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Chapter 9 PDF
Chapter 9 PDF
Sensors
The book briefly discusses commonly used sensors for the most
important process variables. (See text.)
Chapter 9
Transmitters
• A transmitter usually converts the sensor output to a signal level
appropriate for input to a controller, such as 4 to 20 mA.
• Transmitters are generally designed to be direct acting.
• In addition, most commercial transmitters have an adjustable
input range (or span).
• For example, a temperature transmitter might be adjusted so that
the input range of a platinum resistance element (the sensor) is
50 to 150 °C. 3
• In this case, the following correspondence is obtained:
Input Output
50 °C 4 mA
150 °C 20 mA
Chapter 9
mA D
( )
= 0.16 D T C − 4 mA
C 4
The gain of the measurement element Km is 0.16 mA/°C. For any
linear instrument:
range of instrument output
Km = (9-1)
range of instrument input
5
Chapter 9
7
Chapter 9
8
• We choose the way the valve should operate (full flow or no
flow) in case of a transmitter failure.
• Hence, A-C and A-O valves often are referred to as fail-open
and fail-closed, respectively.
Example 9.1
Chapter 9
∆Pv
q = Cv f ( A ) (9-2)
gs
10
• Here q is the flow rate, f ( A ) is the flow characteristic, ∆Pv is the
pressure drop across the valve, and gs is the specific gravity of
the fluid.
• This relation is valid for nonflashing fluids.
• Specification of the valve size is dependent on the so-called
Chapter 9
valve characteristic f.
• Three control valve characteristics are mainly used.
• For a fixed pressure drop across the valve, the flow
characteristic f ( 0 ≤ f ≤ 1) is related to the lift A ( 0 ≤ A ≤ 1) , that
is, the extent of valve opening, by one of the following relations:
Linear: f =A
Quick opening: f = A (9-3)
Equal percentage: f = R A −1
11
Chapter 9
Rangeability
The rangeability of a control valve is defined as the ratio of
maximum to minimum input signal level. For control valves,
rangeability translates to the need to operate the valve within the
Chapter 9
13
Chapter 9
16
Solution
First we write an expression for the pressure drop across the heat
exchanger
2
∆Phe q
= (9-5)
30 200
Chapter 9
2
q
∆Ps = ∆Phe = 30 (9-6)
200
Because the pump head is constant at 40 psi, the pressure drop
available for the valve is
2
q
∆Pv = 40 − ∆Phe = 40 − 30 (9-7)
200
Figure 9.11 illustrates these relations. Note that in all four design
cases ∆Pv / ∆Ps = 10 / 30 = 33% at qd.
17
Chapter 9
q
A= (9-9)
Cv ∆Pv
Using Eq. 9-9 and values of ∆Pv from Eq. 9-7, the installed
valve characteristic curve can be plotted.
19
Chapter 9
20
Chapter 9
dTm
mC = UA (T − Tm ) (9-13)
dt
where U is the heat transfer coefficient and A is the heat transfer
Chapter 9
mC dTm
+ Tm = T (9-14)
UA dt
Converting to deviation variables and taking the Laplace
transform gives
Tm′ ( s ) 1
= (9-15)
T ′ ( s ) τs + 1
with τ mC / UA. 22
Chapter 9
24
Chapter 9