Common Functions Function Integral

Constant ∫a dx ax + C

Variable ∫x dx x2/2 + C

Square ∫x2 dx x3/3 + C

Reciprocal ∫(1/x) dx ln|x| + C

Exponential ∫ex dx ex + C

  ∫ax dx ax/ln(a) + C

  ∫ln(x) dx x ln(x) − x + C
Trigonometry (x
in radians) ∫cos(x) dx sin(x) + C

  ∫sin(x) dx -cos(x) + C

  ∫sec2(x) dx tan(x) + C
     
Rules Function Integral
Multiplication by constant ∫cf(x) dx c∫f(x) dx
Power Rule (n≠-1) ∫xn dx xn+1n+1 + C

Sum Rule ∫(f + g) dx ∫f dx + ∫g dx

Difference Rule ∫(f - g) dx ∫f dx - ∫g dx
Integration by Parts See Integration by Parts
Substitution Rule See Integration by Substitution

Power Rule

Example: What is ∫x3 dx ?

The question is asking "what is the integral of x3 ?"

We can use the Power Rule, where n=3:

∫x  dx = x
n n+1
n+1 + C

∫x 3 
dx = x44 + C
 Example: What is ∫√x dx ?

√x is also x0.5

We can use the Power Rule, where n=½:

∫x  dx = x
n
n+1 + C
n+1

∫x 0.5
 dx = x1.51.5 + C

Multiplication by constant

Example: What is ∫6x2 dx ?

We can move the 6 outside the integral:

∫6x  dx = 6∫x  dx

2 2

And now use the Power Rule on x2:

= 6 x33 + C

Simplify:

= 2x3 + C

Sum Rule

Example: What is ∫cos x + x dx ?

Use the Sum Rule:

∫cos x + x dx = ∫cos x dx + ∫x dx

Work out the integral of each (using table above):

= sin x + x2/2 + C

Difference Rule

Example: What is ∫ew − 3 dw ?

Use the Difference Rule:

 ∫e  − 3 dw =∫ew dw − ∫3 dw
w

Then work out the integral of each (using table above):

= ew − 3w + C

Sum, Difference, Constant Multiplication And Power Rules

Example: What is ∫8z + 4z3 − 6z2 dz ?

Use the Sum and Difference Rule:

∫8z + 4z  − 6z  dz =∫8z dz + ∫4z  dz − ∫6z  dz

3 2 3 2

Constant Multiplication:

= 8∫z dz + 4∫z3 dz − 6∫z2 dz

Power Rule:

= 8z2/2 + 4z4/4 − 6z3/3 + C

Simplify:

= 4z2 + z4 − 2z3 + C