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    88 views25 pages

    Book - Architecture in Digital Age - Chapter 3 - Digital Production - Branko Kolarevic

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    rpm_8204
    Chapter 3 from book Architecture in Digital Age

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    of 25
    re then used ta ganerate lofted WURBS surfaces (gute 3.4), The resulting surfaces can be compare te the scanned point loud for an analy of devatons from the oisna physical ‘cern metho fr thee-timersonal scanning involves the vse ofa oaitizng position probe to trae surface features of ‘he pysial med. This procedure can be done manually using ‘oreesdimeslonal cling arms (gure 3.5) er automatically ing a Coordinate Measuring Machi (cM which has a ‘siting position sensor tat i mechanically Kept in eantack With te surface ofthe scanned object, An alternative i to use nomcontact canning methos, which require mare expansive scanning devices, bt are faster, more caning small-scale objets. There devices conwenly use laser Hight to laminate the sueace ofa seanne ebiect figure 3.6) In step-by-step fashion, producing patterns ef briaht aes or nes, en are captured by cigita cameras (we ar often used). The recorded images are aocssed using otal recegaition techniques to construe he thee-dimesional geometric meds! of the scanned objet, wien cn then be exported in a desied dita format for use in sgt analeis oF medeling applica os Threetimensonal scanning techniques ean be use Aisitalycaptuenot ony the pysica madel, bt also exiting oF as-built conditions, or even env anéscapes. Laser seanning technologies, base on liffren measurement chm gues, are ‘ommeniywsed in surveying on constrton ites wore {igure 3.7). In each ofthe diferent devices avaiable on he ‘market, laser beam is emitted byte seanner and he elected bear 's captured, an its properties analyze to calculate the stances to the measured objet. Four pieces of information are capture foreach inal point measurerent X, ¥ and Z coordinates pus the intensity of heretics baam, whieh can be Lied to assign dierent ot intensities er even color othe pont coud. Laser scaning technologies can erate very accurate tvee Sienna! models of existing objects. Toy, they are uscd increasinaly on cansructon sits in place of conventional measuring Arvces to qlcy messue stances and to preciely determine locaton forthe installation of vareus bling components. I it ‘conceivable that he laser écanning wl aso be use to cantlavousy scan the bull's structure a it sees ant inedately detect vation from the georetry ofthe dg! model. The point cloud Is already in the builder's vocabulary, ana te laser scanning hos already rendered the tape measure obelte on nmeraus constuction DIGITAL FABRICATION: FROM DIGITAL TO PHYSICAL The eng tradition of Euclidean goemety in tuléing brought about rafting instru oedes to draw straight lines ad crcles on paper, and the ‘orrespenting extusion and reling machinery to produce straight ines and circles n material The cansequerce was, s Willam itchet observed, that architects arew what they cou bul, ane ‘uit what they could rau: This raciroity between the means of presentation and prducton has nt eaappearea entirely inthe ‘gta ae. Knowing the production eapsbites and avalaility of Seamer fre sing ‘TWO-DIMENSIONAL FABRICATION CNC eating, er two-dimensional fabecaton s the mast cacimenly used fabrication teetique. Various cutting technologies, such as plasms-arc, Iaser-beam and water Involve two-als motion ofthe set material relative to the cating nea, and are implemented a5 a moving cuttins head, 2 toving bes ora combination of te we, In plasma-are eating, an lactic ar is pasced through a compressed ans et in the euting pasces the Heat to the cating zane figure 3.10) In waters, as thelr name (23,000°F, which converts tack into g3s a6 suggests, a et of bighy pressuriad water Is mixed ith solid ‘Abrasive particles and is forced through ating nozzle in highly focused stream igure 3.11), causing the rapid erosion ofthe materia init path and producing very clean and accurate cuts figure 3.12) Laser cutters we a hig-inemsity focused beam of infrared lah in comblnaton wi a jet of highly pressurized 935 (earbon dove) to mat oF burn the material that s being ct. There are, however, large diferences between these technelasiog in the kind of materials or maxim thicknesses that could be fut. While aser-cuttars can only cut materials tat can absorb light energy, waterjets can cut almost ary material Lacer ters can cut material upto 5/8 inches (16 mm cost-effectively, while later jets can cut much ticker materia, fr examole, up C015 inches (38 i) of thick titanium. SUBTRACTIVE FABRICATION Subtract fabrication iilvs te emaval af a specified velue of “Frater om sols tence the are) sing elect, hema. er ‘echanizli-redoctve omnis mill proceises, the milling “Faroe ally surface or ove contraied Iv axially constrained eves, sch 2 ates, the piece of material hails as om Ses f rotator ond te mili ea fase asf Surface sents ils mactines are onceatvaly dentate etna machines scene previous. In twos milling routers, the rotating olbit is moved along X ard ¥ases to remove tno simensional patterns of material “The mili of trree-chmensional sols isa straigitforaare extension of twe-dimensionaleuting, By adding the ability to rane tor lowcr the dil-bit, ke t9 eve it along the thine, Z axis, the three-aial milling machines could remove material volumetrically Because of the inherent imitations of three-axal mili, the ange of forms that cous be produced with these machines is Hite. For txample, undercuts as shawn in igure 3.13 cannot be accomplised lath thee axs milling devices. For suc shapes, a four or five-ax trachines are ued, In fouranis systems, an adstioral axis of Fotatan is proved, ether fr the cutin nea or the cuting bed that holds tn pace (the Aves, and in fke-aniseyters one mare axis of otation (the Boal) is added (igure 3.24. I this fasion, the cutting head can perform the “undercuts and can subtotal increase the range of form that can be produced using milling “he dil bits inserted into the cuting ads can bea diferent sizes, diameters, Large bite are used forthe coarse removal of ‘nati, ae small bits fr finishing. The mili ist can Be hone at sitferentretatora sped, depending onthe harness oF tier properties ofthe material hat ile A sine CNC its on ‘ies Bn i 2s y Xx 1 ENC milling, a dosieate computer ye performs the base envelling functions aver the movement ofa machin tol using 4 set of cose instructions. The geometry fs imported ito so- called postprocessing software that generates the CNC Instructions whieh ar transite te the milling machine. The {NC instruetiens conta the meson, the Fedrate, operation of the spite dev, coolant suply, ta! chanoes, and thor portional parameters, Ae miling of apes can be * accomplished in 2 varity of ways, generating an appropriate “tol path is nota ei 13s, especialy fr four oF fe-axs machines, which soften executed by skilled operators. The tol path itself sexpressed asa NC pregram, whieh is mating more than a sequence of coded instructions for the machin to execute (gure 3.15). The CNC programs are mado of cammands hat cenlt of words eae of which he letter adress anda sociated nimerical value, The so-called preparatory fanetions that, for example, contel the mtion of he machining tl, are elten designated with a “letter. Ina pial CME program, the malar of words” are these separatory functions Because ofthis, the CNC code is alten velered to. as Gende” among CAL (computer-aided manutacurng operators “The CN mult-anls ling sane ofthe atest gta fabrication tecmalones. Early experiments in sing CHC miling machines to produce architectural mages were carried ca in sem cary 1970s tn de United Kingdom. Large architectural fans inthe Unite States, such as Skidmore, Owings and Merri SOM office ia Chicago, have wed CC milling machines ad tse cutters extensively Inthe production of arehiteetra eels and sts of construction assembles Aulamatedrilina machines were used in the late 19805 and inthe 2990s to pracuce construction cemponents*sueh os stones for Naw Yore’s Cathedral of Saint Jon te vine a0 clus for ‘he Sagrada Faia Church in Barcelona. Frank Gety’ projec for {he Walt Disney Concert Hall n Los Angeles represents the ies. comprehensive use of CAD/CAM to praduce architectural stonework (before that projet was redesigned with a etal ski) Fr the tal 1:1 seale med the store panels with dauble-curveé arometey were NC mills in Hay ane then shined to Les Angles, where they ware sitions an fined i lace on steel frame. Gerry's Mie ws this sme fabrication oenigue for he stone clang in the Bitbas role. ‘The CNC milling has recently been apple in ren ways nthe tnidingHndstry ~ to produce the ore mol) forthe fit and site casting af coneret elements with double-cured acometey, as was done in ene of Ges affce buildin in Dseidert, Germany, | 2000, and forth aroduton ofthe laminated ass panes with ‘ample curvilinear surfaces, azn Gehy's Come Nast Cetra Drolet New York (2000) and Berard Franke’s “Bubble” uve Pavilion (1999, figures 3268-0) mln. 180 In Get’ project in Disekor Zoli Towera, the undulating forms ofthe Lond bearing external wall panels, made of vinfreed oncet, ere produced using Docks of iantciaht alstrene (Styrofoam, which wore shaped i CATIA ane were NC miles (igure 3.1700 to produce 395 ferent curved melee that became the form forthe casting ofthe enero ‘ADDITIVE FABRICATION ‘Acitve fbecaton ines inrementl forming by adding moter ina layer-by-layer faehon, na process which ste ever of referred to 2s ayereé marufacturing 310 Tretorn friction, rapid prototyping, or desktop marufactring. All ative fobycationtecinologins shave the sre principe Yn tha the diatl (oid) model slice inte two-dimersonal ayers gure 3.28) The infraion of eae layers then transferred ta the precesting ned af he manufacturing machine an the physica produc ic generates incrementally ina layer by layer foie, Since the first commercial system bases an stersolivegraphy was intedaced by 30 Systems in 1988 ire 3.29), a number af varity of materials and a range of curing processes based on igh heat, oF chemicals Stereoitagranhy (SLAs bated on liquid elmer that seldty when exposed lake ht laser Beary races a cross-section ofthe mace Ina vat fla-senste lui peljmer hin sols layer is produce i he ares it by the laste light The solidified pat, which sits ona submerged platform s then lanered by sal increment tthe el, nd the leer beam he xt ayer, the eosescton ofthe ital model. This rece reaetas unt the entire medal i comoeted, At heen of ‘he proces, te platform with he colitied model erased rom the et, athe made is then cured to remove extraneous lau and to sive oreter rig In Selective Laser Sintering SL), he laser beam melts ayer by lavor af meta power to erent solid abies. In 30 Printing 0, layers of ceramic ponder ae glued te frm objets tgure 320), Sheets f material (paper or paste, either precut or ona rol, are ‘ed! laminated) together and laser cut othe Lamfanied Object Manufacture (LOM process In Fused Deposition Modeling fo), ach cro sections produced by melting a paste arent that Solidites upon cooling. Mute manufacture MAN oes a maciticg siine ait ie dnvechinshak tiie eee ‘ye 930 Siem. soprmer case ofthe limited sie ofthe objet that cul be rocucee, oat element and levaty areduton times the ‘itive fonreaton proceses nave a rater mite application In bulding deg an produtin In desi, tay are used bricatic of rain? modal with complex, ‘arilnear geometries igure 3.22. In contruction they are ed te prcce components series, deh a tel elements in light tas structures, by creating paters that are then ued in Invern casting igure 3.259-). Recently, hws, several experimental techniques based Ler raratactrinn, on sprayed concrete wer inredaced to manufacture large-scale bulding components decty fom dita data. faey rent itv technoioayealed contour rating, vente and “he sereslibowaaty patente oy Behr Khashnavi from the Uniority of Southern California, alton faiety gui layered fabrication of highly finshed buildings.” Contour rating i. hybrid automate faricatlon meted ‘hat combines extrusion for forming the surface sel of an abject and 2 liling process bas on gouring or injection to build the object's ‘core. Computer contri rowel, the fat des used for earturies to shage tu materiis sen as clay or plaster, are used to shace the ‘sis edges (rims) of each res-ctlen ona given layer, whieh ate then filed with concrete atom other filer material. Since materiel evostonsconputercontroie, accurate ameunt of sifferent saterils cn be ede precisely in desires lecaons, and other ‘ements, ach a variove sensor, flor and wal Nester, ¢39bebult Into te eruetare in fully automated fashion Tyr fbr New er, ae oe ox FORMATIVE FABRICATION In formative fabrication mechanical forees restricting forms, ‘heat oF stam are opie to a material 30 sto form ht Into the desires shape treuoh reshaping or ceormation, wich an be adaly or surface constrained. For example, the ‘esaged materal may be deformed permanently by such processes as stressing meal past te elastic limit heating ‘etal anc then bending it while iti ina softened state, steam: bering boards, etc, Doube-curved, compound surfaces, am ba approciated by arrays of heigh-ajustable, umericallycontoled pins, which could be use forthe production of role glass and plastic sees ard for curves Stomp metal, Pane curves can be fabricate by the numericall-controled bending of tin rods, tubes o strips of lastc mater such as tel or waa, a was done in several ‘chiiton pavilions desianed by Berhad Franken for BMW. Wioures 3.240-0) ASSEMBLY ‘ter the components as alalaliy fabricate, their assemby onsite can be augmented wth aiital technology, Distal ‘ree dimensional models canbe wsee to preczly determine the acation ofeach eommporent, move each component tt location and, tral, fx each component init proper plac. ‘Teaitionaly, builders took dimensions and coordinates from pacer Arauines and used tane measures, plumb bobs and other devices to locate the bilsing components on site. New datally-drivan ‘ecologies, such as electronic surveying and ser positioning (igure 3.28, are increasingly eng use on constuction sites Aaraund the word to precisely determine the locaton of buling ‘components, For example, as aesrised by Annette LeCuyer Frank Gehry: Guagenteim MuzeurtinSibae "os bit without ony tape measures. During fabrication, each structural eomponent was bar code and marke witn te noes of intersection with adocent layers of structure. On ste ba codes were swipes to reves the coordinate of each pece im tho CATIA modal. Later surveying ‘equipment inked to CaT1A anabled ech pee to Ue preity placed in its position as defined bythe computer mode."® Similar procestes were used on Gehty’s EMP project in eat figures 3.260-€)" As LeCuyer notes, these processes are cornon practice in the aerospace industry, but relatively new to balding.” The generic data extracted from the digital te Gimensional adel canbe use to contol construction robots that can automaticaly carryout a vorey of tasks on construction sites. In Japan, arumber of robotic deviees fr the moving and fixing of components were developed such as Shimiu's Mighty 2c for heavy stl beam gosiioning, Kalima’s Reinforcing Bar ‘Arranging Robet, bayash- Gum's Concrete Plaer fer pouring he CNC beer of forte Brendon” 2000 Aa Sw in As sites (PS) overt nt forms, Takenaka’s Sel-CinbingInecton -Macnine, aie’ Pillar Coating Roto or pining, ar Shimlaw’s nsuauion Spray Robot aur 327) Tele conceivale it fo the nol so distant future architects wil direct ransmit th desion information to construction tachi that wil autaratically assemble a complet buildin “ie SMART system, when stand for Shimly Manufacturing pte by Advanced Robotics Techoelgy, she rls First igitaly. drive, automate contruction system hat wes actually apotied to a fall-scale tiling projec ‘storey Juroka Bank Bula in Hoa2ya, Japan, Shimi2’s SMART construction machine automaticaly erected ana waded the structural ssl frame ane place and instale te onerete flor panels and exterior ane interior walls. The SWART system showed that ts posibie ofl automate the identification, transport and installation of building components usiog a tarbingrs et he inevitable aia ezlution in te bung zation of busing practias i twee osicalypossioe today; te realities af economic ans Irausry. A raleal praceses of change wl be evoltionary rather han revoltionars, and wil os ely occur ever several deca, SURFACE STRATEGIES Architects today sigitally create aed manipulate WURUS suraces, prcng bullding sins hat result not only new expresive and ‘esthetic qualities, bu lz in ae tectonic and geometric complies. tis the surface and not aocessariy te structure that preaceupics the werk of he eights ava garde Int exploration fnew formal eceeaily emphasioed da to the logic of formal cones in the uu es-base software, as discussed in the previews chaste The exertions ia constructablity of geametiealycompex mops inthe priate of heats avant-oare have eto 3 rethinking of surtae tetones, The Duilsing envelope i inreaingy terrtaras, The exterior surface ofa bul ‘bing explored ors potential t rurily the skin am the structure eoston to he binary loses of the Madersist tectonic thinking. The stowcrebeceres snd oF submumed its the sin of seo ‘monscoaue and monocone structures, in which the skin ser ll or ros ofthe stresses. The principal deat conflate the structure and the skin nts ene element, ths retin seit supporting ferms that require na aersturs. That, in wr, promoted a sasch or Yew Imaterial, such a oh temperature fame, rubbers, plates ane ampostes, whieh were, nl race, arly wed in the bling skin ot en implies a new material 39 Seat br Boers poets ts re ee Te pdicton seats ed or mension fabrication fen Incas contouring, ringtone! esseltan, we of ‘ec, dsl sorte, and unelig The lee the extraction of na ineninal planar component rom gomedia oman src er lic comprising te bis orn. The Challenge inte tne derensonl interpreta, a cae, to oes agora gear approcnatin tht wl peer ‘sel eval fhe ial tre Smeal orn. ch tthe production strategies is se epee en wet sng ete ‘econcaly: structure, ervelpe,a combina of he 0, Im conan, x eqene pansies, ot aoa 6 ‘ch other and placed at regular ners, ae prods autos by mode a softare roma hen frm ad canbe ed resi W artclse svc! cmpent the lina, 3 "mes the cae in mbar of een coma rcs (igre: 3.363-0 and 3.3) Contouring is eanepually etc Cale fig siping, earch he supe oa hil Aelined by seen of laa ates resection tha “ris mounted ona "pine that rane ene sue 3.8 The wireframe crssctons roduc by conan, Be forte manual to este caplet br nay star to generale he preie defen fal strc members In Getry’s Bb poet, te cortactor wa stare program from Germany called Becadto atonal gererae a eareensiv itl mae of he tactura se nln the ‘rac tamed na secondary stl traces er te meen ae utnatialy produce te fsrcaton drains oF CC at, to ecsely cut and pre ase ne var conpnents. Simor Struturl tel detaingsltnare Canadian ere ied on the Watt Oey Concert nolan ere recent projects by Ger oce 2 potency interesting contain acne ies te craton ote sparametre eres (parmesan ssateing NURS sraces trough contour isthe “Ud Airco as ss inthe prevent Fo ape, tutuiae members fr the *Sranaseape” BUY Pavilion oie 349, lesigne by Berard Franken in aieciaton with ABS Archean forthe 2000 Auowow in ene, ete frmed ds curved geometry exacted a sepa ram the cole NUE surlace ign 3.41, Soretins eo budgetary or nr production ted consraims, te complex geaety of he MURS Curves canbe apromate wth eel aa same, which can be nepensiney manutoctred wing rating macines gue 5.2). nts parc the complexity es nthe precise concen amos aero pieces ate requved enparay scr: for an, "Ts aoroxiaton, wing ral arr, mas ase use by Fanta ad W's tea forthe prciztan of structural membre “Brandscape” tees Pavilion: aces, which are cures igure 3.48, ued surfaces are then vfoded into ours 3.45 ond 3.46), wih ave Is out i ame opt mal Fashion 35 two.nensoral shapes on a sheet Gin a process called nesting, ‘uj ethan uses to eu the cerrependina pace of the sheet material ung one ofthe Ce cutng technologies ‘aiid sacieeaes by cone airs of cures with straight, “ruling” ines that Aare placed at regula laterals igre 3.48), A wide variety af surfaces can be generate inthis fashion. The simplest ones are ones and eyindes he ror interesting ferms frm an architectural pont of view are adee-shaped hyperlie parabolic (igure 3.52) and hyperbole 3.53), a ‘aman frm for the coling toute of russe poner stator ‘The old surfaces ae foley casy to construet using formwork s required or coneroe structares, Stonemasons, for ‘xae, have ved enlates te cat complex ruled surface forms out of stones fr centuries, For sare acitets, seh as the well-known Ureguayan area lsd Diese, the ruled Surfaces were a prefered mean a architeciral expression in A rumber of his lng desig igure 3.54, EWP (2000), Sal, ule surfaces are usd extariely in comtarporary archtetural practice bocase they can b= "eevelapn,unflded int at Shapes ia modeling oftuare igre 3.46), and ital fabricated ut of lat sheets. * Developable” surfaces can be formed by rling 3 "at shctof materi withet deformation, ie. with no trething, tearing or erases. They curve only in one ieparametedrstin ‘hey ate rea nthe er direction igure 3.859), res te Fran Gey’ aie rele extensively on thew of rue, dvelepobesuraces o ensure the bila of his sinuous desis within rascrale schedule ane bugetary constraints gues 2.568, Gehry physically models his conceptual designs by shaping into ‘esr forms the “developable” trips of gape o etl. These forms ar digltze ae the esting uriaces ae then analyzed in Casa tofiware and converte int sgaly develope surfaces. ‘Aan Chrc 9s, ‘Seciaed arcsec, Aesgning the Guagenteim Muscum i Bilbse, Gohey’s NEW MATERIALITY rile made o eraon nanotubes 50 fabrication of complex forms, It is cast In liquid state, so/Ht'cam

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