA

  —f"k ls lacaf/kr de ykxr okyh mUur Qly mRiknu fof/k;ksa ds mi;ksx
dks c<+kok nsukA
 —f"k fo"k;ksa ds ys[kd ds çfr yksxksa esa #fp fodflr djukA
 —f"k ls lacaf/kr fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa jkstxkj l`ftr dj ;qokvksa dks turk dk
ekxZ fn[kk dj vkRefuHkZj cukukA
 xzkeh.k mRiknksa ds fy, cktkj dh laHkkouk,a ryk'kus esa lg;ksx çnku
djukA
 i'kqikyu] eRL;ikyu] e/kqeD[kh ikyu ds O;olkf;d i{kksa dks mtkxj
dj blds çfr yksxksa esa :fp c<+kukA
 tSfod [ksrh ] vks"kf/k ,oa lqxaf/kr [ksrh ds vykok Qy – Qwy] lCth]
elkys tSls udnh Qlyksa dks cktkj dh ekax ds vuq:i çksRlkfgr djukA

—f"k i=dkfjrk xzkeh.k {ks= dh dqN çeq[k leL;kvksa ls lh/kh rkSj ij

çHkkfor gksrh gSA buesa —f"ktuksa dh ijaijkxr thou'kSyh] LFkkuh; jktuhfr]
va/kfo'okl] vKkurk iw.kZ ckrsa çeq[k gSA vr% bl {ks= esa dk;Zjr ehfM;kdfeZ;ksa
dks bu lc ckrksa dk fo'ks"k /;ku j[kdj ldkjkRed lksp ds lkFk viuk dk;Z
djuk pkfg,A lkekU;rk —f"k ,oa xzkeh.k {ks= esa dqN çeq[k leL;k,a gksrh gSa tks
dgha uk dgha tu ek/;eksa ,oa tulapkj xfrvojks/kd dk dke djrh gSA
 vKkurk ,oa vf'k{kk
 :f<+okfnrk ,oa fiNM+kiu
 csjkstxkjh
 va/kfo'okl ,oa nwljksa dh udy djus dh leL;k
 ijaijkxr thou 'kSyh
 m|e'khyrk ds voljksa dh deh
 çk—frd vkink,a
 —f"k mit çlaLdj.k ,oa foi.ku dh leL;k
12

 {ks=okn ,oa tkfrokn dh leL;k

  fpfdRlk rFkk LokLF; dh leL;k
 oSKkfudksa dh ckrksa dks utjvankt djuk

—f"k i=dkfjrk dks le>us ds fy, loZçFke xkao dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk
vko';d gSA oSls vHkh rd xkao dh dksbZ lkoZHkksfed ifjHkk"kk ugha cu ikbZ gSA
ns'k ds dqN xkao vR;ar fiNM+s ,oa vHkkoxzLr gS tcfd dqN xkao uxj ls tqM+s
gq, vR;k/kqfud lqfo/kkvksa ls lqlfTtr gSA ,sls esa dqN 'kCnksa esa xkao dks
ifjHkkf"kr djuk tfVy dk;Z gS dqN fo}kuksa us O;olk; ds vk/kkj ij tgka —f"k
dks ç/kkurk gks mls xkao ekuk vk/kqfud ;qx esa rsth ls gks jgs cnyko us xkao ,oa
uxj dks ,d Js.kh esa ykdj [kM+k dj fn;k gSA ,d ,slk le; Fkk tc xzke ,oa
uxj ds chp vusd –f"Vdks.k ls dkQh varj le>k tk ldrk FkkA ysfdu
orZeku esa ;g uke ek= dk jg x;k gS vkt ds le; esa vk, çkS|ksfxdh cnyko
ds pyrs ,d u, rjg dh fLFkfr mRiUu gks jgh gS rduhdh ifjorZu dks nwjLFk
,oa xzkeh.k vapy rd igqapkus esa dkQh le; yx jgk gS ,slh fLFkfr esa fdlh
i=dkfjrk dkQh çklafxd gks xbZ gSA i=dkfjrk dh vU; fo/kkvksa ls —f"k
i=dkfjrk dh fo|k dh igpku dhft, ysuk vko';d gS fd bl fo|k ds
varxZr] lkexzh ds ladyu] fo'ys"k.k] ys[ku] laiknu ,oa forj.k esa —f"k {ks= dh
vko';drk dk iwjk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,A —f"k i=dkfjrk dks vU; fo/kkvksa ls
vyx j[kus esa Hkh laikndh; –f"Vdks.k dk Hkh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gks ldrh gS] —
f"k {ks= dh t:jr ds vk/kkj ij nSfud lekpkj i= Hkh çdkf'kr fd, tk ldrs
gSaA xzkeh.k ,oa uxjh; {ks=ksa esa çdkf'kr lekpkj i=ksa ds lekpkjksa ds vR;ar
lekurk Hkh gks ldrh gS] bl çdkj ;g Li"V gksrk gS —f"k i=dkfjrk dh
fo"k;oLrq esa dksbZ [kkl varj ugha gksrk gS varj cl vko';drktU; –f"Vdks.k
dk gksrk gS ftls le> dj gh —f"k i=dkfjrk {ks= esa lQyrk fey ldrh gSA
13

—f"k i=dkfjrk dk vFkZ dkQh O;kid gS lkekU; i=dkfjrk dh rjg bls

Hkh ifjHkkf"kr djuk dkQh dfBu dk;Z gS fQj Hkh bls vius 'kCnksa esa ifjHkkf"kr
djuk vko';d gSA gekjh le> ds vuqlkj tks ehfM;k dehZ —f"k ,oa xzkeh.k
{ks= lelkef;d vko';drkuqlkj fujarj lekpkj i= if=dkvksa ,oa vU; eqfær
ek/;eksa ds vykok bysDVª‚fud o vU; tu ek/;eksa esa viuk ;ksxnku nsrk gSA
mUgsa ge —f"k i=dkj ,oa muds bl dk;Z dks —f"k i=dkfjrk dg ldrs gSa —f"k
i=dkfjrk esa —"kdksa ds fgr rFkk ykHk Hkh lekfgr gksrs gSaA

—f"k i=dkfjrk ds visf{kr lk/ku ds :i esa mu leLr f'k{k.k] çf'k{k.k

rFkk vuqla/kku dsaæ ds lkFk&lkFk 'kkldh; v/kZ & 'kkldh; ,oa ljdkjh foHkkxksa
dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSSA tks —f"k ,oa xzkeh.k {ks= dh mUufr fodkl esa
çR;{k ,oa vçR;{k :i ls lgk;d gksrk gS bl çdkj —f"k i=dkfjrk ds lk/ku
vxzfyf[kr gks ldrs gSaA
 Hkkjrh; —f"k vuqla/kku ifj"kn ,oa mlds {ks=h; vuqla/kku dsaæ
 Hkkjrh; —f"k vuqla/kku laLFkku] ubZ fnYyh
 dsaæh; o jkT; Lrjh; —f"k fo'ofo|ky;
 Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k çca/ku laLFkku] vkuan
 —f"k foKku dsaæ
 Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; lgdkjh la?k] ukQsM] Hkkjrh; lgdkjh fodkl fuxe tSlh
vU; lgdkjh laLFkk,a
 —f"k {ks= esa dk;Zjr jkT; Lrjh; foHkkx ,oa laLFkk,a
 i=dkfjrk ,oa tulapkj ls lacaf/kr fo'ofo|ky; ,oa laLFkku
 Lo;alsoh laLFkk,a
 foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh ea=ky; ¼Hkkjr ljdkj½
 —f"k] xzkeh.k fodkl] lgdkfjrk ,oa futh {ks= esa dk;Zjr jk"Vªh; ,oa
cgqjk"Vªh; laLFkk,a
 i'kqikyu ,oa i'kq fpfdRlk esa dk;Zjr lalFkku
 —f"k {ks= esa lapkfyr ifj;kstuk,a
14

 —f"k lkaf[;dh ij dk;Z djus okys laLFkku

  —f"k fodkl ls lacaf/kr i= & if=dk,a
—f"k ls lacaf/kr vusd lk/kuksa ds vfrfjä ns'k fons'k esa fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ls
lacaf/kr Kku foKku ds v/;;u ,oa 'kks/k dsaæ gSaA bu laLFkkvksa esa dsaæksa }kjk
le;&le; ij çdkf'kr lwpuk,a vR;ar mi;ksxh gksrh gSA okLro esa —f"k {ks= esa
fdlkuksa ,oa Qly mRiknu ls lacaf/kr fo"k;ksa ls gh rkYyqd ugha gksrk vfirq
ml {ks= ls lacaf/kr lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa jktuSfrd eqíksa dk Hkh v/;;u fd;k
tkrk gSA blesa xzkeh.k {ks= ls tqM+s gj oxZ ds yksx vkrs gSaA cnyrs tekus ds
lkFk&lkFk —f"k {ks= ds yksxksa ds jgu lgu esa Hkh cnyko vk;kA f'k{kk ds
lkFk&lkFk fdlkuksa esa vusd fo"k; ds ckjs esa tkx:drk vkbZ gSA os Qly
mRiknu dh vR;k/kqfud rduhd rks viuk gh jgs gSa lkFk gh lkFk mlesa lexz
fodkl djus laca/kh tkx`fr cM+h gS vkt fdlku nSfud —f"k dk;Z ds lkFk&lkFk
O;fäxr vFkok lkewfgd euksjatu esa #fp ysrk gSA blds vykok ns'k&fons'k ds
lekpkjksa dks tkuus ds lkFk fdlkuksa esa jktuhfrd ,oa lkekftd xfrfof/k;ksa esa
'kkfey gksus esa #fp ns[kh tkrh gSA lkekU; rkSj ij ns[kk tkrk gS fd vius
thfodksiktZu ds dk;Z ds vfrfjä fdlku 'kgjh ,oa xzkeh.k thou ds ckjs esa
vf/kd mRlqdrk j[krs gSaA
15
 lkekftd ljksdkjksa rFkk lkoZtfud fgr ls tqM+dj gh i=dkfjrk lkFkZd
curh gSA lkekftd ljksdkjksa dks O;oLFkk dh ngyht rd igq¡pkus vkSj ç'kklu
dh tufgrdkjh uhfr;ksa rFkk ;kstuk dks lekt ds lcls fupys rcds rd ys
tkus ds nkf;Ro dk fuokZg gh lkFkZd i=dkfjrk gSA
i=dkfjrk dks yksdra= dk pkSFkk ik;k ¼LrEHk½ Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
i=dkfjrk us yksdra= esa ;g egÙoiw.kZ LFkku vius vki ugha gkfly fd;k gS
cfYd lkekftd ljksdkjksa ds çfr i=dkfjrk ds nkf;Roksa ds egÙo dks ns[krs gq,
lekt us gh ntkZ fn;k gSA dksbZ Hkh yksdra= rHkh l'kä gS tc i=dkfjrk
lkekftd ljksdkjksa ds çfr viuh lkFkZd Hkwfedk fuHkkrh jgsA lkFkZd i=dkfjrk
dk mís'; gh ;g gksuk pkfg, fd og ç'kklu vkSj lekt ds chp ,d egÙoiw.kZ
dM+h dh Hkwfedk viuk;sA
i=dkfjrk ds bfrgkl ij utj Mkys rks Lora=rk ds iwoZ i=dkfjrk dk
eq[; mís'; Lora=rk çkfIr dk y{; FkkA Lora=rk ds fy, pys vkanksyu vkSj
Lok/khurk laxzke esa i=dkfjrk us vge vkSj lkFkZd Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA ml nkSj esa
i=dkfjrk us iwjs ns'k dks ,drk ds lw= esa fijksus ds lkFk&lkFk iwjs lekt dks
Lok/khurk dh çkfIr ds y{; ls tksM+s j[kkA
baVjusV vkSj lwpuk ds vkf/kdkj ¼vkj-Vh-vkbZ-½ us vkt dh i=dkfjrk dks
cgqvk;keh vkSj vuar cuk fn;k gSA vkt dksbZ Hkh tkudkjh iyd >idrs
miyC/k dh vkSj djkbZ tk ldrh gSA ehfM;k vkt dkQh l'kä] Lora= vkSj
çHkkodkjh gks x;k gSA i=dkfjrk dh igq¡p vkSj vkfHkO;fä dh Lora=rk dk
O;kid bLrseky vkerkSj ij lkekftd ljksdkjksa vkSj HkykbZ ls gh tqM+k gS] fdarq
dHkh dHkkj bldk nqji;ksx Hkh gksus yxk gSA
16

lapkj Økafr rFkk lwpuk ds vkf/kdkj ds vykok vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.k us

i=dkfjrk ds psgjs dks iwjh rjg cnydj j[k fn;k gSA foKkiuksa ls gksusokyh
 vFkkg dekbZ us i=dkfjrk dks dkQh gí rd O;kolkf;d cuk fn;k gSA ehfM;k
dk y{; vkt vkf/kd ls vkf/kd dekbZ dk gks pyk gSA ehfM;k ds blh
O;kolkf;d –f"Vdksu dk urhtk gS fd mldk /;ku lkekftd ljksdkjksa ls dgha
HkVd x;k gSA eqíksa ij vk/kkfjr i=dkfjrk ds ctk; vkt bUQksVsesaV gh ehfM;k
dh lqf[kZ;ksa esa jgrk gSA
baVjusV dh O;kidrk vkSj ml rd lkoZtfud igq¡p ds dkj.k mldk
nq"ç;ksx Hkh gksus yxk gSA baVjusV ds mi;ksxdrkZ futh HkM+kl fudkyus vkSj
vraxZrrFkk vkifÙktud çyki djus ds fy, bl mi;ksxh lk/ku dk xyr
bLrseky djus yxs gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ;nk&dnk ehfM;k ds bu cgqi;ksxh
lk/kuksa ij vadq'k yxkus dh cgl Hkh fNM+ tkrh gSA xuher gS fd ;g cgl
lq>koksa vkSj f'kdk;rksa rd gh lhfer jgrh gSA ml ij vey dh ukScr ugha
vkus ikrhA yksdra= ds fgr esa ;gh gS fd tgk¡ rd gks lds i=dkfjrk gks Lora=
vkSj fuckZ/k jgus fn;k tk,] vkSj i=dkfjrk dk viuk fgr blesa gS fd og
vkfHkO;fä dh Lora=rk dk mi;ksx lekt vkSj lkekftd ljksdkjksads çfr vius
nkf;Roksa ds bZekunkj fuogZu ds fy, djrh jgsA

1.
euq"; LoHkko ls gh ftKklq gksrk gSA mls og lc tkuuk vPNk yxrk gS
tks lkoZtfud ugha gks vFkok ftls fNikus dh dksf'k'k dh tk jgh gksA euq";
;fn i=dkj gks rks mldh ;gh dksf'k'k jgrh gS fd og ,slh xw<+ ckrsa ;k lp
mtkxj djs tks jgL; dh xgjkb;ksa esa dSn gksA lp dh rg rd tkdj mls
lrg ij ykus ;k mtkxj djus dks gh ge vUos"kh ;k [kksth i=dkfjrk dgrs gSaA
[kksth i=dkfjrk ,d rjg ls tklwlh dk gh nwljk :i gS ftlesa
tksf[ke Hkh cgqr gSA ;g lkekU; i=dkfjrk ls dbZ ek;uksa esa vyx vkSj vkf/kd
Jelk/; gSA blesa ,d&,d rF; vkSj dfM+;ksa dks ,d nwljs ls tksM+uk gksrk gS
17

rc dgha tkdj okafNr y{; dh çkfIr gksrh gSA dbZ ckj rks i=dkjksa }kjk dh
xbZ dM+h esgur vkSj [kkst dks chp esa gh NksM+ nsuk iM+rk gS] D;ksafd vkxs ds
jkLrs can gks pqds gksrs gSaA i=dkfjrk ls tqM+h iqjkuh ?kVukvksa ij utj nkSM+k;sa rks
ekbZ ykbZ dksM] okVjxsV dkaM] tSd ,aMlZu dk isaVkxu isilZ tSls vkarjjk"Vªh;
dkaM rFkk lhesaV ?kksVkyk dkaM] cksQkslZ dkaM] rkcwr ?kksVkyk dkaM rFkk tSls
jk"Vªh; ?kksVkys [kksth i=dkfjrk ds pfpZr mnkgj.k gSaA ;s ?kVuk;sa [kksth
i=dkfjrk ds ml nkSj dh gSa tc lapkj Økafr] baVjusV ;k lwpuk dk vkf/kdkj
¼vkj-Vh-vkbZ½ tSls çHkko'kkyh vL= i=dkjksa ds ikl ugha FksA bu çHkko'kkyh
gfFk;kjksa ds vkfLrRo esa vkus ds ckn rks ?kksVkys mtkxj gksus dk tSls ,d nkSj
gh 'kqj gks x;k gky ds dqN pfpZr ?kksVkyksa esa 2th LisDVªe ?kksVkyk] d‚euosYFk
xsEl ?kksVkyk] vkn'kZ ?kksVkyk] rkt dkjhMksj ?kksVkyk vkfn mYys[kuh; gSaA
tkus&ekus i=dkj tqfy;u vlkat ds ^fodhfyDl* us rks ,sls&,sls jgL;ksn~?kkVu
fd;s ftuls dbZ ns'kksa dh ljdkjsa rd fgy xbZA
baVjusV vkSj lwpuk ds vkf/kdkj us i=dkjksa vkSj i=dkfjrk dh /kkj dks
vR;ar iSuk cuk fn;k ysfdu bldk nwljk igyw ;g Hkh gS fd i=dkfjrk dh
vkM+ esa bu gfFk;kjksa dk bLrseky *CySdesfyax^ tSls xyr mís'; ds fy, Hkh gksus
yxk gSA le;&le; ij gq;s dqN *fLVax v‚ijs'ku^ vkSj dbZ cgqpfpZr lh- Mh-
dkaM blds mnkgj.k gSaA
fLVax i=dkfjrk ds lanHkZ esa QksVks tuZfyTe ;k QksVks i=dkfjrk ls tqM+s
tklwlksa ftUgsa ^ikikjkRlh^ ¼Paparazzi½ dgrs gSa] dh ppkZ Hkh tjjh gSA fçalsl
Mk;uk dh ekSr ds ftEesnkj *iSnjktk^ gh FksA lekt dh csgrjh vkSj mldh
HkykbZ ds fy, [kksth i=dkfjrk dk ,d vko';d vax tjj gS] ysfdu bls Hkh
viuh e;kZnkvks ds ?ksjs esa jguk pkfg,A [kksth i=dkfjrk lkgfld rd rks Bhd
gS] ysfdu bldk nqLlkgl u rks i=dkfjrk ds fgr esa gS vkSj u gh lekt dsA
2.
[ksy dsoy euksjatu dk lk/ku ugha cfYd og vPNs LokLF;] 'kkjhfjd
ne[ke vkSj ckSf)d {kerk dk Hkh çrhd gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fda iwjh nqfu;k esa
18

vkfr çkphudky ls [ksyksa dk çpyu jgk gSA eYy&;q)] rhjankth] ?kqM+lokjh]

 rSjkdh] xqYyh MaMk] iksyks jLlkd'kh] ey[kaHk] o‚y xsEl] tSls vkmVMksj ;k
eSnkuh [ksyksa ds vykok pkSiM+] pkSlj ;k 'krjat tSls bUMksj [ksy çkphudky ls
gh yksdfç; jgs gSaA vk/kqfud dky esa bu iqjkus [ksyksa ds vykok buls feyrs
tqyrs [ksyksa rFkk vU; vk/kqfud Li/kkZRed [ksyksa us iwjh nqfu;k esa viuk opZLo
dk;e dj j[kk gSA [ksy vk/kqfud gksa ;k çkphu] [ksyksa esa gksusokys vn~Hkqr
dkjukeksa dks txtkfgj djus rFkk mldk O;kid çpkj&çlkj djus esa [ksy
i=dkfjrk dk egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA vkt iwjh nqfu;k esa [ksy ;fn
yksdfç;rk ds f'k[kj ij gSa rks mldk dkQh dqN Js; [ksy i=dkfjrk dks Hkh gSA
vkt fLFkfr ;g gS fd lekpkj i=ksa ;k if=dkvks ds vykok fdlh Hkh
bysDVª‚fud ehfM;k dk Ldji rc rd ifjiw.kZ ugha ekuk tkrk tc rd mlesa
[ksyksa dk Hkjiwj dojst ugha gksA [ksyksa ds çfr ehfM;k dk ;g #>ku *fMekaM^
vkSj *lIykbZ^ ij vk/kkfjr gSA vkt Hkkjr gh ugha iwjh nqfu;k esa vkcknh dk ,d
cM+k fgLlk ;qok oxZ dk gS ftldh igyh ilan fofHkUu [ksy Li/kkZ;sa gSa] 'kk;n
;gh dkj.k gS fd i=&if=dkvks esa vxj lcls vkf/kd dksbZ iUus i<+ tkrs gSa rks
og [ksy ls lacaf/kr gksrs gSA fçaV ehfM;k ds vykok Vh- oh- pkSuyksa dk Hkh ,d
cM+k fgLlk [ksyksa çlkj.k ls tqM+k gksrk gSA [ksy pkSuy rks pkSchlksa ?kaVs dksbZ u
dksbZ [ksy ysdj gkftj gh jgrs gSaA ykbo dojst ;k lh/kk çlkj.k dh ckr rks
NksfM+;s fjd‚MsZM iqjkus eSpksa ds çfr Hkh n'kZdksa dk j>ku dgha de ugha fn[kkbZ
nsrkA ikBdksa vkSj n'kZdksa dh [ksyksa ds çfr nhouxh dk gh urhtk gS fd vkt
[ksy dh nqfu;k esa vdwr /ku cjl jgk gSA /ku] tks foKkiu ds ji esa gks pkgs
iqjLdkj jkf'k ds ji esa u yqVkusokyksa dh deh gS u ikusokyksa dhA ;g fLFkfr
vkt dh gSA ysfdu ,d le; ,slk Hkh Fkk tc [ksyksa esa /kunkSyr dks dksbZ
ukeksfu'kku ugha FkkA çkphu vksfyfEid [ksyksa tSlh fo[;kr [ksy Li/kkZ esa Hkh
fotsrk dks tSrwu dh ifÙk;ksa ds eqdqV dk iqjLdkj fn;k tkrk Fkk ysfdu og
rkt Hkh vueksy gqvk djrk FkkA
19

[ksy esa /ku&o"kkZ dk çkjaHk dkiksZjsV txr ds blesa ços'k ls gqvkA

dkiksZjsV txr ds çksRlkgu ls dbZ [ksy vkSj f[kykM+h çksQs'kuy gksus&yxs vkSj
[ksy&Li/kkZvksa ls yk[kksa djksM+ks dekus yxsA vkt Vsful] QqVc‚y] ckLdsV c‚y]
c‚fDlax] LDok'k] xksYQ tSls [ksyksa esa iSlksadh cjlkr gks jgh gSA
[ksy dh yksdfç;rk vkSj f[kykfM+;ksa dh dekbZ dh ckr djsa rks vkt fØdsV us]
tks nqfu;k ds fxus&pqus gh ns'kksa esa [ksyk tkrk gS] yksdfç;rk dh ubZ Å¡pkb;k¡
gkfly dh gSaA fdØsV esa dkjiksjsV txr ds j>ku ds dkj.k uoksfnr fØdsVj Hkh
vU; f[kykfM+;ksa dh rqyuk esa vPNh [kklh dekbZ dj jgs gSaA
[ksyksa esa /ku dh cjlkr esa dksbZ cqjkbZ ugha gSA blls [ksyksa vkSj
f[kykfM+;ksa ds Lrj esa lq/kkj gh gksrk gS] ysfdu mldk cnlwjr igyw ;g Hkh gS
fd [ksyksa esa xykdkV Li/kkZ ds dkj.k blesa fQfDlax vkSj Mksfiax tSlh cqjkb;ksa
dk çpyu Hkh c<+us yxk gSA fQfDlax vkSj Mksfiax tSlh cqjkbZ;k¡ u f[kykfM+;ksa ds
fgr esa gSa vkSj u [kyksa dsA [ksy&i=dkfjrk dh ;g ftEesnkjh gS fd og [ksyksa esa
iui jgh mu cqjkbZ;ksa ds fdj/n yxkrkj vkokt mBkrh jgsA [ksyksa esa [ksy
Hkkouk dh j{kk gj dher ij gksuh pkfg,A [ksy i=dkfjrk ls ;g mEehn Hkh dh
tkuh pkfg, fd vke yksxksa ls tqM+s [ksyksa dks Hkh mruk gh egÙo vkSj çksRlkgu
feys ftruk vU; yksdfç; [ksyksa dks fey jgk gSA
3.
i=dkfjrk tSls O;kid vkSj fo'kn fo"k; esa efgyk i=dkfjrk dh
vo/kkj.kk Hkys gh dqN vViVh yxrh gS] fdarq ukjh LokraR;Z vkSj lekurk ds bl
;qx esa Hkh vk/kh nqfu;k ls tqM+s ,sls vusd igyw gSa ftuds egÙo dks ns[krs gq,
efgyk i=dkfjrk dh vyx fo/kkdh vko';drk eglwl gksrh gSA
iq#"k vkSj ukjh ds Hksn dk lcls cM+k vk/kkj rks mudh vyx 'kkjhfjd
lajpuk gSA ç—fr us iq#"k dks ,d lkaps esa <kyk gS rks ukjh dks mlls vyxA
,d le; Fkk tc lekt iq#"k ç/kku gqvk FkkA iq#"k ç/kku lekt us viuh
lqfo/kkuqlkj ukjh dks vcyk cukdj ?kj dh pkjnhokjh rd lhfer dj fn;k FkkA
fodkl ds fujarj rst xfr ls cnyrs nkSj us efgykvksa dks çxfr dk leku
20

volj fn;k vkSj efgykvksa us viuh çfrHkk vkSj yxu ds cycwrs ij lekt ds
gj {ks= esa viuh vkfeV Nki NksM+us dk tks flyflyk 'kqj fd;k og yxkrkj
 tkjh gSA vkt ds nkSj esa dksbZ Hkh ,slk {ks= ugha tgk¡ efgykvksa dh l'kä
mifLFkfr ugha eglwl dh tk jgh gksA orZeku nkSj esa jktuhfr] ç'kklu] lsuk]
f'k{k.k] fpfdRlk] foKku] rduhd] m|ksx] O;kikj] lektlsok vkfn çeq[k {ks=ksa esa
efgykvksa us viuh çfrHkk vkSj {kerk ds vk/kkj ij viuh jkg [kqn cukbZ gSA dbZ
{ks=ksa esa rks dM+h Li/kkZ vkSj dfBu pqukSrh ds ckotwn efgykvksa us viuk 'kh"kZ
eqdke cuk;k gSA Hkkjr dh bafnjk uwbZ] uSukyky fd}kbZ] pank dkspj vkfn
efgykvksa us lQyrk ds ftl f'k[kj dks Nqvk gS os lHkh dM+h Li/kkZokys {ks= ekus
tkrs gSaA
rsth ls cnyrs lkekftd ifjos'k rFkk efgyk iq#"k lekurk ds bl nkSj
esa efgyk,¡ vc ?kj dh ngyht yk¡?kdj ckgj vk pqdh gSaA çk;% gj {ks= esa
efgykvksa dh mifLFkfr vkSj Hkkxhnkjh utj vkrh gSA f'k{kk us efgykvksa dks vius
vkf/kdkjksa ds çfr tkxjd cuk;k gSA vc efgyk;sa Hkh vius dfj;j ds çfr lpsr
gSaA efgyk tkxj.k dh bl uopsruk ds lkFk&lkFk efgykvksa ds çfr vR;kpkj
vkSj vijk/k ds ekeys Hkh c<+s gSaA efgykvksa dh lkekftd lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djus
ds fy, cgqr lkjs dkuwu cus gSa vkSj vko';drkuqlkj mlesa le;&le; ij
la'ks/ku Hkh fd;s tkrs jgs gSaA efgykvksa dks lkekftd lqj{kk fnykus esa efgyk
i=dkfjrk dh vge Hkwfedk jgh gSA efgyk i=dkfjrk dh vkt vyx ls tjjr
gh blfy, gSa fd mlesa efgykvksa ls tqM+s gj igyw ij xkSj fd;k tk, vkSj
efgykvksa ds lokaZxh.k fodkl esa ;g egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk ldsA efgyk
i=dkfjrk dh lkFkZdrk efgyk l'kfädj.k ds mís'; ls tqM+h gSA
dqN çeq[k efgyk i=dkj%
 e`.kky ikaMs
 foeyk ikVhy
 cj[kk nÙk
 lhek eqLrQk
21

 royhu flag
 ehuy cgksy
  lR;k 'kj.k
 nhuk odhy
 lquhrk ,sju
 dqeqn la?koh pkojs
 Losrk flag
 iwf.kZek feJk
 ehekalk efYyd
 vatuk vkse d';i
 usgk ckFke
 feuk{kh daMoky
vkt Hkkjr esa i=dkfjrk ds {ks= esa efgyk i=dkjksa ds vkus ls ns'k ds
gj yM+dh dks vius thou esa vkxs c<+us dh çsj.kk fey jgh gSA
4.
cky&eu LoHkkor ftKklq vkSj ljy gksrk gSA thou dh ;g og voLFkk
gS ftlesa cPpk vius ekrk&firk] f'k{kd vkSj pkjks rjQ ds ifjos'k ls gh lh[krk
gSA ;gh og mez gksrh gS ftlesa cPps ds ekfLr"d ij fdlh Hkh ?kVuk ;k lwpuk
dh vkfeV Nki iM+ tkrh gSA cPps ds vkl&ikl dh ifjos'k mlds O;fäRo
fuekZ.k esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
,d le; Fkk tc cPpksa dks ijhdFkkvksa] yksddFkkvksa] ikSjkf.kd]
,sfrgkfld] /kkfeZd dFkkvksa ds ek/;els cgykus&Qqlykus ds lkFk&lkFk mudk
Kkuo/kZ~nu fd;k tkrk FkkA bu dFkkvksa dk cPpksa ds pkfjf=d fodkl ij Hkh
xgjk çHkko gksrk FkkA
vkt lapkj Økafr ds bl ;qx esa cPpksa ds fy, lwpukra= dkQh foLr`r
vkSj vuar gks x;k gSA daaI;wVj vkSj baVjusV rd mudh igq¡p us mudh ftKkl
dks vlhfer cuk fn;k gSA ,sls esa bl ckr dh Hkh vk'kadk vkSj xqatkb'k cuh
22

jgrh gS fd cPpksa rd os lwpuk;sa Hkh igq¡p ldrh gSa] ftlls muds ckyeu ds
HkVdko ;k fo—rh Hkh laHko gSA ,slh fLFkrh esa cky i=dkfjrk dh lkFkZd lksp
 vkSj fn'kk cPpksa dks lgh fn'kk dh vksj vxzlj dj ldrh gSA cky i=dkfjrk
dh fn'kk esa fçaV vkSj fotqvy ehfM;k ¼í';&ek/;e½ ds lkFk&lkFk baVjusV dh
Hkh vge vkSj ftEesnkj Hkwfedk gks ldrh gSA
5.
dksbZ Hkh ,slk O;kikfjd ;k vkfFkZd O;ogkj tks O;fä;ksa] laLFkkuksa] jkT;ksa
;k ns'kksa ds chp gksrk gS] og vkfFkZd i=dkfjrk ds ljksdkjksa esa 'kkfey gSA
vkfFkZd i=dkfjrk vkfFkZd O;ogkj ;k vFkZ&O;oLFkk ds O;kid xq.k&nks"kksa
dh leh{kk vkSj foospuk dh /kqjh ij dsafær gSA ftl çdkj i=dkfjrk dk
míns'; fdlh Hkh O;oLFkk ds xq.k&nks"kksa dks O;kid vk/kkj ij çpkfjr çlkfjr
djuk gS] mlh çdkj vkfFkZd i=dkfjrk dh Hkwfedk rHkh lkFkZd gS tc og vFkZ
O;oLFkk ds gj igyw ij lw{e utj j[krs gq, mldk fo'ys"k.k djs vkSj lekt
ij iM+us okys mlds çHkkoksa dk çpkj&çlkj djus esa l{ke gksA vFkZ&O;oLFkk ds
ekeys esa vkfFkZd i=dkfjrk O;oLFkk vkSj miHkksäk ds chp lsrq dk dke djus ds
lkFk&lkFk ,d ltx çgjh dh Hkwfedk Hkh fuHkkrh gSA
vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.k vkSj fofHkUu ns'kksa ds vkilh O;kikfjd laca/kksa us iwjh
nqfu;k ds vkfFkZd ifjí'; dks cgqr O;kid cuk fn;k gSA vkt fdlh Hkh ns'k dh
vFkZ&O;oLFkk cgqr dqN vkarjjk"Vªh; O;kikj laca/kksa ij fuHkZj gks xbZ gSA nqfu;k
ds fdlh dksus esa eph vkfFkZd gypy ;k mFky&iqFky vU; ns'kksa dh
vFkZ&O;oLFkk dks çHkkfor djus yxh gSA lksus vkSj pkanh tSlh cgqewY; /kkrqvksa
rFkk dPps rsy dh dherksa ds mrkj&p<+ko ls vkt nqfu;k dh dksbZ Hkh vFkZ
O;oLFkk vNwrh ugha jghA
;wjks] M‚yj] ikaM] ;su tSlh eqæk;sa rFkk lksuk] pk¡nh vkSj dPpk rsy vkt
nqfu;k dh çeq[k vFkZ O;oLFkkvksa dh uCt cu pqdh gSaA dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g fd
vkt Hkys gh lHkh ns'k viuh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds fu;ked vkSj fu;a=d gksa fdUrq
fo'o dh vkfFkZd gypyksa ls os vNwrs ughagSaA ge dg ldrs gSa fd vkfFkZd
23

ifjí'; ij iwjk fo'o O;kid rkSj ij ,d cktkj utj vkrk gSA lHkh ns'kksa dh
vFkZ O;oLFkk;sa vkt blh oSf'od cktkj dh xfrfof/k;ksa ls fu/kkZfjr gksrh gSaA
etcwr vFkZO;oLFkk okys ns'kksa esa gksusokys egÙoiw.kZ vkfFkZd ifjorZuksa ls nqfu;k ds
çeq[k ns'k Hkh çHkkfor gksrs gSA vkfFkZd i=dkfjrk ds fy, fo'o dk vkfFkZd
ifjos'k ,d pqukSrh gSA vkfFkZd i=dkfjrk dk ;g nkf;Ro gS fd fo'o dh
vFkZO;oLFkk dks iHkkfor djusokys fofHkUu dkjdksa dk fo'ys"k.k og yxkrkj djrh
jgs rFkk muds xq.k&nks"kksa ds vk/kkj ij ,gfr;krh mi;ksa dh ppkZ vkfFkZd
i=dkfjrk dk O;kid fgLlk cusA
vkfFkZd i=dkfjrk ds le{k ,d cM+h pqukSrh djoapuk] dkyk/ku vkSj
tkyh uksVksa dh leL;k gSA dkyk/ku vkt fodflr vkSj fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds
fy, ,d cM+h leL;k cuk gqvk gSA dkyk /ku Hkz"Vkpkj ls mitrk gS vkSj
Hkz"Vkpkj dks gh c<+krk gSA Hkz"Vkpkj dh O;kidrk varr% ns'k ds fodkl esa ck/kd
curh gSA dkyk/ku vkSj vkfFkZd vijk/kksa dks mtkxj djusokyh [kcjksa ds O;kid
çpkj çlkj dh ftEesnkjh Hkh vkfFkZd i=dkfjrk dk fgLlk gSA
Hkkjr tSls —f"k ç/kku ns'k esa gekjh vFkZ O;oLFkk dkQh dqN —f"k vkSj
—f"k mRiknksa ij fuHkZj gSA Hkkjr esa rsth ls fodflr gks jgs uxjksa vkSj egkuxjksa
ds ckotwn vkt Hkh ns'k dh yxHkx 70 çfr'kr vkcknh xk¡oksa esa gh clrh gSA
ns'k ds ctV çko/kkuksa dk ,d cM+k fgLlk —f"k ,oa xzkeh.k fodkl ds en esa
[kpZ gksrk gSA vkfFkZd i=dkfjrk dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ vk;ke —f"k ,oa —f"k
vk/kkfjr ;kstukvksa rFkk xzkeh.k fodkl ds dk;ZØeksa dk dojst Hkh gSA xzkeh.k
fodkl ds fcuk ns'k dk fodkl vkSj vkfFkZd i=dkfjrk dk míns'; v/kwjk gh
jgsxkA O;kikj ds ijaijkxr {ks=ksa ds vykok fjVsy] chek] lapkj] foKku ,oa
rduhd tSls O;kikj ds vk/kqfud {ks=ksa us vkfFkZd i=dkfjrk dks O;kid f{kfrt
vkSj u;k vk;ke fn;k gSA ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk dks lgh fn'kk nsdj mls lqpkj
vkSj lqí<+ cukuk vkfFkZd i=dkfjrk ds fy, pqukSrh rks gS gh mldh lkFkZdrk Hkh
blh esa fufgr gSA
6.
24
 lalnh; lekpkj dk vFkZ laln ds nksuksa lnuksa yksdlHkk vkSj jkT;lHkk
rFkk jkT;ksa ds fo/kku eaMy fo/kkulHkk vkSj fo/kku ifj"kn dh xfrfof/k;ksa ds
lekpkjksa ls gksrk gS yksdra= esa lalnh; xfrfof/k;ksa dk lokZf/kd egRo gS thou
vkSj lekt ds gj {ks= dks çHkkfor djus okys dke laln esa gksrs gSa laln gh og
LFkku gS tgka u,&u, fof/k&fo/kku cuk, tkrs gSa ns'k dh ljdkj dh vkfFkZd
xfrfof/k;ksa dks fn'kk nh tkrh gS vkSj lÙkk esa turk dh Hkkxhnkjh r; gksrh gSA
;gka ljdkj ds dkedkt ij ppkZ gksrh gS lÙkki{k tgka mldh vPNkb;ka fnu
vkrk gS foi{k mldh dfe;ksa dks mtkxj djus dh dksf'k'k djrk gS turk }kjk
pqus x, çfrfuf/k;ksa dh lfØ;rk fuf"Ø;rk ,oa ;ksX;rk dk okLrfod vkbZuk
laln gh gksrk gS ;gh dkj.k gS fd vkerkSj ij yksxksa dh :fp bu lekpkjksa esa
gksrh gSA
lalnh; lekpkjksa dh fjiksfVaZx djus okys laoknnkrkvksa dks laln ,oa
fo/kku eaMyksa ds xBu mudh dk;Zç.kkyh ,oa dk;Z vkfn dh tkudkjh rks gksuh
gh pkfg, lkFk gh mUgsa lalnh; fo'ks"k vf/kdkjksa dks Hkh tkudkjh j[kuk pkfg,
lalnh; fo'ks"kkf/kdkj vksa dh tkudkjh ds vHkko esa laoknnkrk vkSj mldk
lekpkj i= dbZ rjg dh eqlhcr esa iM+ ldrk gS ;|fi vuqHkoh laoknnkrk
vius lekpkj bl <ax ls fy[krs gSa fd os çk; fo'ks"kkf/kdkj ds nk;js esa ugha
vkrs fQj Hkh lko/kkuh rks cjruh gh iM+rh gS blfy, lalnh; fjiksfVaZx djus
okys laoknnkrkvksa dks fo'ks"k fo'ks"k vf/kdkjksa ds ckjs esa v/;;u dj ysuk pkfg,
laln ,oa fo/kku eaMy ds lnL;ksa dks tgka viuh Nfo turk esa cukus ,oa
fu[kkjus ds fy, laoknnkrkvksa ,oa lekpkj ek/;eksa dh t:jr gksrh gS ogh
lekpkj i= dks Hkh egRoiw.kZ lekpkjksa ds fy, laln ,oa mlds lnL;ksa dh
t:jr gksrh gS ;gh dkj.k gS fd nksuksa i{kdkjksa ls cpuk pkgrs gSa vius&vius
LokFkZ ds dkj.k nksuksa i{k ,d nwljs ls e/kqj laca/k gh j[kuk ilan djrs gSaA
25

 xzkeh.k i=dkfjrk
 O;k[;kRed i=dkfjrk
  fodkl i=dkfjrk
 lanHkZ i=dkfjrk
 lalnh; i=dkfjrk
 jsfM;ks i=dkfjrk
 nwjn'kZu i=dkfjrk
 QksVks i=dkfjrk
 fof/k i=dkfjrk
 varfj{k i=dkfjrk
 lokZn; i=dkfjrk
 fp=iV i=dkfjrk

vkdk'kok.kh ls çlkfjr xzke txr] nwjn'kZu ls çlkfjr —f"k txr

dk;ZØe ,oa —f"k ls lEcfU/kr if=dk,a xzkeh.k ,oa —f"k i=dkfjrk ls gekjk
ifjp; djkrs gSaA Hkkjr —f"k ç/kku ns'k gS ;gka dh yxHkx 70 çfr'kr turk
xkao esa fuokl djrh gS vkSj xkao dh vf/kdre tula[;k —f'k ij fuHkZj gSA
Hkkjr ,d —f"k ç/kku ns'k rks gS] ysfdu vR;Ur fodkl ds ckotwn Hkh xkaoksa esa
vkt rd fiNM+siu dh >yd Li"V utj vkrh gSA xkaoksa esa uohu psruk vkSj
tkx`fr rFkk foKku ds fodkl ds Lojksa dks lekpkj i=&if=dkvksa o tulapkj
ek/;eksa }kjk gh ;gka rd igqapk;k tk ldrk gSA

26
 lekpkj dk lh/kk lEcU/k euq"; dh lrr ftKklk ls gSA u;k tkuus dh bPNk
gh lekpkj dk çeq[k vkd"kZ.k gS vkSj lekpkj çk;% gesa dqN u dqN u;k gh
nsrk gSA tks dqN u;k gksrk gS og ,d rjg ls lekpkj gS vkSj tks dqN tkuus
dh ;g ftKklk euq'; esa lnk loZnk ls jgh gSA u;k tkuus ds fy, euq'; dks
vUos'kd cuu iM+rk gSA [kksth cuuk iM+rk gS] ;k=k,a djuh iM+rh gSa] fo"ys'k.k
djus iM+rs gSa] phtksa dh xgjkbZ esa tkuk iM+rk gS] ,d i=dkj dks Hkh ;gh lc
djuk iM+rk gSA bl rjg tks dqN u;k gS og vxj lekpkj gS rks tks ml u,
dks çLrqr dj jgk gS og i=dkj gSA Hkkjrh; ijEijk esa nso_f'k ukjn dks ,d
rjg ls igyk i=dkj blfy, ekuk tkrk gS fd oks tgka tkrs Fks] nwljh txg
dk lekpkj ogka igqapk nsrs FksA jkepfjrekul esa guqeku tc yadk ls okil
ykSVs rks muls lcls igyk loky ;gh Fkk fd ogka dk lekpkj D;k gS \
egkHkkjr dh dFkk esa lat; /k`rjk'Vª dks ;q) dk tks gky cSBs&cSBs lqukrs gSa og
,d çdkj dk lekpkj gh gSA gekjh fpfVB;ksa esa Hkh çk;% ;g fy[kk tkrk gS]
;gka lc Bhd gh gSa] ogka ds lekpkj D;k gSa \
tkuus dh gekjh bl ftKklk dks vk/kqfud :i esa U;wt ;k lekpkj
larq'V djrs gSaA vyx&vyx :iksa esa dHkh jsfM;ks ds tfj,] dHkh v[kckjksa ds
tfj, vkSj dHkh Vhoh ;k vU; vk/kqfud ek/;eksa ds tfj,A lekpkj çkIr djus ds
rjhds vkt yxkrkj cny jgs gSa vkSj u,&u, rjhds fodflr gksrs tk jgs gSa
ysfdu bl ckr ls budkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk fd lekpkj vFkok U;wt dk
orZeku Lo:i Nis gq, v{kjksa vkSj mu v{kjksa ls iSnk gq, v[kckjksa dh gh nsu gSA
rjg & rjg dh lwpukvksa] ds eqag ls lqus ;k=k vuqHkoksa ds fooj.k] fdLls
dgkfu;ksa vkSj O;kikj dh tkudkfj;ksa ls 'kq: vk/kqfud i=dkfjrk dh ;k=k vkt
27

usV i=dkfjrk rd tk igqaph gSA ysfdu buQksVsuesaV ds bl ;qx esa [kcj ;kuh
U;wt dk egRo lcls Åij gS vkSj lekpkj dh ;gh fo"ks'krk mls vkt lwpuk
Økafr ds bl nkSj esa Hkh lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ cuk, gq, gSA

D;k dHkh vkius lekpkj dh ç—fr ,oa mlds vFkZ ds ckjs esa esa fopkj
fd;k gSA ns'k ,oa lkjs fo'o esa ?kfVr gksus okyh fofHkUu ?kVukvksa dh tkudkjh
çkIr djus ds fy, gj O;fä jsfM;ks lqurk gS] Vh- oh- ns[krk gS ,oa v[k◌़ckj Hkh
i<+rk gSA ,slk vki D;ksa djrs gSa \ bl ç'u ds mÙkj esa vki ;gh dgsaxs fd
^lwpuk,sa çkIr djus ds fy,*A lwpukvksa ds vHkko esa vki 'ks"k fo'o ls vius
vkidks vyx&Fkyx ikrs gaAS lwpukvksa dh tkudkjh ds fcuk vki vius vki dks
lekt ls ugha tksM+ ldrs gSa& u jktuSfrd :i ls] u lkekftd :i ls vkSj u
vkfFkZd :i lsA çk;% dksbZ Hkh O;fä lkseokj dk lekpkj 'kqØokj dks i<+uk
ilUn ugha djrkA D;ksa \ ge fdlh tkudkjh ;k ?kVuk dks iq"V djus ds fy,
iqjkus v[kckj t:j ns[krs gSa ysfdu lkekU; :i ls ge ,slk çfrfnu ugha
djrsA vr% lekpkj og gS tks uohu gS vkSj lkFk gh lkFk lekpkj og Hkh gS tks
gesa iwjs fo'o ls tksM+rk gSA

lekpkj vFkkZr [kcj ds ckjs esa ,d fuf'pr fopkj ugha feyrkA mldh
,d fuf'pr ifjHkk"kk ugha nh tk ldrh gSA D;ksafd lekpkj oLrqr% ,d HkkotU;
vfHk/kkj.kk gS ftldk vFkZ ekuoh; ewY; o vfHk:fp ds vuqlkj cnyrk gSA
blfy, ;g le> ysuk pkfg, fd lekpkj lkis{k gksrs gSa iw.kZ ughaA lekpkj
vius ls tqM+s dkjdksa ,oa rF;ksa ds ifjofrZr gksus ds lkFk gh ifjofrZr gksrs jgrs
gSaA vr% lekpkj dh ifjHkk"kk fuEu dkjdksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gS -

^^dqÙks us vkneh dks dkVk ;g lekpkj ugha gS cfYd lekpkj
;g gS fd vkneh us dqÙks dks dkVk**A vFkkZr dqN vlkekU; ;k vlk/kkj.k
28

gh lekpkj dk fgLlk gksrk gS ;k lekpkj cu ldrk gSA

 
^^lekpkj gj og ?kVuk gS tks i;kZIr :i ls turk dk /;ku vkdf"kZr
djs vkSj turk ls tqM+h gksA**
 ^^lekpkj
ekSfyd] Li"V] ukVdh;] jksekal ls ifjiw.kZ] vn~Hkqr] vuks[kk] foy{k.k]
gkL;iw.kZ] vlkekU; ,oa mÙksftr djus okyk gks] ftlds ckjs esa ppkZ gks
ldsA lekpkj dks fofHkUu fo}kuksa us vyx & vyx rjg ls ifjHkkf"kr
fd;k gSA
 vusd O;fä;ksa dh vfHk:fp ftu
ckr esa gksrh gS og lekpkj gSA loZJs"B lekpkj og gS] ftlesa cgqla[;d
yksxksa dh vf/kdre :fp gksA
 lekpkj tYnh esa fy[kk x;k bfrgkl gSA
cwyLys vkSj dSEiosy ds vuqlkj& lekpkj fdlh orZeku fopkj] ?kVuk ;k
fookn dk ,slk fooj.k gS] tks miHkksäkvksa dks vkdf"kZr djsA
 og lR; ?kVuk ;k fopkj lekpkj gS
ftlesa cgqla[;d ikBdksa dh :fp gksA
 lekpkj] ftls
vki vHkh vkt tku jgs gSa vkSj ftls vki igys ugha tkurs FksA
 lekpkj i= dk ekSfyd dPpk eky u
dkxt gS] u L;kgh& og gS lekpkjA fQj pkgs çdkf'kr lkexzh Bksl
laokn ds :i esa gks ;k ys[k ds :i esa] lcds ewy esa ogh rRo jgrk gS
ftls ge lekpkj dgrs gSaA
 nqfu;k esa dgha Hkh fdlh le; dksbZ Hkh
NksVh&eksVh ?kVuk ;k ifjorZu gks mldk 'kCnksa esa tks o.kZu gksxk] mls
lekpkj ;k [kcj dgrs gSaA

29

i= if=dkvksa esa çdkf'kr vkSj jsfM;ks Vsyhfotu tSls

bySDVª‚fud tulapkj ek/;eksa esa çlkfjr gksus okys leku egRo ds
 lkoZtfud fopkjksa] ?kVukvksa vkSj fØ;kdykiksa ds ml fooj.k dks ^lekpkj*
dgrs gSa ftlls gesa fdlh rjg dh f'k{kk] lwpuk vFkok euksjatu çkIr gksus
dh vuqHkwfr gksxhA

 fdlh Hkh lekpkj vFkok [kcj dks ,dne uohu gksus ds

lkFk&lkFk lgh le; ls tulkekU; rd igq¡puk pkfg,A
 lkekU;r;k ikBd oxZ vius vkl&ikl xk¡o] dLcs
;k ns'k dh [kcjksa esa :fp j[krk gS] ctk; blds fd [kcj nwj dh gksA
lkFk gh og mu [kcjksa esa T;knk :fp ysrk gS ftldk ml ij çR;{k
çHkko iM+rk gS vkSj ftu [kcjksa ls og viuk rkjrE; dj ldrk gSA
mnkgj.kkFkZ& ikBd oxZ oxZ dks egaxkbZ dk eqík] #i;s ds voewY;u vFkok
cSad ds jk"Vªh;dj.k dh vis{kk T;knk çHkkfor djrk gSA
 fof'k"V yksxksa ds lkFk tc dqN ?kfVr gksrk gS rks og Hkh
lekpkj dk vge~ fgLlk cu tkrk gSA yksx bl rjg dh ?kVukvksa ds ckjs
esa vf/kd ls vf/kd tkuus dks vkrqj gks tkrs gSaA
 tc dHkh xyh eqgYyksa vFkok fofHkUu
lEçnk;ksa esa fookn gksrk gS rks tulkekU; Lor% gh bu fooknksa ls tqM+
tkrk gSA vr% lHkh çdkj ds fookn] fgalk ;k la?k"kZ Hkh [kcj cu tkrs gSaA
 le;&le; ij ljdkjh xtV]
dkuwu] fcy] ,DV v/;kns'k fu;eu vkfn ftuls vke tu çHkkfor gksrs gSaA
vPNh [kcj curs gSaA D;ksafd bu [kcjksa dk lh/kk vlj yksxksa ds thou ij
gksrk gS vkSj muds futh gkfu&ykHk Hkh blls tqM+s gksrs gSaA
 foKku ds {ks= esa fdlh vUos"k.k dk
lekpkj ftuls fdlh leqnk; ;k lekt ds fdlh fgLls dh thou'kSyh esa
cnyko vkrk gks vFkok fdlh vlk/; jksx dh dkjxj nok dh [kkst dk
30

lekpkj Hkh lekpkj dk egRoiw.kZ rRo gSA

  ,slh ?kVuk tks lkgl] 'kkS;Z] gkL;] fot;] euksjatu]
dkSrwgy vFkok ftKklk ls Hkjiwj gks ,oa ,slk lekpkj tks ekuo&fgr esa
gks vkSj vuqdj.kh; gks] vPNk lekpkj cu tkrk gSA ikBd ,slh ?kVuk
vFkok lwpuk dks dkSrwgy ls i<+rs gSa tks vU; yksxksa ij ?kfVr gks jgk gks
tSls& [kki iapk;rksa us ,d gh xks= esa 'kknh djus ij ifr&iRuh dks ltk
nsus dk QSlyk fd;kA
 pØokr] ekulwu dh iwoZ lwpuk ,oa [ksy vkfn Hkh
lekpkj ds egRoiw.kZ rRo gSaA
 fdlh ?kVuk dk lekpkj ds rkSj ij vkuk fQj
flyflysokj mldh rktxh cuk, j[krs gq, lekpkj dks lkef;d j[kuk
lekpkj dh fo'ks"krk curk gSA
lekpkjksa dk oxhZdj.k
 Bksl lekpkj &
bl çdkj ds lekpkj lh/ks ,oa ljy gksrs gSa ;s os lekpkj gksrs gSa ftlesa
?kVuk dk ljy Li"V vkSj lgh rF;kRed fooj.k çLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA buesa
rF;ksa dks tSls dk rSlk çLrqr fd;k tkrk gS] rF;ksa dks rksM+k&ejksM+k ugha tkrk
gSA ,sls lekpkjksa esa nq?kZVuk,a naxk] çk—frd vkink,a] vkijkf/kd ?kVuk,a] fdlh
egRoiw.kZ [ksy xfrfo/k dh thr&gkj] yksdfç; O;fä;ksa ds futh thou dh dksbZ
vkdfLed ?kVuk vkfn fo'k; çeq[k gksrs gSaA vFkkZr os lHkh ?kVuk ç/kku lekpkj
ftuesa dksbZ oSpkfjd my>ko ugha gksrkA bu lekpkjksa dks fy[krs le;
laoknnkrk ds fy, ;g vko';d gksrk gS fd og ?kVukLFky] le;] lR;rk vkSj
Li"Vrk dk /;ku j[ksA
?kVuk dk D;k] dc] dgk¡] dkSu }kjk çLrqfrdj.k vFkkZr ;g brus cts
;gk¡ blds lkFk ?kfVr gqvk] gkMZ vFkok Bksl lekpkj dk t:jh fgLlk gSA dc]
D;k] dgk¡ ¼?kVuk ds lEcU/k esa½ ds lkFk&lkFk ;fn D;k ¼what½] dgk¡
31

¼where½] dc ¼when½] dkSu ¼who½ vkfn dk larks"ktud mÙkj ;fn

laoknnkrk ugha ns jgk gS rks lekpkj vius esa iw.kZ ugha gSA D;k ¼what½ dk
vfHkçk; gS fd tks ?kVuk ?kVh gS vkSj ftldh tkudkjh ikBd dks nh tk jgh gS
og okLro esa D;k gS\ ;fn ?kVuk dk o.kZu Li"V ugha fd;k x;k gS ;k mlesa
'kkfCnd my>ko gS rks ;g lekpkj dh lcls cM+h vlQyrk gksxhA nwljk fcUnq
gS dgk¡ ¼where½A vutkus esa gh ikBd oSKkfud rkSj ij ;g tkuus dk bPNqd
gksrk gS fd tks ?kVuk mlds lEeq[k ykbZ tk jgh gS og dgk¡ ?kfVr gqbZ gSA ;fn
LFkku dk fooj.k ;k ?kVukLFky dh fu'kkunsgh Li"V :i ls ugha gqbZ gS] rks
blls ikBd dks larqf"V ugha gksxh vkSj mlds eu esa ftKklk cuh jgsxhA
mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij vxj dksbZ lekpkj ys[kd [kcj dk vkjEHk djrs gq, tuin
dk uke fy[krk gS vkSj ;g mYys[k djrs gq, fd veqd tuin ds ,d xk¡o esa
veqd ?kVuk gqbZ ;g vPNh i=dkfjrk dk mnkgj.k ugha gSA rhljk çeq[k fcUnq gS
dc ¼when½A ;g lcls egRoiw.kZ fcUnq gS D;ksafd vxj laoknnkrk ;g ugha
crkrk fd ftl ?kVuk dh og tkudkjh ns jgk gS og dc ?kfVr gqbZ rks ;g
furkar v/kwjk lekpkj gksxkA laoknnkrk dks frfFk vkSj fnu gh ugha] tgk¡ rd
lEHko gks ?kVuk dk le; Hkh crkuk pkfg, D;ksafd çR;sd ikBd lwpuk ;k
lekpkj dks tYnh ls tYnh çkIr djuk pkgrk gSA ;fn jkr ds nl cts ?kfVr
?kVuk mls lqcg 6 cts fey tkrh gS rks ;g mldh larqf"V dk dj.k curk gSA
vr% ;g t:jh gS fd dc dk tokc lekpkj esa ekStwn gksA bysDVªkfud ehfM;k
ds fy, ;g ifjHkk'kk,a dqN vyx gks tkrh gSA D;ksafd ?kVukLFky ds ltho fp=
cgqr dqN [kqn gh dg nsrs gSaA ,sls esa ogka i=dkj dks ?kVuk dh vkSj vf/kd
ckjhdh ls Nkuchu dj u, rF;ksa ds lkeus ykuk t:jh gks tkrk gSA
vxyk çeq[k fcUnq gS dkSu ¼who½ vFkkZr ?kVuk fdlds lkFk ?kfVr gqbZA t:jh
ugha fd ?kVuk ls çHkkfor O;fä ;k O;fä;ksa ls ikBd ijhfpr gks ysfdu fQj Hkh
mldh ikBd ;k n"kZd dh bPNk gksrh gS fd mls ;g irk pys fd ;g ?kVuk
fdlds lkFk ?kVh gSA vxj ;g tkudkjh mls ugha feyrh rks ;g le> ysuk
pkfg, fd lekpkj v/kwjk gSA vr% D;k ¼what½] dgk¡ ¼where½] dc ¼when½]
32

dkSu ¼who½ ;s dqN fcUnq gSa tks lekpkj dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA
 O;k[;kRed lekpkj &
 ysfdu ikBd ek= D;k] dgk¡] dc] dkSu ls gh larq"V ugha gksrk mls ?kVuk ds
ihNs fo|eku dkjdksa D;ksa ¼why½] dSls ¼how½ dh tkudkjh ;k fo'ys"k.k Hkh
pkfg,A çR;sd ikBd vçR;{k :i ls ;g ftKklk cuk, j[krk gS fd tks ?kVuk
mlds lkeus ykbZ tk jgh gS og D;ksa vkSj dSls ?kfVr gqbZA ;gh fo'ys"k.k
foospuk lkS¶V U;wt vFkok O;k[;kRed [kcj cu tkrh gSA O;k[;kRed [kcj
¼Soft News½ og lekpkj gS ftlesa ?kVuk dh xgu [kkstchu dh tkrh gS] ml
ij lexz :i ls çdk'k Mkyk tkrk gSA

 foykse fijkfeM &

fijkfeM njvly çkphu felz ds os Lekjd gSa tks ogk¡ ds rRdkyhu
jktkvksa dks nQukus ds fy, cuk, tkrs FksA bu fijkfeMksa dh pksVh iryh gksrh
gS vkSj T;ksa&T;ksa uhps vkrs tkrs gSa ;s fijkfeM viuk vkdkj c<+krs tkrs gSaA ;fn
ge bl fijkfeM dks mYVk dj nsa vFkkZr bldh pksVh uhps vkSj vk/kkj Åij rks
;g ,d foykse fijksfeM Vkbi lekpkj fy[kus dh 'kSyh cu tk;sxhA bl 'kSyh
ds vUrxZr laoknnkrk çeq[k ?kVuk dk lkjka'k igyh iafä;ksa esa nsxk vkSj 'ks"k
foLr`r tkudkjh r, iSjkxzkQ ls vkjEHk dj uhps rd nsrk pyk tk,xkA bl
'kSyh ds vUrxZr ikBd çFke –f"V esa eq[; ?kVuk dk lkjka'k igys tku ysrk gS
vkSj ckn esa og iwjh tkudkjh çkIr djus ds fy, uhps fn;k x;k C;kSjk i<+rk gSA
vf/kdrj ?kVukvksa ds lekpkj blh foykse fijkfeM ç.kkyh ds vUrxZr fn, tkrs
gSaA
foykse fijkfeM 'kSyh dk çpyu ml le; 'kq: gqvk tc laoknnkrkvksa
dks çeq[k ?kVukvksa dk lekpkj Vsyhxzke }kjk Hkstus dk ekxZ viukuk iM+kA
Vsyhxzke ds ek/;e ls Hksts tkus okys lekpkjksa ds fy, ;g vko';d Fkk fd
?kVuk dk çeq[k lkjka'k lcls igys ntZ fd;k tk,] rkfd ;fn rkj dh ykbu
[kjkc Hkh gS rc eq[; dk;kZy; rd ?kVuk dk çeq[k lkjka'k igq¡p tk,A
33

 lh/ks fijkfeM &

 lekpkjksa dh ;g 'kSyh lh/ks fijkfeM dh rjg viukbZ tkrh gS tks foykse
fijkfeM dh 'kSyh ls fcYdqy myV gSA blesa lekpkj ds lcls egRoiw.kZ rRo dks
lcls igys u nsdj e/; ;k vUr esa fn;k tkrk gSA lekpkj ds çkjEHk esa de
egRo ds ,sls rRo fn, tkrs gSa] tks ikBd dh vfHk:fp tkx`r dj ldrs gSaA ;g
'kSyh vf/kdrk Qhpj lekpkjksa] fjiksVksaZ rFkk ekuoh; laosnuk ls lEcfU/kr
lekpkjksa esa ç;ksx esa ykbZ tkrh gSA

i=dkj/laoknnkrk dh lQyrk ds fy, vko';d gS fd mlds lEidZ

lw= fo'oluh; vkSj mPpLrjh; gks ftuds }kjk çkIr lwpuk mi;ksxh vkSj
fo"oluh; gksA lekpkj esa ç;qä dqN ,sls lzksr loZlqyHk Hkh gksrs gSa tSls
tulHkk] jsfM;ks] Vh0oh0 dk;ZØe] çsl dkUÝsal] xksf"B;k¡ vkfnA ij fjiksVZj tc
vke yhd ls gVdj dksbZ [kcj vius fo'oluh; laEidZ lzksr dh enn ls lkeus
j[krk gS rks mldk çHkko fof'k"V gks tkrk gSA ,slk lEidZ lzksr dgha Hkh vkSj
dksbZ Hkh gks ldrk gSA ljdkjh rU= esa futh vFkok lkoZtfud {ks= esa ;k O;kikj
esa dHkh&dHkh eU=h ;k fdlh fof"k'V vfrfFk ds Mªkboj ;k fdlh LFkku ds
pkSdhnkj vkfn ls feyh lwpuk,a Hkh egRoiw.kZ gks tkrh gSaA lekpkj çkIr djus ds
eq[; lzksr gSa &
 ljdkjh lzksr
 iqfyl foHkkx ,oa vnkyr
 O;fäxr lzksr
 vLirky
 HksaVokrkZ

laoknnkrk ds fy, lwpuk,¡ çkIr djus dk egRoiw.kZ lk/ku ljdkjh lzksr
gSaA jkt/kkuh fnYyh ds vykok fofHkUu jkT;ksa dh jkt/kkfu;k¡ vkSj egRoiw.kZ ftyk
34

eq[;ky;ksa ij ljkdjh lwpuk foHkkx ds dk;kZy; dk;Z djrs gSaA bu dk;kZy;ksa ls

ljdkjh xfrfof/k;ksa dh tkudkjh çkIr dh tk ldrh gSA ljdkjh foHkkxksa ls Hkh
 le;&le; ij lwpuk,a vkSj lekpkj tkjh fd, tkrs gSaA fofHkUu ljdkjh
foHkkxksa ls Hkh le;&le; ij lwpuk,a vkSj lekpkj tkjh fd, tkrs gSaA bu
lwpukvksa vkSj vkadM+ksa dh Nkuchu dj i=dkj ,d vyx vkSj tuksi;ksxh [kcjsa
cuk ldrk gSA

laoknnkrkvksa ds fy, [kcjksa dk lcls cM+k Hk.Mkj gksrk gS iqfyl foHkkxA
fdlh Hkh vkijkf/kd ?kVuk gR;k vFkok ekjihV ds ekeys] u'kkcanh vkSj ;krk;kr
ds mYya?ku vkfn ds ekeyksa dh tkudkjh iqfyl foHkkx ds lEidZ esa jgdj gh
fey ldrh gSA iqfyl ds mPpkf/kdkfj;ksa ls O;fäxr lEidZ cuk dj fo'oluh;
tkudkfj;k¡ çkIr dh tk ldrh gSA
iqfyl Fkkuksa esa ntZ ekeys pyrs&pyrs vnkyrksa esa igq¡p tkrs gSaA laoknnkrk dks
bu ekeyksa esa xgjh tkudkjh çkIr djus ds fy, vnkyr ds pDdj yxkus iM+rs
gSaA lkekU; :i ls rks vnkyrksa esa dbZ NksVs&NksVs nhokuh vkSj QkStnkjh eqdnes
pyrs gh jgrs gSa ysfdu ;s lHkh eqdnes v[kckj dh [kcj cuus dh ;ksX;rk ugha
j[krs gSaA buesa ls tulkekU; dh vfHk:fp ds ekeys dkSu ls gks ldrs gSa bldk
fu.kZ; laoknnkrk dks viuh prqjkbZ ls djuk pkfg,A

O;fäxr lEidZ Hkh lekpkj çkIr djus dk çeq[k lk/ku gksrk gSA lkaln]
eU=h] lfpo vkSj futh lgk;dksa ls vPNs lEcU/k cukus okyk laoknnkrk dbZ ckj
xksiuh; vkSj egRoiw.kZ lekpkj nwljksa ls igys gh ys vkrk gS vkSj yksxksa dks
pkSadk nsrk gSA

laoknnkrkvksa dks çfrfnu ds lekpkjksa dks ,df=r djus ds fy, dqN [kkl
LFkkuksa dh dojst djuh iM+rh gSA vLirky Hkh ,slk gh ,d {ks= gSA 'kgj esa
ftruh Hkh gR;k,a] naxs] nq?kZVuk,a ;k vkRegR;k vkfn gksrh gSa mu lc dh
35

tkudkjh vLirky ls fey ldrh gSA blh rjg uxj fuxe dk;kZy;] vkokl
foHkkx] çeq[k cktkj] ?kVuk LFky] Ldwy] dkyst vkSj fo"ofo|ky;] çeq[k {ks=h;
laLFkku vkfn bl rjg ds vU; LFkku gSa tgka ls fu;fer :i ls egRoiw.kZ
lekpkj [kksts tk ldrs gSaA

HksaVokrkZ lekpkj ladyu dk gh ,d ek/;e gSA dHkh&dHkh HksaVokrkZ ls
u;s lekpkj fudy vkrs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ tc fdlh egRoiw.kZ usrk dk lk{kkRdkj
fy;k tkrk gS vkSj og viuh Hkfo"; dh dk;Z ;kstuk dks crkrk gS rks ,sls
lk{kkRdkj egRoiw.kZ gks tkrs gSaA
dHkh&dHkh lEidZ lzksr Lo;a dks vkxs j[kuk pkgrk gS vkSj dbZ ckj
lEidZ lzksr eqlhcr esa Hkh iM+ tkrk gS ,sls esa i=dkj ds fy, mldk /;ku
j[kuk vko';d gks tkrk gSA dHkh&dHkh lzksr viuh ckr ls iyV Hkh tkrk gSA
blfy, lekpkj dh fo'oluh;rk ds fy, laoknnkrk ds ikl lzksr }kjk dgh ;k
crkbZ xbZ ckr ds lcwr t:j gksus pkfg,A ftlls vko';drk iM+us ij lekpkj
dh lR;rk dksf ls) fd;k tk ldsA
lekpkj ,d= djus esa fo'ks"kr;k [kksth i=dkfjrk ds nkSjku
ljdkj/'kklu ls Vdjko dh fLFkfr cuh jgrh gSA dksbZ Hkh jktusrk vius ftu
dk;ksaZ dks lgh le>rk gS ,d i=dkj tc mldh vlfy;r turk ds le{k j[k
nsrk gS vkSj turk jktusrk dh uhfr;ksa o dk;ksaZ dh vkykspuk djus yxrh gS
vkSj ml ij viuh çfrfØ;k nsrh gSA rks i=dkj ds fy, ,sls jktusrk ls lh/ks
Vdjko dh fLFkfr vk tkrh gSA i=dkj dks ,slh fLFkfr esa foosd ls dke djuk
pkfg, vkSj [kcj dh lR;rk ij –<+ jgdj fLFkfr dk eqdkcyk djuk pkfg,A
çk;% i=dkj ds fy, vius lwpuk lzksr dks cpk, j[kus ds fy, vfrfjä ç;kl
djus iM+rs gSaA dbZ ckj U;k;ikfydk vkSj dk;Zikfydk ,sls lzksr dk [kqyklk
pkgrs gSaA ysfdu vius lzksrksa dh lqj{kk i=dkfjrk ds ewY; esa 'kfey gS blfy,
i=dkj dks L=ksr dh lqj{kk dk [kkl /;ku j[kuk pkfg,A
36
 (The agricultural story)

 ,d lQyrk dh dgkuh] dks mi;ksx djus ds fy, rdZ dks ifjHkkf"kr djsaA
 fofHkUu çdkj dh lDlsl LVksjht dks le>saA
 lQyrk dh dgkfu;ksa dks lk>k djus ds fy, n'kZdksa dh igpku djsaA
 fofHkUu n'kZdksa ds fy, lQyrk dh dgkfu;ksa dks laçsf"kr djus ds fy,
j.kuhfr fodflr djsaA

lQyrk dh dgkfu;ka egRoiw.kZ lapkj midj.k gSa

 tkudkjh dks le>us] ;kn j[kus vkSj vfHku; djus ds fy, ,d :ijs[kk
çnku djsaA
 ^^xksykdkj Qkby^^ esa mrjus ls viuh miyfC/k;ksa dks jksdsaA

 ,d dk;ZØe dk ,d ljy fooj.k%

 Çxfr
 miyfC/k;ka
 lh[kuk
 dkjZokbZ dk vuqjks/k
 ,d lQyrk dh dgkuh ugha gS%
37

 fuxjkuh dh fjiksVZ
  iwjk ewY;kadu fp=
 la;qä jk"Vª ds i{kikrh

 –';rk vkSj fo'oluh;rk çkIr djsaA

 vius dk;ZØe dks f'kf{kr vkSj c<+kok nsaA
 tkudkjh ds vuqjks/kksa vkSj fgr/kkjdksa dks f'kf{kr djukA
 vf/kd leFkZu vkSj lalk/ku xkuZjA
 tokcnsgh vkSj ewY;kaduA

mís';
 ,d lQyrk dh dgkuh] dks mi;ksx djus ds fy, rdZ dks ifjHkkf"kr djsaA
 fofHkUu çdkj dh lDlsl LVksjht dks le>saA
 lQyrk dh dgkfu;ksa dks lk>k djus ds fy, n'kZdksa dh igpku djsaA
 fofHkUu n'kZdksa ds fy, lQyrk dh dgkfu;ksa dks laçsf"kr djus ds fy,
j.kuhfr fodflr djsaA

lQyrk dh dgkfu;ka egRoiw.kZ lapkj midj.k gSa

 tkudkjh dks le>us] ;kn j[kus vkSj vfHku; djus ds fy, ,d :ijs[kk
çnku djsaA
 ^^xksykdkj Qkby^^ esa mrjus ls viuh miyfC/k;ksa dks jksdsaA
lQyrk LVksjh D;k gS\
 ,d dk;ZØe dk ,d ljy fooj.k%
38

 çxfr
  miyfC/k;ka
 lh[kuk
 dkjZokbZ dk vuqjks/k

 fuxjkuh dh fjiksVZ
 iwjk ewY;kadu fp=
 la;qä jk"Vª ds i{kikrh
vki ,d lQyrk dh dgkuh D;ksa pkgrs gSa
 –';rk vkSj fo'oluh;rk çkIr djsa
 vius dk;ZØe dks f'kf{kr vkSj c<+kok nsa
 tkudkjh ds vuqjks/kksa vkSj fgr/kkjdksa dks f'kf{kr djuk
 vf/kd leFkZu vkSj lalk/ku xkuZj
 tokcnsgh vkSj ewY;kadu
39
 सा ा ार

,d lk{kkRdkj ,d okrkZyki gS tgka ç'u iwNs tkrs gSa vkSj mÙkj fn, tkrs
gSaA vke cksypky esa] ^^lk{kkRdkj^^ 'kCn ,d lk{kkRdkjdrkZ vkSj ,d
lk{kkRdkjdrkZ ds chp ,d&ij&,d okrkZyki dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA
lk{kkRdkjdrkZ mu ç'uksa dks iwNrk gS ftudk lk{kkRdkjdrkZ tokc nsrk gS]
vkerkSj ij bruh tkudkjh lk{kkRdkjdrkZ ls lk{kkRdkjdrkZ ¼vkSj lk{kkRdkj ds
fdlh vU; n'kZd½ dks LFkkukarfjr dh tk ldrh gSA dHkh&dHkh] lwpuk dks nksuksa
fn'kkvksa esa LFkkukarfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA lapkj] ,d Hkk"k.k ds foijhr] tks
lwpuk ds ,d&rjQk çokg dk mRiknu djrk gSA
vkerkSj ij] i=dkfjrk esa ,d dgkuh dks doj djus okys i=dkj Qksu
ij vkSj ckn esa çdk'ku ds fy, tkudkjh çkIr djus ds fy, O;fä esa lk{kkRdkj
vk;ksftr djrs gSaA fjiksVZj Vsyhfotu 'kks esa jktuhfrd mEehnokjksa dk lk{kkRdkj
dj ldrs gSaA ,d V‚d 'kks esa] ,d jsfM;ks ;k Vsyhfotu ^^gksLV^^ ,d ;k ,d ls
vf/kd yksxksa dk lk{kkRdkj djrk gS] fo"k; dh ilan vkerkSj ij estcku }kjk
pquk tkrk gS] dHkh&dHkh euksjatu ds ç;kstuksa ds fy,] dHkh&dHkh lwpuk ds
ç;kstuksa ds fy,A bl rjg ds lk{kkRdkj vDlj fjd‚MZ fd, tkrs gSa vkSj muesa
ls dqN lk{kkRdkj fMLd ij tkjh fd, tk ldrs gSaA
,d i=dkj lk{kkRdkj nks ;k nks ls vf/kd yksxksa ds chp ckrphr dk :i
ysrk gS% lk{kkRdkjdrkZ ¼vksa½ lk{kkRdkjdrkZ ¼vksa½ ls rF;ksa ;k c;kuksa ds ckjs esa
ç'u iwNrs gSaA lk{kkRdkj i=dkfjrk vkSj ehfM;k fjiksfVaZx dk ,d ekud fgLlk
gSaA i=dkfjrk esa] lk{kkRdkj lcls egRoiw.kZ rjhdksa esa ls ,d gS] ftldk mi;ksx
lwpukvksa dks ,d= djus] vkSj ikBdksa] Jksrkvksa] ;k n'kZdksa dks ns[kus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA
40
 vyx&vyx mís';ksa ls lk{kkRdkj fy;s tkrs gSaA mís'; ds vuqlkj lk{kkRdkj dh
çfØ;k Hkh vyx&vyx gksrh gSA lk{kkRdkj cgqr rgZ ds gks ldrs gSa&
 dkfeZd p;u ds fy;s lk{kkRdkj
 Vsyhfotu lk{kkRdkj
 nwjHkk"k lk{kkRdkj
 lwpuk lk{kkRdkj & fdlh çdkj dh lwpuk çkIr djus ds fy;s
 yap lk{kkRdkj ¼Lunch interview½
 dsl lk{kkRdkj ¼Case interview½
 ity lk{kkRdkj ¼Puzzle interview½
 LVªsl lk{kkRdkj ¼Stress Interview½ & bldk mís'; ;g ns[kuk gS fd
ncko dh fLFkfr esa vkidk O;ogkj dSlk jgrk gSA
 dkfeZd p;u ds fy;s lk{kkRdkj
m|ksxksa esa dkfeZd p;u gsrq lk{kkRdkj dk çpyu jgk gSA ;g ,d
çkphure ,oa loZekU; fof/k ds :i esa ç;qä gksrk vk;k gSA orZeku ;qx esa lHkh
{ks=ksa esa lk{kkRdkj dks vfuok;Z lk/ku ds :i esa ç;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA ;g
mEehnokj rFkk mldh vuqdwyrk ¼Fitness½ dks tkap&ij[kus dh ,d thoUr
lkekftd fLFkfr gSA blesa nks i{k gksrs gksA bu i{kksa ds chp dh okrkZ gh vfUre
fu.kZ; dk vk/kkj curh gSA
fca?ke rFkk ewj ¼Bingham & Moore] 1924½ us lk{kkRdkj dks ,d
mís';iw.kZ okrkZ ekuk gSA bUgksaus lk{kkRdkj dks ,d ,slk fp= ekuk ftlds }kjk
lk{kkRdkjkFkhZ dks dk;Z fo'ks"k ds ;ksX; vFkok v;ksX; ?kksf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
orZeku le; esa lk{kkRdkj ds mís'; dh fHkUurk dks ysdj dbZ ifjorZu gq, gSaA
fHkUurk ds vk/kkj ij lk{kkRdkj dHkh p;u] dHkh eukso`fÙk] dHkh lykg rks dHkh
ewY;kadu vkfn gqvk djrk gSA okbVsyl s us lk{kkRdkj dks vkosnd ,oa lsok;kstu
41

inkf/kdkfj;ksa ds chp çR;{k ckrphr ekuk gSA

orZeku esa lk{kkRdkj dsoy lwpuk çkfIr dk gh lk/ku ugha cfYd ekiu dk Hkh
ç/kku lk/ku cu x;k gSA orZeku esa O;kolkf;d vuqdwyrk ¼Vocational
fitness½ Kkr djus dh ,d fof/k ds :i esa blds dbZ mís'; çdV gq, gSa
 lh/kk laidZ dk volj feyuk]
 ifjdYiukvksa dk lzksr cuuk]
 xq.kkRed rF;ksa dks ,df=r djuk]
 O;fä dh ekSf[kd vfHkO;fä;ksa dk v/;;u djuk bR;kfnA
orZeku le; ds lUnHkZ esa lk{kkRdkj dh Hkwfedk ,d f'k{kd rFkk
lk{kkRdkjkFkhZ ds O;ogkj esa çpyudrZ~rk ,oa okrkZyki ds lqdksey çksRlkgudrZ~rk
ds :i esa mHkjus yxh gSA lk{kkRdkj i)fr ls ;g ykHk gksrk gS fd vkosnd
xyr çfrfØ;k,a ¼Fake responses½ ljyrk ls ugha ns ikrs gksA lk{kkRdkj
dh ifjfLFkfr ;fn lqxfBr gksrh gS rks ;g ,d mRçsjd ¼Big motivator½ dk
Hkh dke dj ldrh gSA lwpuk çkfIr dk ;g ,dek= lzksr gSA lk{kkRdkj ds
le; vkosnd ;g ladsr [kkstrk jgrk gS fd ckrphr ls ml ij D;k çHkko iM+
jgk gS vkSj lk{kkRdkjdrZ~rk mlds ckjs esa D;klksp jgs gks\ bu ladsrksa }kjk
vkosnd dks çcyhdj.k ¼Reinforment½ feyrk gSA mldk gj vxyk O;ogkj
blh çR;{khdj.k ls fufnZ"V gksus yxrk gSA
dkà rFkk dsausy ¼Kahn and Cannel, 1957½ us lk{kkRdkj ds
vfHkçsj.kkRed igyw dks fo'ks"k egÙo fn;k gSA bUgksaus lk{kkRdkj dh lQyrk ds
fy, bu 'krksaZ dks vko';d crk;k gS&
 igqap ¼Accessibility½]
 laKku ¼Congnition½ rFkk
 vfHkçsj.k ¼Motivation½
;fn lk{kkRdkj ds nkSjku ;s 'krsaZ ç'u fuekZ.k] okLrfod lapkyu]
42

mEehnokj ds ekufld Lrj] mldh rRijrk vkSj Hkkx ysus dh bPNk vkfn fofo/k
Lrjksa ij iwjh gks tkrh gS rks blds QyLo:i fn;k x;k ekiu vkSj fu.kZ; Hkh
 cstksM+ gksxkA ,d lQy lk{kkRdkjdrZ~rk e`nqHkk"kh ds lkFk /kS;ZiwoZd lquus okyk
Hkh gksrk gSA lkjh lwpuk,a lk{kkRdkjdrZ~rk ls gksdj gh xqtjrh gSA blfy,
lk{kkRdkjdrZ~rk dk ;g /keZ gS fd og dke dh lwpukvksa dks ,d= djs]
lwpuk&ladsrksa dh rkSy djs] mUgsa lgh :i ls lefUor djs vkSj vUr esa vkosnd
ds p;u ds ckjs esa fu.kZ; ij igqapsA lk{kkRdkj dh jpuk okrkZyki
¼Conservation½ ls gh gksrh gSA blfy, bldh lQyrk Hkh nksuksa i{kksa dh
okrkZykih; dkS'ky ls fu/kkZfjr gksxhA fdlh vçR;kf'kr ?kVuk ds }kjk dHkh&dHkh
lk{kkRdkj ds nkSjku LFkkfir vuqca/k fcxM+ tk;s rks ,slh fLFkfr esa iqu% u, fljs
ls larqyu [kkstus dh fLFkfr vk tkrh gSA m|ksxksa esa lk{kkRdkj dk fpfdRlkRed
mi;ksx Hkh gksus yxk gSaA lHkh txg lajfpr lk{kkRdkj ¼Structured
interview½ dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
orZeku esa lk{kkRdkj ds fl)kUr vkSj O;ogkj esa vikj ifjorZu gq, gSaA lk;eaM~l
¼Symonds, 1939½ us lk{kkRdkj dh lQyrk gsrq pkj dkjdksa dks egÙo fn;k
gS&
 vkosnu esa fufgr dkjd
 lk{kkRdkjdrZ~rk esa fufgr dkjd
 lk{kkRdkj ds ifjfLFkfr laca/kh dkjd
 lk{kkRdkj esa çi= ¼Q‚eZ½ vkSj fo"k; laca/kh dkjd
fof/k dh vafre lQyrk bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrh gS fd deZpkjh laj{k.k
¼Personnel’s protectionory½] nwljksa dh xksiuh;rk ds fy, vknj rFkk
çkIr lwpukvksa dk lgh mi;ksx fd;k tk, rks lk{kkRdkj fof/k vkS|ksfxd
leL;kvksa ds v/;;u gsrq vewY; /kjksgj fl) gks ldrh gSA

lk{kkRdkj fof/k;ksa esa =qfV;ksa ds dkj.k bl ç.kkyh esa iwjk Hkjkslk djuk
dfBu gSA fujh{k.k ls Li"V gS fd mEehnokjksa dk ewY;kadu djus esa fofHkUu
43

lk{kkRdkjdrZ~rkvksa }kjk çpqj fHkUurk,a lkeus vkrh gSaA lk{kkRdkj ,d lokZf/kd

vkRefu"B ¼lCtsfDVo½ fof/k gSA pwafd ewY;kaduksa esa lrr vuq:irk ugha gksrh]
blfy, bl fof/k dks fo'oluh; ugha ekuk tk ldrkA tks fof/k fo'oluh; ugha
gS] og lR; gksus dk nkok Hkh ugha dj ldrh gSA
Ld‚V ¼Scott½] gkfyaxoFkZ ¼Holling wroth, 1922½ rFkk oSuxj
¼Wnger] 1949½ vkfn us bl ij v/;;u fd;kA lHkh us bl fof/k dh
fo'oluh;rk ij Hkjkslk iw.kZ :is.k ugha fd;k gSA lk{kkRdkj dh dqN çeq[k
=qfV;ka bl çdkj gSa&
Conditioned Reactions
vf/kdka'k lk{kkRdkjdrZ~rk vutkus esa O;FkZ dh ckrksa ds çfr iwoZ LFkkfir
vuqdwfyr çfrfØ;kvksa ls çHkkfor gksrs gSaA tSls& mEehnokj dh /ofu] cksyus dk
<ax vkfnA vuqdwfyr çfrfØ;k esa gj O;fä viuh ilanxh] ukilanxh O;ä
djrk gS fdarq og bl ckr ls voxr ugha jgrk fd mls fdl çdkj fof'k"V
O;ogkj #fpdj rFkk v#fpdj çrhr gksrs gSaA
Belief in the generalisation
of habits
O;fä dh ;g /kkj.kk jgrh gS fd mEehnokj lk{kkRdkj ds le; viuh tks
vknr çdV djsxk] ogh gj txg çdV djsxkA ysfdu euksoSKkfud :i ls
bldk dksbZ Bksl vk/kkj ugha gSA blfy, lkekU;h—r vknr esa fo'okl ds
QyLo:i fdlh fu.kZ; ij igqapuk dfBu gSA lk{kkRdkjdrZ~rk dks bl çdkj dh
vknrksa ls eqä jgus dh ps"Vk djuh pkfg, vU;Fkk blds fu.kZ; nks"kiw.kZ gks
ldrs gSa rFkk lkjs p;u dk;Z ij foijhr çHkko iM+ ldrk gSA
¼Uncouncious bias of
Interviewer½
lk{kkRdkjdrZ~rk ;FkklaHko Lo;a dks iwokZxzg ls eqä j[kus dk ç;Ru djrk
44

gSA ysfdu gj laHko bZekunkjh ds ckotwn dqN ,slh vpsru eukso`fÙk j[krk gS
 ftlds QyLo:i oLrqvksa] O;fä;ksa rFkk ?kVukvksa ds çfr mldk çR;{khdj.k vkSj
O;ogkj fo'ks"k :is.k çHkkfor gksrk gSA blfy, lk{kkRdkjdrkZ iw.kZ:is.k bu
iwokZxzgksa ls eqä gksus dk nkok ugha dj ldrkA
General Nervousness in
Interviewee
lk{kkRdkj ds le; vkosnd iw.kZr% mUeqä u jgdj vf/kdka'k Hk;Hkhr
fn[krs gSaA ;g Hkh laHko gks ldrk gS fd dksbZ mEehnokj ?kcjkdj viuh
;ksX;rkvksa vkSj fopkjksa dks cksMZ ds le{k lgh :i esa ugha j[k ikrk gSA blds
foijhr nqcZy vkosnd ckj&ckj lk{kkRdkj nsus ds dkj.k cksMZ dks çHkkfor dj
ysrs gksA mEehnokj dh ;ksX;rk vkSj miyfC/k ij gh lk{kkRdkj dh lQyrk fuHkZj
ugha djrh gS cfYd bl çdkj dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus dh prqjkbZ vkSj
dkS'ky ij fuHkZj djrh gSA ;ksX; O;fä Hkh lk{kkRdkj dh dyk esa çoh.k u gksus
ij vlQy jgrk gSA bl çdkj lk{kkRdkj ç.kkyh ij iwjk Hkjkslk ugha fd;k tk
ldrkA

blesa O;fä nwljksa ds O;ogkjksa rFkk f'k"Vkpkjksa dk vuqdj.k djrk gSA

lk{kkRdkj ds le; ;g ço`fÙk ckj&ckj ns[kus esa vkrh gS D;ksafd lk{kkRdkjdrZ~rk
dk LFkku mPp gksus ds dkj.k mEehnokj vutkus esa mldk vuqdj.k dj mlls
viuk rknkRE; LFkkfir djus dh ps"Vk djrk gSA lk{kkRdkjdrZ~rk ds fe=rk O;ä
djus ij vkosnd esa Hkh ,slh çfrfØ;k,a mRiUu gksus yxrh gSaA bUgha
vuqdj.kkRed ço`fÙk;ksa dks xyr :i ls ysrs gSaA Qyr% lk{kkRdkj esa blds
fu.kZ; Hkh v;FkkFkZ gksrs gSaA

lk{kkRdkj esa =qfV;ksa dk lcls cM+k lzksr laHkor% O;FkZ 'kCnkofy;ksa dk

iwjk&iwjk vFkZ Li"V ugha fd;k tkuk gSA lk/kkj.kr% lk{kkRdkjdrZ~rkvksa dks
45

mEehnokjksa ds 'khyxq.kksa ls lacaf/kr dksbZ lwph ugha nh tkrh gSA ;fn ;g lwph nh
Hkh tkrh gS rks 'kk;n gh bUgsa Li"V ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA LoHkkor% O;fäxr
fu.kZ; rFkk O;k[;kvksa ds fy, jkLrk vf/kd [kqy tkrk gS] ftlds dkj.k
mEehnokj ds p;u ds ç'u ij lk{kkRdkjdrkZvksa esa ?kksj erHksn gks tkrk gSA
fu.kZ; laca/kh v'kqf);ksa dh laHkkouk c<+ tkrh gSA
ysfdu egÙoiw.kZ ckr ;g gS fd mijksä dfBukb;ksa ds ckotwn Hkh
lk{kkRdkj dh yksdfç;rk de ugha gksrh gSA ijLij vkeus&lkeus dh bl çfØ;k
esa mEehnokj ds O;fäRo rFkk O;ogkj laca/kh vusd cgqewY; jgL;ksa dk Hkh
mn~?kkVu gks ldrk gSA

lk{kkRdkj ,d ,slk ek/;e gS ftlds }kjk mEehnokjksa dks muds Hkkoksa rFkk
fopkjksa dks ekSf[kd :i ls vfHkO;ä djus dk volj feyrk gSA ;g ,d
mi;ksxh ç.kkyh gS ysfdu bldks mi;ksxh p;u&ç.kkyh ?kksf"kr djus esa eq[;r;k
nks çdkj dh dfBukb;ka vkrh gSa&

 vkRefu"B ç.kkyh gksuk ¼fu.kZ; laca/kh vad çnku djus dh oLrqfu"B i)fr
dk u gksuk½
 bu dfBukb;ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, lq/kkj laca/kh lq>ko fuEu gks ldrs
gSaA

lk{kkRdkjdrkZ dh dq'kyrk gh lk{kkRdkj dh lQyrk ij vk/kkfjr gksrh

gSA blfy, vko';d gS fd lk{kkRdkj lfefr ds lnL;ksa dk p;u lko/kkuhiwoZd
djuk pkfg,A lk{kkRdkjdrZ~rk dks ;ksX; gksuk pkfg,A mlesa çR;{khdj.k dh
rh{.krk] ifjorZu'khyrk] lek;kstu'khyrk rFkk fofo/k lk{kkRdkj ysus dk vuqHko
gksuk pkfg,A mls lk{kkRdkj dyk esa fof'k"V çf'k{k.k Hkh feyuk pkfg,A blds
fcuk lk{kkRdkjdrZk lk{kkRdkj dks lQyrkiwoZd laiUu ugha dj ldrk gSA
46
 lk{kkRdkj ds le; bUgsa dksbZ ,d gh ç.kkyh viukus rFkk leku vkpkj lafgrk
dk ikyu djus dk çf'k{k.k feyuk pkfg,A fca?ke rFkk ewj ¼Bingham and
Moor½ us Hkkoh lk{kkRdkjdrkZvksa ds çf'k{k.k gsrq fuEu ijke'kZ fn, gSa&
 lk{kkRdkjdrkZ dks vkRefo'okl thrus dh jhfr;ksa dh tkudkjh
 mEehnokj dks rukoeqä rFkk lgt LokHkkfod cuk, j[kus esa çoh.krk
j[kuk
 mEehnokjksa dks ckrphr gsrq çsfjr djuk
 mEehnokj ds –f"Vdks.k rFkk fparu ç—fr dh 'kh?kzrk ls ij[k
 lk{kkRdkj ds le; oäk dk vfHku; de rFkk Jksrk dk vf/kd djuk
 iwoZ/kkj.kkvksa ls voxr jguk ,oa mlh vuq:i NwV nsuk
 mEehnokj dh ckrphr ls lw= fudkyuk rFkk Lor% mlh ls mi;qä ç'u
fudkyuk
 lk{kkRdkjdrkZ ds le{k ekius okyh 'khyxq.k lwph dk gksuk
'khyxq.kksa ds ekiu gsrq oLrqfu"B i)fr gksuh pkfg,A blds fy, çkekf.kd
ewY;kadu ekunaM dk ç;ksx visf{kr gSA ekunaM esa ftrus Hkh mi[kaM fn[kk,
tk,a] fu.kZ; dh lR;rk Hkh mruh gh vf/kd gksrh gSA 'khyxq.kksa dh lwph dks
vuqHko }kjk] deZpkjh çca/kdksa }kjk o i;Zos{kdksa }kjk ;k rks vfxze :i ls rS;kj
dj ysuk pkfg, vFkok lwph dk fuekZ.k dk;Z fo'ys"k.k i)fr }kjk gksuk pkfg,A

ç'uksa dk fuekZ.k nks"kiw.kZ ugha gksuk pkfg,] ftlls mEehnokj dks mldk
vFkZ le>us esa eqlhcr vkrh gksA lk{kkRdkj esa lkekftd ç'uksa dk iwNuk
okaNuh; gS tks bfPNr 'khyxq.kksa ls lac) gksaA
lk{kkRdkj ek= ,d cSBd u gksdj bldk vk;kstu ,dkf/kd ckj gksuk
pkfg;s ¼Sitting should be more than once½
lk{kkRdkjdrZkvksa dks fofHkUu lewgksa esa foHkä gksuk pkfg,A çR;sd mEehnokj ds
47

le{k ,d lewg de ls de ,d ckj vo'; lk{kkRdkj djsA blls fu.kZ; laca/kh

v'kqf);ksa dks de fd;k tk ldrk gSA lkFk gh lk{kkRdkj dh fo'oluh;rk Hkh
c<+ ldrh gSA mi;ksxh gksrs gq, Hkh ;g lq>ko 'kk;n gh O;kogkfjd :i esa
ç;qä gksrk gSA dfBukbZ bl ckr dh gS fd lk{kkRdkj esa oSls gh le; vf/kd
yxrk gS] tks vkSj c<+ tk;sxkA
mEehnokjksa dks oLrqfu"B fØ;k djus dk çpqj volj çnku djuk ¼Providing
ample scope for objective performance½
lk{kkRdkj ek= fopkj fofue; gh ugha gSA lk{kkRdkj esa lk{kkRdkFkhZ ds cká
O;ogkjksa dks Hkh çksRlkgu feyuk pkfg,A bl fLFkfr esa lk{kkRdkj O;ogkj vFkok
ifjfLFkfr ijh{k.kksa ¼Situational Tests½ dh Hkkafr dk;Z djrk gSA

vk/kqfud euksoSKkfudksa us vius vuqHkoksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g fopkj O;ä

fd;k gS fd lk{kkRdkj fof/k esa oLrqfu"B inksa ¼term½ dks lfEefyr fd;k tk
ldrk gSA vad çnku djus dh fof/k Hkh blh ds l–'k viuk;h tk ldrh gSA
lk{kkRdkj esa ç;qä inksa ds çkek.khdj.k gsrq çR;sd mEehnokj ls ,d gh rjg ds
ç'u fd, tk;sa rks blls lk{kkRdkj dk mís'; iwjk ugha gks ikrk gSA lk{kkRdkj
ijLij ekSfyd okrkZyki dh i)fr gS ftlesa ckrphr esa u, fopkj rFkk fparu
iSnk gksrs gSaA ysfdu ckrphr dh fn'kk dh iw.kZ Hkfo";ok.kh djuk dfBu gksrk gSA
lk{kkRdkj dks çkekf.kd cukus gsrq fooj.k lwph ¼Check list½ dh ,d ekudh—
r çfr lfefr ds lnL;ksa dks nh tk;s rkfd mlh ds vuq:i O;ogkj fd;k tk
ldsA bl lwph esa okafNr 'khyxq.kksa dh lwph dks vfxze cukdj mEehnokj ls
feyus okys xq.kksa dks gh fpfàr djrs gSaA bls ^lk{kkRdkj&deZpkjh ewY;kadu çi=^
dgrs gSaA
fx;u uked fo}ku us lk{kkRdkj ds fy, fuEu O;kogkfjd lq>ko fn, gSa&
 lk{kkRdkj çkekf.kd gksA blesa ;FkklaHko eS=hiw.kZ rFkk lkSgknZiw.kZ okrkoj.k
gksuk pkfg,A
48

 lk{kkRdkjdrZk ds le{k ewY;kadu ekunaM vfxze :i ls gksA

  ;fn lk{kkRdkj esa lgh rjhdksa dks viuk;k tk;s rks bls O;kolkf;d p;u
dk egÙoiw.kZ lk/ku cuk;k tk ldrk gSA Cye rFkk usyj ds 'kCnksa esa]
lk{kkRdkj gsrq vR;f/kd oSKkfud 'kks/k dh vko';drk gSA tc rd ,slk
ugha fd;k tkrk rc rd bldh lR;rk rFkk mi;ksx gsrq loksZÙke lk{kkRdkj
fof/k esa lacaf/kr cgqr ls ç'u vuqÙkfjr gksaxAs
49
 Wire Service

Wire Service

,d lekpkj laxBu] tks flafMdsVsM d‚ih dks VsyhQksu ;k baVjusV }kjk]

vkerkSj ij xzkgdksa dks forfjr djrk gSAi=dkj lekpkj rkjksa dk mi;ksx dSls
djrs gSa
U;wt ok;j lsok,a cM+k O;olk; gS vkSj bldk mi;ksx daifu;ksa vkSj ihvkj
,tsUlh }kjk i=dkj / Cy‚xlZ vkSj v‚uykbu lekpkj dgkfu;ka QSykus ds
fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
;s lsok,¡ vDlj vius i=dkj MsVkcsl ds vkdkj dk vf/kd fgLlk cukrh
gSa vkSj ,d çeq[k foØ; fcanq ds :i esa bu i=dkjksa rd igq¡pus dh mudh
{kerk çnku djrh gSaA
i=dkj fdruh ckj lekpkj rkjksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSa\
 37% i=dkj nSfud mi;ksx djrs gSaA
 30% i=dkj dHkh&dHkkj bLrseky djrs gSaA
 21% i=dkj dHkh mi;ksx ugha djrs gSaA
dkSu ls lekpkj rkj lcls ewY;oku gSa&
 O;kikj rkj
 cktkj dk rkj
 U;wt ok;j vkt
 ihvkj rkj
 çsl ,lksfl,'ku
 ihvkj osc
 vlyh rkjksa dk rkj
50
 54% us ik;k fd PR U;wt ok;j lcls ewY;oku U;wt ok;j Fkk ftlds ckn çsl
,lksfl,'ku ¼38%½] lkslZ ok;j ¼37%½ vkSj fctuslok;j ¼34%½ 'kkfey FksA
51
 fp=.k fp= ds :i gSa] tks n'kkZrs gSa fd ys[kd ;k dykdkj vius
VqdM+s dks fpf=r djus dh dksf'k'k dj jgs gSaA n'kZdksa ds vk/kkj ij]
dHkh&dHkh yksxksa ds fy, fdlh lans'k dks le>uk vklku gksrk gS ;fn
og us=ghu :i ls çLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA i=dkj js[kkfp=ksa] js[kkfp=ksa]
rLohjksa] ;k xzkfQd fMtkbuksa lfgr lHkh çdkj ds fp=ksa dk mi;ksx
djrs gSaA
1800 ds n'kd ds var esa if=dkvksa dh mNky ds lkFk i=dkfjrk
dh nqfu;k dk fu;fer fgLlk cuus yxsA çdk'kdksa us vf/kd –'; ,M~l
dh vko';drk rc LFkkfir dh tc muds n'kZdksa us vf/kd fnypLih
ysuk 'kq: dj fn;kA fp=.k ds lkFk 'kCnksa dks fpf=r djus dh {kerk us
lHkh çdk'kuksa ds fy, u, volj iSnk fd,A

fp=.k us ges'kk yksxksa dks jksd fn;k gS vkSj i<+k gSA ;g ,d i`"B
ij dqN Li"V dj jgk gSA ;gka rd fd ,d Li‚V fp=.k] tks vk/ks i`"B
ds rgr dqN Hkh gS] ,d lkbMckj esa fdlh dks lw{e Lrj ij layXu dj
ldrk gSA eq>s ,slk yxrk gS fd ;g dgkuh dks vkSj vf/kd i`"B ds
lkFk tksM+dj dgkuh dks tksM+rk gSA ;g yksxksa dks fn[krk gSA

1830 ds n'kd esa] baXySaM vkSj la;qä jkT; vesfjdk esa] v[kckj
vkSj if=dk ds çdk'kd –"Vkarksa ds mi;ksx ds lkFk ç;ksx djuk 'kq:
fd;kA fp=.k ,d vLFkk;h xfr ls 'kq: gqvk] ysfdu mUuhloha lnh ds
e/; rd yksdfç; lfp= ifj–'; iwjh rjg ls cny x;k FkkA ÝSad
52

ysLyh byLVªsVsM U;wtisij vkSj gkiZj dk ohdyh lcls yksdfç; lfp=ksa

esa ls nks Fks la;qä jkT; vesfjdk esa le;&le; ij çdkf'kr fp=.k ds
 çlkj dks vuqdj.kh; cuk;k x;k Fkk A os nksuksa ohdyht] U;w;‚dZ esa Nis
Fks] vkSj os çpyu esa jk"Vªh; Fks A dbZ vkadM+s crkrs gSa fd fp= vkSj
la?kfur lekpkjksa dks tksM+us ls lfp= ekax esa o`f) gqbZ v[kckjksa vkSj
çpyu dks fefy;u çfr;ksa rd c<+k fn;kA U;w;‚dZ ds ekfyd tkslsQ
iqfyRtj fo'o] vesfjdh çsl esa uokpkj dk ,d vxz.kh FkkA lcls igys]
iqfyRtj dks [kRe djus dk bjknk Fkk v[kckj ls feys fp=] 'kk;n ;g
eglwl djrs gq, fd fp=.k dh xfjek de gqbZ lekpkj i=A mUgksaus
tYn gh ikBîØe cny fn;k vkSj fp= dykdkjksa vkSj dkVwZfuLV dks
dke ij j[kkA blds vuqlkj j‚cVZ Vk¶V dh vesfjdh QksVksxzkQh dk
bfrgkl] ;s ifjorZu ^^dh 'kq#vkr ds :i esa fpfàr v[kckj ds fp=.k
dk vk/kqfud ;qx ß A 1873 esa 'kq: gqvk] n Msyh xzkfQd dks ekuk tkrk
gS igys lfp= nSfud v[kckj ftlus VSCy‚bM QhYM dk usr`Ro fd;kA

lekpkj i=ksa esa fp=.k çkIr djus dh çfØ;k pqukSrhiw.kZ FkhA

rduhd fp=dkjksa ds fy, miyC/k oqMdV~l] ydM+h dh uDdk'kh] /kkrq
mRdh.kZu] vkSj 'kkfey Fks fyFkksxzkQh A ,d dykdkj fp=.k dh dqath Fkh
ftlus ikBdksa dks –'; O;ä fd;kA {ks= ds dykdkj fp= ,d= djrs gSa
vkSj fQj mUgsa eq[; dykdkj ds ?kj esa Hkstrs gSaA çeq[k dykdkj ;k ,d
mRdh.kZu rc ,d lekpkj dgkuh ds çR;sd fp=.k dks O;ofLFkr djds
fodflr djsxk Ldsp vkSj mUgsa ,d lkFk ca/ks fujarj VqdM+ksa esa mRdh.kZ
djuk A fp=.k dk mi;ksx VsDLV dks fQj ls ykxw djus ds fy, fd;k
x;k Fkk vkSj ikBdksa ds fy, fo'ks"k çHkko çnku djus ds fy, cuk;k
x;k FkkA fp=] vkSj Nfo;ksa ds lkFk lkexzh okLrfod O;fä] LFkkuksa vkSj
?kVukvksa nksuksa dk çfrfuf/kRo FkhA
53

fcuk rLohj okyh dgkuh fcuk fny ds 'kjhj dh rjg gSA

dgkfu;ksa esa rLohjsa ân; vkSj vkRek dh rjg iwjh dgkuh gSaA ;g bl
ckr dk çek.k nsrk gS fd dgkuh okLro esa ?kfVr gqbZ Fkh vkSj dgkuh
dks ,d iwjh ubZ rLohj is'k djrh gSA

vk/kqfud QksVks tuZfyTe dh 'kq#vkr 1925 esa teZuh esa gqbZA ;g

vk;kstu igys 35 feeh dSejs] yhdk dk vkfo"dkj FkkA ;g vf/k'ks"k
fQYe fQYe dk mi;ksx djus ds rjhds ds :i esa rS;kj fd;k x;k Fkk]
fQj 35 feeh çk:i esa 'kwV fd;k x;kA blls igys] is'ksoj xq.koÙkk okys
Hkkjh midj.k dh ,d rLohj; blds ckn QksVksxzkQj dgha Hkh tk ldrs
Fks vkSj fcuk jks'kuh ;k frikbZ ds fcuk fouhr QksVks ys ldrs FksA varj
ukVdh; Fkk] eq[; :i ls QksVks f[kapokus ds fy,] yksxksa dks QksVksxzkQj
dh ekStwnxh ds iqjLdkj ds lkFk] u,] çk—frd QksVks ds :i esa os
okLro esa jgrs FksA
,d vkSj vkfo"dkj ;g tksM+k x;k] tks ewy :i ls teZuh dk Fkk]
QksVkstuZfyt~e if=dkA 1920 ds n'kd ds e/; ls] teZuh us igyh ckj
nks iqjkus fopkjksa ds la;kstu ds lkFk ç;ksx fd;kA iqjkuk Fkk rLohjksa dk
lh/kk çdk'ku; ;g yxHkx 1890 ds ckn miyC/k Fkk] vkSj 20 oha
'krkCnh dh 'kq#vkr esa] dqN çdk'ku] lekpkj i=&'kSyh vkSj if=dk]
eq[; :i ls fp=.k ds fy, lefiZr FksA ysfdu 1920 ds n'kd esa 'kq:
gksus okyh QksVks if=dkvksa dk varj lg;ksx Fkk & vyx&Fkyx rLohjksa
ds ctk;] vkids QksVks ,Yce dh rjg] laikndksa vkSj QksVksxzkQjksa us
fp=ksa vkSj 'kCnksa ;k dVykbu }kjk crkbZ xbZ okLrfod dgkuh dk
mRiknu djus ds fy, ,d lkFk dke djuk 'kq: fd;kA bl vo/kkj.kk
esa] QksVksxzkQj viuh t:jr ls t~;knk QksVks 'kwV djrs gSa] vkSj mUgsa
laikndksa dks gLrkarfjr djrs gSaA laikndksa laidZ 'khV dh tk¡p djsxk]
54

vFkkZR] mu ij lHkh rLohjksa ds lkFk y?kq :i esa 'khV ¼vc QksVks'k‚i

l‚¶Vos;j dk mi;ksx djds fd;k tkrk gS½] vkSj mu yksxksa dks pquas
 ftUgsa mUgksaus lcls vPNh rjg ls dgkuh crkbZ FkhA u, QksVkstuZfyt~e
LVkby esa egRoiw.kZ Fkk ysvkmV vkSj jkbfVaxA dFkkud] ;k dSI'ku]
rLohjksa ds lkFk dgkuh dks crkus esa enn djrs gSa] ikBd dks –"Vkarksa ds
ek/;e ls ekxZn'kZu djrs gSa] vkSj rLohjksa dks vc ,d ifjokj ,Yce dh
rjg] ;k O;fäxr :i ls çdkf'kr ugha fd;k x;k] cl ,d dgkuh dks
fpf=r djus ds fy,A fyf[kr dgkuh dks U;wure j[kk x;k Fkk] vkSj
,d] çeq[k] Fkhe&lsfVax QksVks dks cM+k çdkf'kr fd;k tk,xk] tcfd
vU; bl fo"k; dks lq–<+ djus esa enn djsaxsA

;wjksi esa QksVksxzkQh dk vkfo"dkj mRlkg ls Hkjk gqvk Fkk] ;gka

rd fd ,d vk'p;Ztud jkf'k HkhA D;wa dj\ 'kk;n blfy, fd ;g
,d fopkj Fkk fd yksx çkbesM Fks vkSj blds fy, rS;kj FksA ge
QksVksxzkQh esa foKku vkSj dyk ds la;kstu ds fy, ,d vkn'kZ dk
fuekZ.k djrs gSa] tSlk fd mUgksaus lkspk Fkk fd] ,d –'; ;k O;fä dk
,d vkn'kZ çfriknuA
ge le> ldrs gSa fd mez ds yksxksa dks bl fopkj ds lkFk D;ksa
fy;k x;k Fkk tc ge çfrfcafcr djrs gSa fd 1840 ds n'kd esa e'khu
dh mez igys ls gh iwjs tksjksa ij FkhA foKku u, vkSj csgrj vkfo"dkjksa
dh vksj vxzlj Fkk] vkSj e'khu dks nqfu;k dh lHkh leL;kvksa dk egku
tokc ekuk tkrk FkkA if'peh yksx foKku dh iwtk djrs Fks] vkSj
QksVksxzkQh oSKkfud ç;ksx dk ,d mRikn Fkk ;k] ;fn vki jklk;fud
vkSj v‚fIVdy ç;ksx djsaxsA
dyk dh nqfu;k esa] bl le; Hkh] vf/kdka'k dykdkjksa dk egku
y{; ;FkkFkZokn FkkA ;gh gS] dykdkj fp=ksa dks fpf=r djus dh iwjh
dksf'k'k dj jgs Fks fd os okLrfodrk ds ftruk djhc gks ldsA
55

i=dkfjrk esa dyk dk;ksaZ dk mi;ksx

 xzkQ/js[kkadu
 ,d js[kk] oØ] lyk[kksa dh ,d J`a[kyk ;k vU; çrhdksa ds ek/;e
ls ,d fj'rs dks fn[kkrs gq, nks&vk;keh Mªkbax ¼vkerkSj ij la[;k ds nks
lsV ds chp½A vkerkSj ij] ,d Lora= pj dks {kSfrt js[kk ¼,Dl&v{k½
vkSj Å/kZ~ok/kj js[kk ¼okbZ&v{k½ ij fuHkZj pj ij n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA ,d
fcanq ij yacor v{k dks ewy dgk tkrk gS] vkSj bldk çfrfuf/kRo
ek=kvksa dh bdkb;ksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA gkykafd ,d xzkQ esa vke rkSj ij
pj ds ldkjkRed vkSj udkjkRed ewY;ksa dk çfrfuf/kRo djus okys pkj
prqHkqZt gksrs gSa] vkerkSj ij dsoy mÙkj&iwohZ prqFkkaZ'k dks fn[kk;k tkrk
gS tc udkjkRed eku ekStwn ugha gksrs gSa ;k dksbZ #fp ugha gksrh gSA

 ckj js[kkadu  vko`fÙk forj.k  ikbZ xzkQ

 c‚Dl vkSj ewaN  fgLVksxzke  LdSVj xzk¶l
¼c‚DlIykV~l½  js[kkadu

56
 

 vko`fÙk forj.k
57
 fgLVksxzke

 js[kkadu

58
  ikbZ xzkQ

 LdSVj xzk¶l
59
 ,d pkVZ MsVk dk ,d fp=e; çfrfuf/kRo gS] ftlesa ^^MsVk dks
çrhdksa }kjk n'kkZ;k tkrk gS] tSls fd ckj pkVZ esa ckj] ykbu pkVZ esa
ykbusa ;k ikbZ pkVZ esa Lykbl^^A ,d pkVZ lkj.khc) la[;kRed MsVk]
QaD'ku ;k dqN çdkj dh xq.kkRed lajpuk dk çfrfuf/kRo dj ldrk gS
vkSj fofHkUu tkudkjh çnku djrk gSA
 MsVk ds fp=e; çfrfuf/kRo ds :i esa ^^pkVZ^^ 'kCn ds dbZ vFkZ gSa%
 MsVk pkVZ ,d çdkj dk vkjs[k ;k xzkQ gS] tks la[;kRed ;k
xq.kkRed MsVk ds ,d lsV dks O;ofLFkr vkSj çLrqr djrk gSA
 fdlh fof'k"V mís'; ds fy, vfrfjä tkudkjh ¼eSi ljkmaM½ ls
lth eSIl dks vDlj pkVZ ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS] tSls fd
u‚fVdy pkVZ ;k oSekfudh pkVZ] vkerkSj ij dbZ eSi 'khV ij QSys
gksrs gSaA
 vU; Mksesu fof'k"V fuekZ.k dks dHkh&dHkh pkVZ dgk tkrk gS] tSls
laxhr ladsru esa d‚MZ pkVZ ;k ,Yce yksdfç;rk ds fy, fjd‚MZ
pkVZA

 Common charts
 ,d fgLVksxzke esa lkj.khc) vko`fÙk;ka gksrh gSa] tks vklUu
vk;rksa ds :i esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSa] vlrr varjky ¼fMCcs½ ij
[kM+h gksrh gSa] varjky esa fVIif.k;ksa dh vko`fÙk ds cjkcj {ks=
ds lkFk; lcls igys dkyZ fi;lZu us is'k fd;kA
 ,d ckj pkVZ vk;rkdkj lyk[kksa ds lkFk ,d pkVZ gksrk gS]
ftlesa os mu ewY;ksa ds vuqikr esa gksrs gSa ftudk os
çfrfuf/kRo djrs gSaA lyk[kksa dks yacor ;k {kSfrt :i ls
60

Iy‚V fd;k tk ldrk gSA igys Kkr ckj pkVZ vkerkSj ij

 fudksy vksjses] tkslsQ çhLVys vkSj fofy;e IysQs;j ds fy,
ftEesnkj gSaA
 ,d ikbZ pkVZ ,d ikbZ ds ,d VqdM+k ds :i esa çfr'kr ewY;ksa
dks n'kkZrk gS; igyh ckj fofy;e IysQs;j }kjk is'k fd;k
x;kA
 ,d ykbu pkVZ] v‚MZj fd, x, voyksduksa dk ,d
f}&vk;keh LdSIysV gS tgka voyksdu muds vkns'k ds ckn
tqM+s gq, gSaA igys Kkr ykbu pkVZ vkerkSj ij Ýkafll
gkSDlch] fudksyl lSeqvy ØwfDo;l] tksgku gsufjd ySEcVZ
vkSj fofy;e IysQs;j dks fn, tkrs gSaA
 Less&common charts
 ccy pkVZ ,d f}&vk;keh LdSIysV gS tgka ,d rhljs pj dks
vadksa ds vkdkj }kjk n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA
 ,d /#oh; {ks= vkjs[k] ftls dHkh&dHkh d‚DldksEc pkVZ
dgk tkrk gS] ¶yksjsal ukbfVaxsy }kjk fodflr ikbZ pkVZ dk
,d c<+k;k :i gSA
 ,d jMkj pkVZ ;k ^^LikbMj pkVZ^^ ;k ^^MwbZ^^ ,d gh fcanq ls
'kq: gksus okys dqYgkfM+;ksa ij n'kkZ, x, rhu ;k vf/kd
ek=kRed pj dk ,d nks&vk;keh pkVZ gSA
 ,d >juk pkVZ ftls ^^o‚d^^ pkVZ ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk
gS] ,d fo'ks"k çdkj dk ¶yksfVax&d‚ye pkVZ gSA
 ,d isM+ dk uD'kk tgka vk;rksa ds {ks= ewY;ksa ds vuq:i gSaA
vU; vk;keksa dks jax ;k jax ds lkFk n'kkZ;k tk ldrk gSA
 ,d LVªhexzkQ] ,d LVSDM] ofØr {ks= xzkQ ,d dsaæh; v{k
ds vklikl foLFkkfir gksrk gSA
61
 ,d xSipVZ] ,d le; J`a[kyk pkVZ ftlesa J`a[kyk ds chp
fodflr varjky vkSj lekurk,a fn[kkbZ nsrh gSaA vU; vk;keksa
dks jax ;k jax ds lkFk n'kkZ;k tk ldrk gSA

62
  jk"Vªh; —f"k foKku vdkneh] ukl daiysDl] iwlk daiysDl] ubZ fnYyh
 —f"k ea=ky;] —f"k Hkou] ubZ fnYyh
 dk;kZy; lfpo] vuqla/kku ,oa f'k{kk foHkkx
 egkfuns'kd] Hkkjrh; —f"k vuqla/kku ifj"kn
 —f"k oSKkfud p;u cksMZ] —f"k vuqla/kku Hkou] iwlk] ubZ fnYyh
 mi egkfuns'kd] —f"k vuqla/kku ifj"kn
 lgk;d egkfuns'kd] —f"k vuqla/kku ifj"kn
 Hkkjrh; ifj"kn ds laHkkx%
 Ø‚i lkbal fMohtu
 g‚fVZdYpj fMohtu
 uspqjy fjlksVZ eSustesaV fMohtu
 bathfu;fjax fMohtu
 ,fuey lkbal fMohtu
 fQ'kjht fMohtu
 —f"k lwpuk ,oa tulaidZ funs'kky;
 ,tqds'ku fMohtu
 ,xzhdYpjy ,DlVsa'ku fMohtu
 —f"k vuqla/kku lwpuk dsaæ ¼nhik½
 odZ~l/ bathfu;fjax lsy
 vokMZ lsy OgkV
 ,u- bZ- lh- Ms;j
 daI;wVj lsy
63

 —f"k Hkou ,oa —f"k vuqla/kku Hkou

 çpkj ,oa tulaidZ bdkbZ
 vkpk;Z ,u-th- jaxk —f"k fo'ofo|ky;] jktsaæ uxj] gSnjkckn] vka/kz çns'k
 dk'kh fganw fo'ofo|ky;] okjk.klh] mÙkj çns'k
 vklke —f"k fo'ofo|ky;] tksjgkV] vklke
 fo/kku paæ —f"k fo|ky;] eksguiqj ukfn;k] if'pe caxky
 fcjlk —f"k fo'ofo|ky;] jkaph] >kj[kaM
 dsaæh; —f"k fo'ofo|ky;] baQky] ef.kiqj
 Jo.k dqekj —f"k fo'ofo|ky;] ikyeiqj] fgekpy çns'k
 paæ'ks[kj vktkn —f"k fo'ofo|ky;] dkuiqj] mÙkj çns'k
 pkS/kjh pj.k flag —f"k fo'ofo|ky;] fglkj] gfj;k.kk
 ckyklkgsc fo|kihB] nkiksyh] jRukfxjh] egkjk"Vª
 iatkc jko ns'keq[k —f"k fo|kihB] —f"k uxj] vdksyk] egkjk"Vª
 ;'koar flag ijekj m|kfudh ,oa okfudh fo'ofo|ky;] lksyu] fgekpy
çns'k
 xksfoan cYyHk iar —f"k ,oa çkS|ksfxdh fo'ofo|ky;] iaruxj] m/ke flag
uxj] mÙkjkapy
 xqtjkr —f"k fo'ofo|ky;] ljnkj —f'kuxj] ftyk cukM+] xqtjkr
 bafnjk xka/kh —f"k fo'ofo|ky;] jk;iqj] NÙkhlx<+
 tokgjyky usg: —f"k fo'ofo|ky;] tcyiqj] e/; çns'k
 dsjy —f"k fo'ofo|ky;] f=pwj] dsjy
 egkjkuk çrki —f"k fo'ofo|ky;] mn;iqj] jktLFkku
 egkjk"Vª ,fuey lkbal ,aM fQ'kjht lkbal ;wfuoflZVh] ukxiqj] egkjk"Vª
 egkRek Qqys —f"k fo|kihB] jkgqjh] egkjk"Vª
 ejkBokM+k ,xzhdYpj ;wfuoflZVh] ijHk.kh] egkjk"Vª
 vkpk;Z ujsaæ nso —f"k ,oa çkS|ksfxdh fo'ofo|ky;] dqekjxat] QStkckn]
64

mÙkj çns'k
 mM+hlk —f"k ,oa çkS|ksfxdh fo'ofo|ky;] Hkqous'oj] mM+hlk
  iatkc —f"k fo'ofo|ky;] yqf/k;kuk] iatkc
 jktLFkku —f"k fo'ofo|ky;] chdkusj] jktLFkku
 jktsaæ —f"k fo'ofo|ky;] iwlk] leLrhiqj] fcgkj
 ljnkj oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy —f"k ,oa çkS|ksfxdh fo'ofo|ky;] esjB] mÙkj
çns'k
 'ksjs ,s d'ehj —f"k foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh fo'ofo|ky;] tEew] tEew ,aM
d'ehj
 'ksjs ,s d'ehj —f"k foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh fo'ofo|ky;] 'kkyhekj ifjlj]
Jhuxj] tEew ,aM d'ehj
 rfeyukMq —f"k fo'ofo|ky;] dks;acVwj] rfeyukMq
 rfeyukMq i'kq fpfdRlk ,oa i'kq foKku fo'ofo|ky;] rfeyukMq
 —f"k fo'ofo|ky;] /kkjokM+] dukZVd
 —f"k fo'ofo|ky;] thdsohds] csaxyq#] dukZVd]
 mÙkj çns'k iafMr nhun;ky mik/;k; i'kq fpfdRlk foKku fo'ofo|ky;
,oa xkao vuqla/kku laLFkku] eFkqjk] mÙkj çns'k
 mÙkjcaxk —f"k fo'ofo|ky;] iksLV iaMhckjh] ftyk fcgkj]
 if'pe caxky ;wfuoflZVh v‚Q ,fuey ,aM lkbal] dksydkrk] if'pe
caxky

 Hkkjrh; —f"k vuqla/kku laLFkku] iwlk] ubZ fnYyh

 Hkkjrh; i'kq fpfdRlk vuqla/kku laLFkku] bTtruxj] cjsyh] mÙkj çns'k
 jk"Vªh; Ms;jh vuqla/kku laLFkku] djuky] gfj;k.kk
 lsaVªy baLVhVîwV vkQ fQ'kjht ,tqds'ku] eqacbZ] egkjk"Vª
Hkkjrh; —f"k vuqla/kku ifj"kn ds laLFkku
 dsUæh; }hih; vuqla/kku laLFkku] iksVZ Cys;j
65

 dsUæh; 'kq"d {ks= vuqla/kku laLFkku] tks/kiqj

 dsUæh; i{kh vuqla/kku laLFkku] bTtruxj
 dsUæh; var% LFkyh; ekfRL;dh vuqla/kku laLFkku] cSjdiqj
 dsUæh; [kkjk ty thoikyu vuqla/kku laLFkku] pkSUubZ
 dsUæh; HkSal vuqla/kku laLFkku] fglkj
 dsUæh; cdjh vuqla/kku laLFkku] e[knqe
 dsUæh; —f"k vfHk;kaf=dh laLFkku] Hkksiky
 dsUæh; 'kq"d ckxokuh laLFkku] chdkusj
 dsUæh; dikl vuqla/kku laLFkku] ukxiqj
 dsUæh; ekfRL;dh çkS|ksfxdh laLFkku] dksfPp
 dsUæh; rktk ty tho ikyu laLFkku] Hkqcus'oj
 dsUæh; dikl çkS|ksfxdh vuqla/kku laLFkku] eqacbZ
 dsUæh; miks".k ckxokuh laLFkku] y[kuÅ
 dsUæh; 'khrks".k ckxokuh laLFkku] Jhuxj
 dsUæh; dVkbZ mijkar vfHk;kaf=dh vkSj çkS|ksfxdh laLFkku] yqf/k;kuk
 dsUæh; leqæh ekfRL;dh vuqla/kku laLFkku] dksfPp
 dsUæh; jksi.k Qlysa vuqla/kku laLFkku] dkljxksM
 dsUæh; vkyw vuqla/kku laLFkku] f'keyk
 dsUæh; twV ,oa lac) js'ks vuqla/kku laLFkku] cSjdiqj
 dsUæh; ckjkuh —f"k vuqla/kku laLFkku] gSnjkckn
 jk"Vªh; pkoy vuqla/kku laLFkku] dVd
 dsUæh; HksM+ vkSj Åu vuqla/kku laLFkku] vfodkuxj
 dsUæh; e`nk vkSj ty laj{k.k vuqla/kku ,oa çf'k{k.k laLFkku] nsgjknwu
 dsUæh; e`nk yo.krk vuqla/kku laLFkku] djuky
 dsUæh; rEckdw vuqla/kku laLFkku] jktkeqaæh
 dsUæh; danh; Qlysa vuqla/kku laLFkku] f=osUæe
 iwohZ {ks= ds fy, Hkkjrh; —f"k vuqla/kku ifjlj] iVuk
66

 iwoksZÙkj igkM+h {ks=ksa ds fy, Hkkjrh; —f"k vuqla/kku ifjlj] ckjkikuh

 dsUæh; rVh; —f"k vuqla/kku laLFkku] xksok
  Hkkjrh; —f"k lkaf[;dh vuqla/kku laLFkku] ubZ fnYyh
 Hkkjrh; pjkxkg ,oa pkjk vuqla/kku laLFkku] >kalh
 Hkkjrh; —f"k tSo çkS|ksfxdh laLFkku] jkaph
 Hkkjrh; ckxokuh vuqla/kku laLFkku ] csaxyq:
 Hkkjrh; çk—frd jsftu vkSj xksn laLFkku] jkaph
 Hkkjrh; nygu vuqla/kku laLFkku] dkuiqj
 Hkkjrh; e`nk foKku laLFkku] Hkksiky
 Hkkjrh; elkyk vuqla/kku laLFkku] dkyhdV
 Hkkjrh; xUuk vuqla/kku laLFkku] y[kuÅ
 Hkkjrh; lCth vuqla/kku laLFkku] okjk.klh
 jk"Vªh; —f"k vuqla/kku ,oa çca/ku vdkneh] gSnjkckn
 jk"Vªh; tSfod LVªSl çca/ku laLFkku] jk;iqj
 jk"Vªh; vtSfod LVªSl çca/ku laLFkku] ekysxkao] egkjk'Vª
 jk"Vªh; i'kq iks"k.k vkSj dkf;dh laLFkku] csaxyq:
 jk"Vªh; twV ,oa lac) js'ks çkS|ksfxdh vuqla/kku laLFkku] dksydkrk
 jk"Vªh; i'kqjksx tkuifnd ,oa lwpuk foKku laLFkku] gSCcy] csaxyq:
 xUuk çtuu laLFkku] dks;EcVwj
 foosdkuan ioZrh; —f"k vuqla/kku laLFkku] vYeksM+k
 dsUæh; xksi'kq vuqla/kku laLFkku] esjB
 jk"Vªh; mPp lqj{kk i'kqjksx laLFkku] Hkksiky
 Hkkjrh; eDdk vuqla/kku laLFkku] ubZ fnYyh
 dsUæh; —f"kokfudh vuqla/kku laLFkku] >kalh
 jk"Vªh; —f"k vkfFkZdh ,oa uhfr vuqla/kku laLFkku] ubZ fnYyh
 Hkkjrh; xsgwa ,oa tkS vuqla/kku laLFkku] djuky
 Hkkjrh; —f"k ç.kkyh vuqla/kku laLFkku] eksnhiqje
67

 Hkkjrh; dnUu vuqla/kku laLFkku] gSnjkckn

 Hkkjrh; frygu vuqla/kku laLFkku] gSnjkckn
 Hkkjrh; rsyrkM+ vuqla/kku laLFkku] isMkosxh] if'pe xksnkojh
 Hkkjrh; ty çca/ku laLFkku] Hkqcus'oj
 Hkkjrh; pkoy vuqla/kku laLFkku] gSnjkckn
 dsUæh; —f"kjr efgyk laLFkku] Hkqcus'oj
 dsUæh; uhacw oxhZ; Qy vuqla/kku laLFkku] ukxiqj
 Hkkjrh; cht foKku laLFkku] eÅ

68
 ?kk?k —f"k iafMr ,oa O;kogkfjd iq#"k FksA mudk uke Hkkjro"kZ ds]
fo'ks"kr% mÙkjh Hkkjr ds] —"kdksa ds ftºokxz ij jgrk gSA pkgs cSy [kjhnuk gks
;k [ksr tksruk] cht cksuk gks vFkok Qly dkVuk] ?kk?k dh dgkorsa mudk iFk
çn'kZu djrh gSaA ;s dgkorsa ekSf[kd :i esa Hkkjr Hkj esa çpfyr gSaA
?kk?k ds tUedky ,oa tUeLFkku ds laca/k esa cM+k erHksn gSA f'koflag
ljkst dk er gS fd budk tUe la- 1753 esa gqvk Fkk] fdarq ia-jkeujs'k f=ikBh
us cgqr [kkstchu djds buds dk;Zdky dks lezkV~ vdcj ds jkT;dky esa ekuk
gSA ;g dgk tkrk gS fd ?kk?k dk tUeLFkku fcgkj ¼Nijk½ Fkk] ogka ls ;s
dUukSt pys vk,A ,slh ekU;rk gS fd dUukSt esa ?kk?k dh llqjky Fkh vkSj ;s
Nijk ls vkdj dUukSt esa cl x,A dqN yksx rks ;g Hkh dgrs gSa fd mudh
viuh iq=o/kw ls vucu jgrh Fkh] blls f[kUu gksdj ?kk?k Nijk NksM+dj dUukSt
pys vk,A dgk tkrk gS fd ?kk?k dk iwjk uke nsodyh nqcs FkkA buds nks iq= Fks
vkSj ;s dUukSt ds pkS/kjhljk; ds fuoklh FksA ?kk?k dh çfrHkk ls lezkV vdcj
Hkh cgqr çHkkfor Fks] QyLo:i migkj esa mUgksaus bUgsa ^pkS/kjh^ dh mikf/k] çpqj
/kujkf'k rFkk dUukSt ds ikl Hkwfe nhA bUgksaus tks xkao clk;k] mldk uke
^vdcjkckn ljk; ?kk?k^ iM+k] tks dUukSt ls ,d ehy nf{k.k fLFkr gSA A
vHkh rd ?kk?k dh fy[kh gqbZ dksbZ iqLrd miyC/k ugha gqbZA gk¡] mudh
ok.kh dgkorksa ds :i esa fc[kjh gqbZ gS] ftls vusd yksxksa us laxzghr fd;k gSA
buesa jkeujs'k f=ikBh —r ^?kk?k vkSj Hkìjh^ ¼fganqLrkuh ,dsMseh] 1931 bZ-½ vR;ar
egRoiw.kZ ladyu gSA
?kk?k ds —f"kKku dk iwjk&iwjk ifjp; mudh dgkorksa ls feyrk gSA
mudk ;g Kku [kknksa ds fofHkUu :iksa] xgjh tksr] esaM+ ck¡/kus] Qlyksa ds cksus ds
69

le;] cht dh ek=k] nkyksa dh [ksrh ds egRo ,oa T;ksfr"k Kku] 'kh"kZdksa ds
varxZr foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ?kk?k dk vfHker Fkk fd —f"k lcls mÙke
O;olk; gS] ftlesa fdlku Hkwfe dks Lo;a tksrrk gS %

;fn jksfg.kh Hkj ris vkSj ewy Hkh iwjk ris rFkk tsB dh çfrink ris rks
lkrksa çdkj ds vUu iSnk gksaxsA

;fn 'kqØokj ds ckny 'kfuokj dks Nk, jg tk,a] rks Hkìjh dgrs gSa fd
og ckny fcuk ikuh cjls ugha tk,xkA

;fn Hkknks lqnh NB dks vuqjk/kk u{k= iM+s rks ÅcM+&[kkcM+ tehu esa Hkh
ml fnu vUu cks nsus ls cgqr iSnkokj gksrh gSA

;fn f}rh;k dk pUæek vknZzk u{k=] —fÙkdk] 'ys"kk ;k e?kk esa vFkok Hkæk
esa mxs rks euq"; lq[kh jgsaxsA

;fn iwl dh vekoL;k dks lkseokj] 'kqØokj c`gLifrokj iM+s rks ?kj ?kj
c/kkbZ ctsxh&dksbZ nq[kh u fn[kkbZ iM+sxkA
70

;fn Jko.k —".k i{k esa n'keh frfFk dks jksfg.kh gks rks le> ysuk pkfg,
vukt egaxk gksxk vkSj o"kkZ LoYi gksxh] fojys gh yksx lq[kh jgsaxsA
 ;fn iwl cnh nleh dks ?ku?kksj ?kVk Nk;h gks rks lkou cnh nleh dks
pkjksa fn'kkvksa esa o"kkZ gksxhA dgha dgha bls ;ksa Hkh dgrs gSa&^dkgs iafMr if<+ if<+
Hkjks] iwl vekol dh lqf/k djksA

;fn iwl lqnh lIreh] v"Veh vkSj uoeh dks cnyh vkSj xtZuk gks rks lc
dke lqQy gksxk vFkkZr~ lqdky gksxkA

;fn oS'kk[k esa v{ke r`rh;k dks xq#okj iM+s rks [kwc vUu iSnk gksxkA

vFkkZr~ ;fn lkou eghus esa iqjoS;k gok cg jgh gks rks vdky iM+us dh laHkkouk
gSA fdlkuksa dks pkfg, fd os vius cSy csp dj xk; [kjhn ysa] dqN ngh&eëk
rks feysxkA
'kqØokj dh cknjh] jgh luhpj Nk;A
rks ;ksa Hkk[kS Hkìjh] fcu cjls uk tk,AA
vFkkZr~ ;fn 'kqØokj ds ckny 'kfuokj dks Nk, jg tk,a] rks Hkìjh dgrs gSa fd
og ckny fcuk ikuh cjls ugha tk,xkA
71
vFkkZr~ ;fn jksfg.kh iwjk cjl tk,] e`xf'kjk esa riu jgs vkSj vknZzk esa lk/kkj.k
o"kkZ gks tk, rks /kku dh iSnkokj bruh vPNh gksxh fd dqÙks Hkh Hkkr [kkus ls Åc
tk,axs vkSj ugha [kk,axsA

vFkkZr~ mÙkjk vkSj gfFk;k u{k= esa ;fn ikuh u Hkh cjls vkSj fp=k esa ikuh cjl
tk, rks mit Bhd Bkd gh gksrh gSA

vFkkZr~ iwokZ u{k= esa /kku jksius ij vk/kk /kku vkSj vk/kk [k[kM+h ¼dVdj&ib;k½
iSnk gksrk gSA

vFkkZr~ tks fdlku vkæk u{k= esa /kku cksrk gS og nq%[k dks ykBh ekjdj Hkxk
nsrk gSA

72